Levels Of Human Cognition Research Articles

Creating Cultural Sculpture: Analyzing the Value of Traditional Chinese Sculpture Based on the Five Levels of Human Cognition

Creating Cultural Sculpture: Analyzing the Value of Traditional Chinese Sculpture Based on the Five Levels of Human Cognition

Evolutionary Perspective on Human Cognitive Architecture in Cognitive Load Theory: a Dynamic, Emerging Principle Approach

Adopting an evolutionary approach to substantiate major characteristics of human cognitive architecture has been one of the major recent developments in cognitive load theory. According to this approach, human cognitive architecture is a natural information processing system which can be described by five general principles. This paper attempts to (1) identify the scope of applicability of these principles in natural information processing systems of different levels of complexity, (2) reconcile the coexistence of implicit (primary) and controlled (secondary) processes within the same human cognitive architecture, and (3) incorporate motivational factors into the evolutionary approach to human cognitive architecture. The paper suggests two principal modifications to the traditional formulation of the evolutionary approach. Firstly, natural information processing systems are viewed as dynamically evolving systems with new principles added with increasing levels of complexity of the systems. Secondly, a new (the explicit intention to learn) principle is added at the level of human cognition. This sixth principle is expected to address (1) the emergence of controlled mechanisms dealing with biologically secondary information as expressed by conscious processing in working memory and (2) the role of learner motivation in such processes from an evolutionary perspective. The paper concludes with discussion of theoretical and practical instructional implications of the proposed modifications.

SG-SLAM: A Real-Time RGB-D Visual SLAM Toward Dynamic Scenes With Semantic and Geometric Information

Simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM) is one of the fundamental capabilities for intelligent mobile robots to perform state estimation in unknown environments. However, most visual SLAM systems rely on the static scene assumption and consequently have severely reduced accuracy and robustness in dynamic scenes. Moreover, the metric maps constructed by many systems lack semantic information, so the robots cannot understand their surroundings at a human cognitive level. In this article, we propose SG-SLAM, which is a real-time RGB-D semantic visual SLAM system based on the ORB-SLAM2 framework. First, SG-SLAM adds two new parallel threads: an object detecting thread to obtain 2-D semantic information and a semantic mapping thread. Then, a fast dynamic feature rejection algorithm combining semantic and geometric information is added to the tracking thread. Finally, they are published to the robot operating system (ROS) system for visualization after generating 3-D point clouds and 3-D semantic objects in the semantic mapping thread. We performed an experimental evaluation on the TUM dataset, the Bonn dataset, and the OpenLORIS-Scene dataset. The results show that SG-SLAM is not only one of the most real-time, accurate, and robust systems in dynamic scenes but also allows the creation of intuitive semantic metric maps.

Wraths of Fire

The way people understand and encounter illnesses include influences from human cognition as well as from their cultural surroundings. A conception of illness termed “the wraths of fire” (tulen vihat in Finnish) was a general explanation for severe skin burns in early modern Finland and Karelia, and it included ideas about personified fire and its magically contagious essence. However, the academic conversation on this notion has mostly concentrated on the socio-cultural influences behind it. In this article, I argue that the intuitive level of human cognition (e.g., Kahneman and Frederick 2005; Evans and Frankish 2009) has formed the basic guidelines for this conception of illness. The research materials consist of approximately six hundred archive units of narrated memories on healing events and healing instructions. As the materials are not based on empirical observations by the author, the article also introduces certain methodological questions important for connecting the cognitive perspective with historical materials, such as questions on the reliability of the descriptions of past events.

Calculating the complexity of spatially distributed physical quantities

With the development of mathematics as well as natural sciences and with the improvement of the human cognitive level, a new discipline dealing with complexity of different and complex natural systems has been recognized. Therefore, several complexity measures have been developed. Complexity measures provided to scientific community new insights into environmental processes that cannot be discovered by the traditional mathematical methods. Spatial distribution of heavy metals and radionuclides (HM&RN further) is formed by acting natural processes as well as human activities. Despite the fact that this distribution plays an important role in environmental processes, it has not been analyzed with deserving attention. The usual way to present the results obtained by some measurements having an objective to describe environmental properties is by creating a map of spatial distributions of some chosen quantities or indices. Attempts to introduce some quantitative measure, which characterizes measured areal distribution (and corresponding map) of physical quantity, cannot be frequently encountered in scientific community. In this paper, we invested an effort to introduce some numerical indices as a new measure which can describe spatial distributions of physical quantity based on the complexity computed by the Lempel–Ziv algorithm (LZA) or Lempel–Ziv complexity (LZC).

Unprecedented reorganization of development history of traditional medicine: Part I

According to the period development and the typical characteristics of medical stages, traditional medicine can be divided into six aspects: legendary traditional medicine, instinctive traditional medicine, witchcraft traditional medicine, empirical traditional medicine, theoretical traditional medicine and integrated traditional medicine. Among them, instinctive traditional medicine and legendary traditional medicine belong to the stage of ignorance according to the level of human cognition (“not knowing reason and result”, “only knowing result” and “knowing reason and result”). It belongs to the immature and hazy development period of human traditional medicine before it became “medicine” from the perspective of the development of traditional medicine, which can be summarized as the pre-medical period. Scientific understanding of traditional medicine and instinctive traditional medicine is helpful for people to understand and grasp the development of traditional medicine and even the whole medicine.

Robust Pervasive Detection for Adversarial Samples of Artificial Intelligence in IoT Environments

Nowadays, artificial intelligence technologies (e.g., deep neural networks) have been used widely in the Internet of Things (IoT) to provide smart services and sensing data processing. The evolving neural network even exceeds the human cognitive level. However, the accuracy of these structures depends to some extent on the accuracy of the training data. Some well-designed generated antagonistic disturbances are sufficient to deceive model when added to images. Such attacks cause the classifiers trained by the neural network to misidentify the object and thus completely fail. On the other hand, the various existing defensive methods that have been proposed suffer from two criticisms. The first thing that bears the brunt is unsatisfactory detection rate due to low robustness toward the adversarial sample. Second, the excessive dependence on the output of specific network structure layers hinders the emergence of universal schemes. In this paper, we propose the large margin cosine estimation (LMCE) detection scheme to overcome the above shortcomings, making the detection independent and universal. We illustrate the principle of our approach and demonstrate the significance and analysis of some important parameters. Moreover, we model various types of adversarial attacks and establish proposed defense mechanisms against them and evaluate our approach from different aspects. This method has been clearly validated on a range of standard datasets including MNIST, CIFAR-10, and SVHN. The assessment strongly reflects the robustness and pervasive of this approach in the face of various white and semi-white box attacks.

Preserved metacognitive ability despite unilateral or bilateral anterior prefrontal resection

Brodmann area 10 (BA10) is thought to be at the summit of the prefrontal cortex’s hierarchical organization. It is widely accepted that metacognitive abilities depend on the structural and functional properties of BA10. Our objective was to assess whether metacognition can be maintained after low-grade glioma surgery with BA10 resection. Three groups of participants were recruited: (i) patients having undergone resection of the right prefrontal cortex, including BA10 (n = 9); (ii) patients having undergone resection of the right prefrontal cortex but not BA10 (n = 10); and (iii) healthy controls (n = 38). Importantly, we also included a patient (referred to as “PR”) with resection of BA10 in the two hemispheres. The patients with resection of right BA10 had metacognitive performances that were indistinguishable from those of brain-damaged control patients and healthy controls. Crucially, PR's metacognitive ability was not only maintained but was even in the upper quartile of normal performances. Our findings demonstrate that the brain can redistribute and remap metacognition in response to injury. We thus provide experimental evidence against the conventional hypothesis whereby cognitive functions are directly and lastingly linked to particular cortical structures. The latter hypothesis seems to be particularly false for the highest levels of human cognition and for BA10.

Consciousness, Mind, and Spirit: Three Levels of Human Cognition

The article elucidates three important concepts and realities that refer to cognitive phenomena and are often (mistakenly) used as synonyms: consciousness (slo. zavest), mind (slo. um), and spirit (slo. duh). They present three levels of human cognition: individual-experiential, individual-mental, and trans-individual-mental. Simply put: the concept of consciousness pertains to the waking mental life of a human being, while the concept of mind pertains to the ability and activity to consciously comprehend and understand contents and objects of human activity. I delineate three “types” of spirit: personal spirit, objective spirit, and the objectification of spirit in productions of human culture; I have doubts, however, about the existence of cosmic or super-cosmic dimensions of spirit, although some interpretations of quantum physics and modern cosmology suggest that such dimensions are possible.

Modalities or Surfaces

This article will examine the playing with aesthetical surfaces in postmodern theatre and how itreflects the poetics and the cultural logic of late capitalism. Surfaces are examined as aestheticelements of the postmodern culture of the image. This culture is not neutral as it seems toreject the modern spiritual depth, for instance, sense of history and hermeneutic depth. Thearticle examines the riddle concerning how the absence of these aspects of human thought insurfaces generates the spectators' need to produce coherent individual activities, trajectories,and eventually acoherent culture. This reflexive mechanism of surfacesis analyzed within theframework of Donald Norman's (2005) cognitive principles of design. Starting from thepremise of Gilles Deleuze's and Felix Guattari's (1987) and Lev Vygotsky's (1978) notions ofplay, it is interpreted that postmodern stage and culture works, metaphorically, like the plane ofimmanence, the way of thinking in which an agent is able to move, make transitions andcrossings in a revolutionary way without restrictions of reality's conditions. However,culturally the blurring of boundaries between play and reality may lead to delirium andill-founded practices. Theatre and art examine these ill-founded practices but involve in theirpoetics a strong dimension of reflexive level of human cognition. This reflexive level is anexplanatory perspective, which helps spectators examine theatre's mechanisms as metaphors ofcultural logic, to achieve a critical position extrinsic from the flux of postmodern culture. Thispoetics is examined in several cases of theatrical representation including Sofia Coppola's filmThe Bling Ring (2013), The Need Company's production The Lobster Shop (2006), KristianSmeds' production The Unknown Soldier (2007) and in several casesof postmodern art and stagedesign.

Vico’s Potential in Semiotics: The Imaginative Universal and its Bodily Roots

Abstract The aim of this article is to give an overview of the interpretations of Giambattista Vico’s ideas in the context of general and Tartu semiotics and to bring attention to the possible fruitful lines of research in Vichian semiotics yet to be explored. One of the essential notions of Vico’s opus magnum The New Science is that of the imaginative universal. It signifies a primordial class concept that is based on bodily experience. Imaginative universals are part of mythological, or in Vico’s terms poetic, thought. In Vico’s conception, imagination is an extension of bodily experience - being thus a kind of mediator between sensory perception and more abstract levels of human cognition. The article provides a brief account of Vico’s connection to semiotics, followed by an outline of the concept of the imaginative universal in Vico’s texts, focusing on the aspect of body-mind interrelations. Finally, it offers some preliminary observations about the similarities between Vico’s concept of the imaginative universal and the concept of primary metaphors in the works of George Lakoff and Mark Johnson.

Procesos de Comprensión del Discurso y Adquisición de Segundas Lenguas: ¿Hasta qué Punto Estamos ante una Nueva Variedad de Relativismo Lingüístico?

In this paper we address issues related to comprehension processes, and how they can be affected by types of text or written discourse, and by a reader’s first or second language. To this end, we discuss the processing of narrative and expository texts, and their effects on different levels of human cognition. Likewise, we discuss the effects of texts written in different codes, that is, in first and second languages. We propose that differences in text comprehension processes occur as a function of their causal nature and of the inferences that are generated during comprehension. In terms of second language comprehension, modern research applying functional magnetic resonance imaging, or fMRI, with bilinguals is discussed in support of the notion that first language comprehension processes are generally replicated in the second language. Therefore, we focus on comprehension processes, generation of interferences, and the processing of a second language as influenced by linguistic relativism.

Nano-intentionality: a defense of intrinsic intentionality

I suggest that most discussions of intentional systems have overlooked an important aspect of living organisms: the intrinsic goal-directedness inherent in the behaviour of living eukaryotic cells. This goal directedness is nicely displayed by a normal cell’s ability to rearrange its own local material structure in response to damage, nutrient distribution or other aspects of its individual experience. While at a vastly simpler level than intentionality at the human cognitive level, I propose that this basic capacity of living things provides a necessary building block for cognition and high-order intentionality, because the neurons that make up vertebrate brains, like most cells in our body, embody such capacities. I provisionally dub the capacities in question “nano-intentionality”: a microscopic form of “aboutness”. The form of intrinsic intentionality I propose is thoroughly materialistic, fully compatible with known biological facts, and derived non-mysteriously through evolution. Crucially, these capacities are not shared by any existing computers or computer components, and thus provide a clear, empirically-based distinction between brains and currently existing artificial information processing systems. I suggest that an appreciation of this aspect of living matter provides a potential route out of what may otherwise appear to be a hopeless philosophical quagmire confronting information-processing models of the mind.

On neural circuits and cognition.

Those of us trying to deal with the interfaces between human brain function and mind often wonder what it is we can communicate to our colleagues dealing with related issues but from different perspectives. We are all seeking principles of function, core ideas that help us understand how the nervous system accomplishes its goals. Ideally, those of us working at the level of human cognition might help define the problem for neuroscientists, mathematicians, and engineers. By studying issues from a cognitive view, tempered perhaps with an evolutionary perspective, we may be in a position to define the type of neural unit and organizational logic that is essential in the brain’s capacity to enable perceptual and cognitive activities. In the following, a current major assumption in neuroscience is challenged, the idea that a larger brain with more cells is responsible for the greater computational capacity of the human being. Consider Passingham’s main conclusion to his fascinating book, The Human Primate (1981). Relatively simple changes in the genetic control of growth can have far-reaching effects on form. The human brain differs from the chimpanzee brain in its extreme development of cortical structures, in particular the cerebellar cortex and the association areas of the neocortex. But the proportions of the different areas are predictable from the rules governing the construction of primate brains of differing size.. . . Furthermore there appears to be a basic uniformity in the number and types of cells used in the building of the different neocortical areas; and the human brain follows the general pattern for mammals. Even in the case of the two speech areas we believe we can detect regions in the monkey brain which are alike in their basic cellular organization. The evolution of the human brain appears to have been characterized more by an expansion of existing areas than any more radical reconstructions.

Front-End Analysis for Expert System Design

New system architectures, such as model-based reasoning and neural networks, have increased the difficulty of expert system design specification. In this paper, I suggest that to identify the appropriate subtask allocation and expert system architecture, certain preliminary questions should be asked and the data evaluated. The front-end analysis described here is a framework loosely based on three levels of human cognition; analytical, rule-based, and implicit processing. Keeping these different types of cognitive task performance in mind, the framework specifies a set of factors to evaluate in the front-end analysis. Once data is collected for these factors, it is possible to evaluate whether an expert system should be designed for each specific subtask, and if so, what type of system architecture should be implemented. A suggested guideline for architecture choice is presented.

TASC: A Model for Curriculum Development

Much of the theoretical basis is derived from Vygotsky's theories i.e. that higher levels of human cognition are developed in the inter-personal context of cultural transmission. This has been amplified and systematized by Feuerstein and his colleagues, as the theory of structural cognitive modifiability. Also of relevance are many recent Information Processing theories of intelligence and cognitive development, in particular, Sternberg's Triarchic Theory of Intelligence and Borkowski's modification of Campione and Brown's theory of intelligence as comprising the architectural system (the biologically-genetically determined properties necessary for processing information) and the executive system (environmentally learned components that guide problem-solving—comprising knowledge-base, schemes or rules for thinking, control processes and meta-cognition). This paper amplifies the theoretical base, and then goes on to describe developments to date: the evolution from an intervention at Standard 8 level (Third Year of High School) aimed mainly at the meta-cognitive aspects of problem solving, into a broader programme for Standards 6–9 (First 4 Years of High school) which includes specific training in thinking skills and problem-solving together with curriculum development to include further training within the lessons of school subjects. The extended TASC programme, aims to develop in the pupils: certain attitudes towards learning (in all contexts, not only in school), e.g. an active approach to thinking and problem solving, avoidance of impulsivity, perseverence, development of internal locus control and positive self-image Basic Thinking Skills necessary for making sense of experience whether in or out of school, e.g. stable spatial and temporal elationships, ability to make comparisons and to categorize Tools for Effective Thinking and Problem-Solving Strategies Meta-cognition knowing how to and knowing when to use strateg ies. The extended TASC programme also aims to improve the effectiveness of teachers as facilitators of children's “learning to learn.” As far as the curriculum is concerned there are short and long term aims: The short term general aim is to modify existing syllabuses in order to maximise the achievement of the general aims for teachers and pupils. The long term aim is to reconstruct the curriculum and rewrite syllabuses in order to achieve the general aims for teachers and pupils.

Principles of information structure common to six levels of the human cognitive system

It is argued that, in human cognition, information is organized as the algebraic structure G of a machine such that G is given a factorization sequence G = G 1 . ̄ G 2G n induced by a crucial dynamical systems criterion. This criterion states that, given any representation of a stimulus set S, the cognitive system attempts to remove the properties of S in order of their decreasing instability. The successive stabilization structure is represented as a dynamical system on G such that, under the dynamic, G is given a factorization sequence G 1 . ̄ G 2G n where the successive identity elements e n , e n − 1 , e 1, ( e i ϵG i ) become successive sinks in the trajectory structure. It is proposed that any such decomposition G = G 1 . ̄ G 2G n is cognized as a structure of nested control in which each factor G i is cognized as a control group with respect to the dynamics on the cosets of its right subsequence G j + 1 . ̄ G j + 2 G i+1G i+2G n . We argue that human cognitive reference frames are structured as such dynamically induced algebraic decompositions G 1 . ̄ G 2G n . Three crucial properties of such frames are that the referential structure, which is induced among the underlying stimuli, is asymmetric, sequential, and explicit, in contrast to current algebraic (group theoretic) models in cognitive psychology, where reference is symmetric, homogeneous and implicit in accord with Klein's view of geometry. Thus stimuli are referentially identified via the succession of sinks, e n , e n − 1 , e 1 in the dynamical structure, rather than by invariants under G. Research literature on six levels of human cognition is reviewed in support of these proposals. In ascending order, upward through the human cognitive system, the levels are 1. (1) simple cell function, where the local Fourier-analytic approach is reviewed; 2. (2) psychological scales, where the representation-theoretic and information-quantitative approaches are reviewed; 3. (3) perceptual organization, where classical and modern Gestalt research is reviewed; 4. (4) categorization, where Roschian theory is reviewed; 5. (5) grammatical structure, where both Chomskian and functionalist theories are reviewed 6. (6) planning, where research on biological control and trajectory planning is reviewed.

LANGUAGE AS INTELLIGENCE?

The interpenetration of languagC skIws (at the deepest kwls) and intcllipnce (as the latter isdefined by psychologrstsand psychometrmans) has been a toprc of great interest for many years. However. the full extent of the relationship may easily be missed if one relies on the traditional distinction between the constructs of language and intelligence and especially if one makes the common error of assocloting language too closely with spccch. The purposeof this paper is topocc.ifonlyforthesakeofargument. thequestion. could intelligence perhaps k language based after all? Dcfinitiansof intelligenceare easy to come by but hard to agm on. However, all thcorlsts seem to a g m on certain fundamental charactcnstics of intelligence and intelligent behavior Arguments and findings from kology‐particularly genetrs and also from the neurosciences are offered to at least support the plausibility of a deep relationship bctwecn language and intelligence. It is suggested that the formative power of words is somehow related to the simplest levels of biological organization and also the highest levels of human cognition. Support for this suggestion is drawn from psychometric studies as well as a content analysis of the construct “nonverbal” intelligence. Finally, some tentative inferences are offered to relate the foregoing arguments to the business of education.

The Adam and Eve syndrome

The concept of divine forgiveness is incomprehensible to most, since it involves principles that defy rational interpretation on the level of human cognition. As a result, individuals, and especially those who present themselves for treatment, find themselves caught up in a repetition of self-judgment and selfpunishment, which is a reenactment of the original sin and the disobedience encountered in the Garden of Eden. It can be pointed out to patients that this continuous, repetitious acting out of the functions of self-judgment and selfpunishment represents the worst sin of all-the original sin in which the power and authority of God are usurped and assumed, resulting eventually in a denial of God along with symptoms that are often incapacitating. When these functions are returned to God, punishment can be expected to be much less severe and intense, because of the nature and characteristics of divine forgiveness.