Structure Of Human Body Research Articles

Cadaveric Oath: The need of the hour

In today’s scenario the doctor –patient relationship is getting from bad to worse because of the lack of communication skills in undergraduate students pursuing medicine. Acquiring knowledge through dissection of human body is an age old concept started in 15th century by barber surgeons to demonstrate the structures of human body. Importance of cadaveric dissection for learning anatomy helps the students in developing spatial and tactile appreciation of the structures which cannot be obtained by prosected specimens or computerised learning aids. Cadaver being their first teacher, students should be imbibed with the moral values and have gratitude towards the cadaver for helping them understand the structures of the body by way of dissection. Cadaveric oath recitation will help the students in developing empathy with the cadaver as a “SILENT TEACHER” and in the long run with the patients while serving the humanity by way of medical practice. Keywords: Cadaveric oath, Doctor-patient relationship, Silent teacher, Anatomy teaching, Cadaveric dissection

<b>Use of human cadavers in teaching of human anatomy in brazilian medical faculties

The Human Anatomy is the study of human body structure and it has been related to the use of cadavers through the history. The aim of this research was to investigate the use of human cadavers in practical classes of human anatomy in Brazilian medical schools, and it was also made the identification of alternative methodologies and new technologies applied to the teaching of Anatomy. The research was conducted at the Faculdade Integral Diferencial from January to December of 2015. The population studied was composed by professors responsible for the Human Anatomy sector of the Brazilian medical faculties. It was addressed all the 242 medical colleges of the Brazil. It was obtained 81 answers. 96% of respondents reported make use of human corpses in its practical lessons of anatomy. It can be observed that 42% of the surveyed medical schools make use of only formaldehyde. 81% of faculties reported to face some difficulties to acquire human cadavers. 84% of medical schools make use of artificial models. 46% of faculties make use of diagnostic images. It can be concluded that human bodies, artificial models and new technologies are widely used in practical classes of anatomy in Brazil, since there is a difficulty to obtain cadavers.

The challenges of antenna modification in medical practice: The MRI machine

The challenges of modifying the antenna of imaging systems, e.g., MRI, are enormous. The electromagnetic principles for the non-ionizing radiation technique to view internal structures in the human body depend on many factors such as the ratings of the magnetic field, computer, digitizer, RF source, and electrical field. An incorporation of the Bloch NMR flow equation alongside the electromagnetic principles is quite complex. However, the modality was successfully developed to predict the radiofrequency appropriate for the successful imaging session. It was observed that the patient is currently under severe danger of excess exposure to electromagnetic fields.

Biology and mechanobiology of the intervertebral disc

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is noted for its low cell content, and being the largest avascular structure of human body. The low amount of cells in the disc have to adapt to an anaerobic metabolism with low oxygen pressure and acidic pH. Apart from surviving in an adverse microenvironment, they are exposed to a high level of mechanical stress. The biological adaptation of cells to acidosis and hyperosmolarity conditions are regulated by mechanoproteins, which are responsible for converting a mechanical signal into a cellular response, thus modifying its gene expression. Mechanobiology helps us to better understand the pathophysiology of IVD and its potential biological repair.

Biology and mechanobiology of the intervertebral disc

The intervertebral disc (IVD) is noted for its low cell content, and being the largest avascular structure of human body. The low amount of cells in the disc have to adapt to an anaerobic metabolism with low oxygen pressure and acidic pH. Apart from surviving in an adverse microenvironment, they are exposed to a high level of mechanical stress. The biological adaptation of cells to acidosis and hyperosmolarity conditions are regulated by mechanoproteins, which are responsible for converting a mechanical signal into a cellular response, thus modifying its gene expression. Mechanobiology helps us to better understand the pathophysiology of IVD and its potential biological repair.

The presence of food-derived collagen peptides in human body-structure and biological activity.

It has been demonstrated that the ingestion of some protein hydrolysates exerts health-promoting effects. For understanding the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects, the identification of bioactive peptides in the target organ is crucial. For this purpose, in vitro activity-guided fractionation for peptides in the protein hydrolysate has been performed. However, the peptides in the hydrolysate may be further degraded during digestion. The concentration of the active peptides, which were identified by in vitro activity-guided fractionation, in human blood is frequently very low (nanomolar levels). In contrast, micromolar levels of food-derived collagen peptides are present in human blood. Pro-Hyp, one of the major food-derived collagen peptides, enhances the growth of fibroblasts and synthesis of hyaluronic acid. These observations partially explain the beneficial effects of collagen hydrolysate ingestion on the enhancement of wound healing and improvement in the skin condition. The recent advancement involving liquid chromatography and mass spectrometry coupled with a pre-column derivatization technique has enabled the identification of food-derived peptides at nanomolar levels in the body post-ingestion of protein hydrolysates. Thus, this technique can be used for the identification of bioactive food-derived peptides in the body.

煮干しの解剖実習

煮干しの解剖実習

Design, fabrication and test of superconducting magnet for 1.5 T dedicated extremity magnetic resonance imaging system

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been a primary diagnostic technique due to its high imaging quality, noninvasion and non-radiation capacity. However, the application of conventional whole body MRI is restricted by its massive size, high installation and management cost. Dedicated MRI overcomes the shortcomings of whole body MRI and has great importance in medical diagnosis. The challenge is that the design of superconducting magnet for extremity MRI is largely constrained by physiological structure of human body. As a result, a limited longitudinal length with high field homogeneity in a 160 mm diameter sphere volume (DSV) is required for superconducting magnet of extremity MRI. In this article, a non-shielded 1.5 T extremity dedicated superconducting magnet is designed by using both 0-1 integer programming and genetic algorithm and fabricated with a comprehensive consideration of superconductivity wire consumption, central magnetic field intensity and imaging region homogeneity. The NbTi superconducting wire is chosen for coil winding, and copper-to-superconducting ratio of the wire is 1.3. The sizes of cross-section of the bare wire and the insulated wire are 0.75 mm×1.20 mm and 0.83 mm×1.28 mm respectively, and the critical currents at 4.2 K and 5 T are both about 935 A.According to the size constraint of the magnet, we first calculate the current carrying zone of the superconducting coils and divide it into grid elements with parallel current. The size of each grid element is equal to that of the superconducting wire, and the distribution of non-rectangular coils is obtained by using 0-1 integer programming. In order to obtain a higher homogeneity of magnetic field, a reverse current zone is manually created in the wide blank area of the feasible current carrying zone. Using the results above, we then optimize the distribution of coils and build a rectangular model which facilitates the fabrication by using genetic algorithm. The inductance of the magnet is 1.8094 H, the operating current is 402.09 A, the stored energy is 146.27 kJ and the peak magnetic field of current carrying zone is 5.48 T. The calculated peak-to-peak homogeneity in 160 mm DSV is about 22 ppm. Taking into consideration the factors such as mechanical error and cold shrinkage, the estimated homogeneity would reach 60 ppm (peak-to-peak) with passive shimming.The 1.5 T extremity dedicated superconducting magnet is successfully fabricated through a series of processes such as winding, curing, assembly and welding. The prototype magnet has a room temperature bore of 280 mm in diameter and a total length of 520 mm, and the volume of liquid helium vessel is about 30 liters. To reduce the evaporation of liquid helium, a 1.5 Watt two-stage Gifford-McMahon refrigerator is employed to cool the system and maintain the evaporation rate of Helium at zero level. The range of 5 Gauss line of the magnet is 3.2 m in the radial direction and 2.6 m in the axial direction. Moreover, the magnet is magnetized to 1.5 T after being conditioned three times and the measured homogeneity in 160 mm DSV achieves 55 ppm (peak-to-peak) and 3.4 ppm (Vrms) after passive shimming using silicon steel pieces.

Segmentation of Liver Abnormality based on Label Connected Component Algorithm

Medical imaging uses a non invasive method to view the internal structure of human body. This helps the radiologists to study and visualize the region of interest for treatment planning and surgery. Computer tomography imaging gives detail view of soft tissues of abdominal organ. The objective of the proposed work to segment the liver from abdominal CT image using segmentation technique. The method uses bilateral filter for preprocessing and for finding the liver region, label connected component algorithm is proposed. The performance of the algorithm is compared with ground truth from experts. The performance measures includes Dice coefficient, misclassification rate and the volume of liver.

Comparative morphogenesis of nasal region in human and some mammals.

Background . Comparative anatomical and embryological research has not lost its relevance in the wide field of human body structures and systems studying. Analysis of current scientific literature concludes that the problem of prenatal morphogenesis of the nasal cavity structures in comparative embryological aspect still remains unsolved. Objective . The aim of the study was to clarify specific structural features of nasal region structures during prenatal morphogenesis in human and some mammals. Materials and methods. Research was conducted on 75 specimens of human fetuses and embryos and 85 mammals’ specimens in different periods of prenatal development by using complex of morphological methods (anthropometry, morphometrics, microscopy, three-dimensional computer reconstruction and statistical analysis). Results . At the end of the fetal period of ontogenesis, nasal region in studied mammalian species acquires features of a definitive structure. It is surrounded by cartilaginous nasal capsule, to the exterior surface of which are adjacent dorsally - nasal and partly frontal bones, lateral - maxillary bones. Nasal cavity is delimited from the cranial cavity by cribriform plate of sphenoid, which consists of cartilage. Nasal cavity is divided into two halves by cartilaginous nasal septum, which aborally proceeds into cartilaginous skull base, dorsally – into the vault of nasal capsule. Ventral wall of nasal cavity consists of paraseptal cartilages and secondary bone palate. Conclusions . It was found that differences of nasal region structure in studied mammals were associated with form of nasal cavity, structure of secondary palate bone, number and developmental degree of nasal cavities and paranasal sinuses. This differences are caused by nutrition features, nature of dental armament, degree of brain development, intensity of respiration and animals’ conditions of existence. In humans lateral nasal gland is absent, however respiratory, olfactory and maxillary glands are well developed.

Design and Optimization of a Hybrid-Driven Waist Rehabilitation Robot.

In this paper a waist rehabilitation robot driven by cables and pneumatic artificial muscles (PAMs) has been conceptualized and designed. In the process of mechanism design, the human body structure, the waist movement characteristics, and the actuators’ driving characteristics are the main considerable factors to make the hybrid-driven waist rehabilitation robot (HWRR) cost-effective, safe, flexible, and well-adapted. A variety of sensors are chosen to measure the position and orientation of the recovery patient to ensure patient safety at the same time as the structure design. According to the structure specialty and function, the HWRR is divided into two independent parallel robots: the waist twist device and the lower limb traction device. Then these two devices are analyzed and evaluated, respectively. Considering the characters of the human body in the HWRR, the inverse kinematics and statics are studied when the waist and the lower limb are considered as a spring and link, respectively. Based on the inverse kinematics and statics, the effect of the contraction parameter of the PAM is considered in the optimization of the waist twist device, and the lower limb traction device is optimized using particle swarm optimization (PSO) to minimize the global conditioning number over the feasible workspace. As a result of the optimization, an optimal rehabilitation robot design is obtained and the condition number of the Jacobian matrix over the feasible workspace is also calculated.

Brain Stroke Segmentation using Fuzzy C-Means Clustering

Image processing technique plays an important role in medical science for envisage various phenomenal structure of human body. Even though it helps more, sometimes it’s very difficult to detect abnormal structures of human body by using simple images. Magnetic Resonance Imaging (MRI) is the one of the most significant technique to analyze human body and helpful for distinguishing and expounding the neural architecture of human brain effectively. This proposed strategy focus on detection and extraction of brain stroke from different patient’s MRI images. In this work some preprocessing techniques like noise removal, filtering and segmentation is used for extract brain stroke partition accurately. The segmentation of brain stroke is implemented by using Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering with two different levels of extraction. Edge detection is used for finding segmented portion of brain stroke edges accurately. Finally the stroke size is calculated for help doctors to make effective decisions about brain stroke. The experimental result proven that the proposed method is successful in detecting and extraction brain stroke efficiently with less time.

Symmetry and Asymmetry of Kinematic Structure of Natural Human Locomotion

Background/Objectives: Study of symmetry in the structure and functioning of human body does not have a long-term history. In 1848 L. Pasteur discovered symmetric interrelations, thereby laying the groundwork of the molecular asymmetry doctrine, which was the first stage in the intensive study of laterality of organic compounds. References to correlation between symmetry and asymmetry are fragmentary in human physiology. Modern literature does not analyze the study of kinematic structure of a human being motion as a symmetry object. This article is aimed at determining the occurrence of dynamic symmetry and dynamic asymmetry of the kinematic structure of natural locomotions in the course of sports perfection and individual development of a human being in the ontogeny. Methods: Modern methods of registration of kinematic characteristics offer the possibility of objective assessment of the kinematic structure form of natural locomotions. This circumstance enables to apply the systematic and symmetrical method of cognition of biological processes for studying kinematic structure of human motion. Findings: Study of kinematic structure of natural locomotions has been carried out in this article as exemplified by squatting of powerlifters and children aged 5 and 6. Kinematic characteristics were registered on the basis of optical system of three-dimensional video analysis of movements. “Movement Video Analysis” software enables registration of change of angular movements in joints. It was found that spatiotemporal movements in joints during squats done by powerlifters occur in the form of dynamic symmetry and dynamic asymmetry. Dynamic symmetry of joint movement is characterized by kinematic structure, when spatiotemporal angular movement during joint extension is a reverse spatiotemporal angular movement during flexion. Violation of dynamic symmetry reveals in case of increase in poundage by more than 60% of the maximum. In the course of individual development dynamic symmetry of angular movements in ankle, knee and hip joints is formed in a heterotropic mode. Dynamic symmetry of spatiotemporal angular movements in knee joints is formed by six years of age. Dynamic asymmetry is characteristic of this and angular movement in hip and ankle joint. Application: The obtained data will enable to develop methods for assessing quality of realization of human movement skills on the basis of systematic and symmetrical approach.

Development of Four Dimensional Human Model that Enables Deformation of Skin, Organs and Blood Vessel System During Body Movement - Visualizing Movements of the Musculoskeletal System.

We constructed a four dimensional human model that is able to visualize the structure of a whole human body, including the inner structures, in real-time to allow us to analyze human dynamic changes in the temporal, spatial and quantitative domains. To verify whether our model was generating changes according to real human body dynamics, we measured a participant's skin expansion and compared it to that of the model conducted under the same body movement. We also made a contribution to the field of orthopedics, as we were able to devise a display method that enables the observer to more easily observe the changes made in the complex skeletal muscle system during body movements, which in the past were difficult to visualize.

Human action recognition with skeleton induced discriminative approximate rigid part model

Human action recognition has a long research history. Despite various approaches have been designed in the last decades, it still remains challenging in computer vision and pattern recognition. In this paper, we present a skeleton induced discriminative approximate rigid part model for human action recognition, which not only captures the geometrical structure of human body, but also takes rich human body surface cues into consideration. In conventional approaches, the joint feature and the surface feature are discussed separately. While, in our proposed approach, the structural information is embedded into the surface model. In addition, to separate different approximate rigid parts generated from different human activities, a novel sparsity induced feature selection scheme is introduced. This scheme produces a discriminative feature subspace that can best separate different action classes. The presented approach is validated on two widely adopted benchmark datasets, i.e. the MSR Daily Activity 3D Dataset and the MSR Action 3D dataset. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of our approach.

Research advances in multi-modality medical image registration and fusion methods and their clinical application

Multi-modality medical image processing has become a hot topic for research in the field of image processing and plays an important role in clinical diagnosis and treatment. Images with different modalities provide different information on patients. Anatomical images (such as computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging) provide information on anatomical morphology and the structure of human body, and functional images (such as single-photon emission computed tomography and positron emission tomography) provide the functional information on the distribution of radioactive concentration within human body. Such information needs to be fused to obtain comprehensive fusion images, and the images with different modalities need to be registered to obtain useful fusion images. This article reviews several image registration and fusion techniques used in the medical field, points out their advantages and shortcomings, and introduces the application of various processing techniques in clinical practice. Key words: Image processing; Image registration; Image fusion

On the Oral Health and Chewing Enjoyment of the Elderly: A Review from the Point of Mechanics

AbstractWith the advent of an aging society, the biggest challenge for the study of food science and technology is how to provide the best diet for older people with reduced chewing ability. General health is usually associated with oral health and healthy ageing is affected by what humans eat. Foods for the elderly should give them the maximum masticatory pleasure while satisfying their nutritional needs. It is well known that food oral processing is not only dominated by oral cavity structure and physiological state of human body, but also affected by the mechanical processes of food destruction in the mouth. Perception of food texture is thought to be the cognition of the human brain to the information of food deformation and fracture during oral processing. Increasing chewing difficulty due to the impaired dental functions is an major problem affecting the ability of food intake for many older people. From the viewpoint of mechanics, the manner of the deformation or breaking of an object is strongly dominated by its mechanical and geometrical properties of the materials and the conditions in which the object is loaded. It is therefore suggested that the food destruction process in the mouth might be investigated using the methods established in the engineering field. In this review, the main factors that affecting chewing behaviors of the elderly are analysed and discussed. The possibility of applying fracture mechanics theory and material structural optimization techniques to the design and production of food structures for older people is proposed.Practical ApplicationsPopulation aging means that the food industry is required to provide best diet for older consumers who may encounter chewing difficulty and dysphagia problems. People with deficient oral strategy need foods not only having easy‐to‐chew/swallow feature, but also can satisfy their chewing pleasure. Food structure design is a new direction of food science for the development of food products. The fundamental issue is to have a proper understanding how designed food is formed and fractured in the mouth. This work analyses the main factors that influence the chewing behaviors of the elderly and introduces fracture mechanics theory into the field of food oral processing. It will provide a new view‐angle to understand both the food destruction process and the texture perception mechanism in the mouth.

A REVIEW ON LOWER APPENDICULAR MUSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM OF HUMAN BODY

Rehabilitation engineering plays an important role in designing various autonomous robots to provide better therapeutic exercise to disabled patients. Hence it is necessary to study human musculoskeletal system and also needs to be presented in scientific manner in order to describe and analyze the biomechanics of human body motion. This review focuses on lower appendicular musculoskeletal structure of human body to represent joints and links architectures; to identify muscle attachments and functions; and to illustrate muscle groups which are responsible for a particular joint movement. Firstly, human lower skeletal structure, linking systems, joint mechanisms, and their functions are described with a conceptual representation of joint architecture of human skeleton. This section also represents joints and limbs by comparing with mechanical systems. Characteristics of ligaments and their functions to construct skeletal joints are also discussed briefly in this part. Secondly, the study focuses on muscular system of human lower limbs where muscle structure, functions, roles in moving endoskeleton structure, and supporting mechanisms are presented elaborately. Thirdly, muscle groups are tabulated based on functions that provide mobility to different joints of lower limbs. Finally, for a particular movement action of lower extremity, muscles are also grouped and tabulated to have a better understanding on functions of individual muscle. Basically the study presents an overview of the structure of human lower limbs by characterizing and classifying skeletal and muscular systems.KEYWORDS: Â Musculoskeletal system; Human lower limbs; Muscle groups; Joint motion; Biomechatronics; Rehabilitation.

Augmented Reality Mobile Applications to Interactively Show Complex Spine Pathologies: First Version

Introduction Visualization of complex human body structures such as the spine and his malformations such as, foraminal stenosis, spine stenosis, and herniated disk is a challenge. Augmented Reality is the combination of a real scene supplemented, or augmented, by computer generated information, such as image, video or graphical animations. Android and iOS based mobile devices such as smartphones and tablets are being increasingly massive adoption and with higher performance characteristics. Material and Methods Sagittal 2D T2w TSE sequence MRI (TR 4420 milliseconds, TE 130 milliseconds, FoV 320x320, Matrix 448x448, Voxel Size 0.7x0.7x3 mm) and sagittal CT (kVp 140, 1 mm slice thickness, 0,30x0,30 mm pixel spacing, B31s kernel) images were scanned in a 57 years old male patient. Both images were co-registered using “Linear registration” algorithm of 3D Slicer v 3.6 software. CT image was segmented using threshold option (113–1303 Hounsfield units) of 3D Slicer and then L4-L5 vertebral bodies was extracted manually using ImageJ v1.49n version. The L4-L5 intervertebral disk was segmented using “simple region growing” algorithm of 3D Slicer, and then was cleaned manually using ImageJ software. Mesh of L4-L5 and intervertebral disk was generated using 3D Slicer “Model Maker” algorithm with default options, and HC Laplacian smoothing (MeshLab software). The iOS-Android application were created using C# language and software tools: Unity 4.5x (graphic engine; www.unity3d.com ), 3Ds Max ( www.autodesk.com ), Visual Studio 2013 ( www.microsoft.com ), and Qualcomm Vuforia for Unity Android & iOS (Augmented Reality, developer.vuforia.com). Results By focusing the printed target image using iOS-Android app,L4-L5 vertebral bodies and the intervertebral disk of the patient was shown in 3D. The user can rotate the spine with the two-finger twist gesture, by rotating the view angle over the target image, or rotating the target image itself. The size of the spine can be changed by modifying the distance between the mobile device and the target image, or by the pinch gesture. Augmented reality demonstrated new views from inside spine (using total immersion feature of augmented reality) and relationship of normal structures and different pathologies. Conclusion The application described here demonstrates the use of augmented reality technique with medical images of patients with spine pathologies. The application shows how to use ubiquitous mobile devices to display advanced medical information in a 3D interactive application. The application is useful to show, explain and describe in a 3D, interactive and immersive way the spine pathology that the patient has. More work must be done to create an automatic CT-MRI registration, segmentation, creation of mesh, smoothing and decimation of vertebral bodies and an intervertebral disk.

First-year medical undergraduate students opinion about the use of radiology in gross anatomy course

Abstract Introduction: Although the importance of anatomy teaching in the undergraduate medical curriculum is incontestable, the lack of knowledge retention and clinical application are the greatest challenges for anatomy teachers. New teaching methodologies are replacing cadaver' dissection in many schools around the world and the usage of radiologic images can become a valuable resource for student's learning the human body structures. The aim of this article was to analyze the perception of first-year undergraduate medical students in the usage of radiology in gross human anatomy course. Materials and methods: One hundred students answered a 30 questions survey using a 5-point Likert scale about the usage of radiologic images in the human anatomy classes. Results: Most subjects have shown desire and the availability to learn human anatomy using images. After the usage of radiologic images there has been an increase on the subjective aspects of the human body such as admiration and respect, an improvement in the correlation of human anatomy with clinical aspects and in the three dimensional perception of the human body anatomic structures. Conclusions: Most of the research participants evaluated the usage of radiologic images as positive and beneicial for the teaching and learning human anatomy as it increases the interest for anatomy and it can favor learning and clinical practice performance. Results shows that according to students' opinion the usage of radiology can be an excellent complement in human anatomy learning and can induce us to think it can prepare and train more competent doctors in diagnostic imaging.