Human Bladder Carcinoma Cell Line Research Articles

Phytochemical and Biological Evaluation and Isolation of Quercetin from Hypericum cordifolium Flower

Hypericum cordifolium is a medicinal plant used in the treatment of various ailments in Nepalese traditional medicine. The medicinal values and bioactive constituents of Hypericum perforatum have been well investigated and is used as an alternative medicine in the treatment of depression, cancer, inflammation, bacterial and viral infections. However, scientific reports on Nepalese H. cordifolium are very limited. Here we report about the chemical screening of extracts, quality analysis of H. cordifolium extract by thin layer chromatography, TLC using H. perforatum extract and hyperoside as the standards, estimation of phenolics, flavonoids, tannins and sugars as well as antioxidant, antibacterial and cytotoxic activities of flower extracts. The ethyl acetate extract was fractionated and some phytochemicals were isolated. In our findings, TLC analysis of H. cordifolium extract showed the presence of chlorogenic acid, hyperoside and quercetin. Hypericine and rutin were not detected which indicated that the chemotaxonomy of H. cordifolium is different from H. perforatum. In phytochemical analysis, ethyl acetate extract showed the greater amounts of flavonoids, methanol extract showed the greater amounts of tannins and sugars and 50% aqueous methanol extract showed the greater amounts of phenolics. In DPPH free radical scavenging assay, ethyl acetate (18.79±0.98 μg/ml) and 50% aq. methanol (18.98±0.81 μg/ml) extracts showed the lower IC50 values than the methanol extract (27.00±1.03 μg/ml) due to the presence of high amounts of flavonoids and phenolics in these extracts. In antibacterial assay, all extracts showed moderate antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus except 50% aqueous methanol extract. In cytotoxicity assay on human bladder carcinoma cell line 5637, ethanol extract showed IC50 value of 41.35±5.01 μg/ ml. Quercetin was isolated from ethyl acetate extract and characterized by UV and FTIR spectroscopy. The present findings indicated that the flowers of H. cordifolium could be the rich source bioactive compounds with antibacterial, cytotoxic and antioxidant activities.

KLHL21/CYLD signaling confers aggressiveness in bladder cancer through inactivating NF-κB signaling

Bladder carcinoma (BC) is one of the most commonly diagnosed malignant cancers worldwide. Kelch-like protein 21 (KLHL21) has been shown to be involved in a number of human tumors. The study aimed to investigate the effects and mechanism of KLHL21 on BC progression. We found that KLHL21 expression was significantly decreased in human BC tissues and cell lines compared with the paired normal samples, and patients with lower KLHL21 expression exhibited poorer overall survival. In vitro studies then showed that KLHL21 over-expression significantly reduced the proliferation, migration and invasion in BC cells, while KLHL21 knockdown markedly accelerated the proliferative, migratory and invasive properties of BC cells. Animal studies confirmed that KLHL21 exhibited anti-tumor function in the xenograft mouse models, as indicated by the reduced tumor growth rates, and mice with KLHL21 knockdown showed the opposite tumor growth profile. Additionally, we found that KLHL21 negatively mediated the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling activation, as well as its down-streaming molecules involved in the biological regulation of cell survival, death and migratory processes. Mechanistically, cylindromatosis (CYLD) expression levels were significantly up-regulated in BC cells over-expressing KLHL21, but were down-regulated upon KLHL21 knockdown. We further uncovered that KLHL21 directly interacted with CYLD in BC cells. Of note, we found that KLHL21 mainly in cytoplasm could restrain CYLD degradation by prohibiting its ubiquitination in BC cells. More importantly, our in vitro experiments displayed that KLHL21-inhibited progression and NF-κB/p65 activation in BC cells were completely abolished by CYLD deletion, revealing that CYLD expression was required for KLHL21 to perform its anti-tumor function in BC. Collectively, all these findings uncovered that KLHL21/CYLD axis may be a promising therapeutic target for BC treatment.

Hyaluronic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles as carrier for the enzyme/prodrug complex based on horseradish peroxidase/indole-3-acetic acid: Characterization and potential therapeutic for bladder cancer cells

Hybrid nanoparticles composed of different biopolymers for delivery of enzyme/prodrug systems are of interest for cancer therapy. Hyaluronic acid-coated chitosan nanoparticles (CS/HA NP) were prepared to encapsulate individually an enzyme/pro-drug complex based on horseradish peroxidase (HRP) and indole-3-acetic acid (IAA). CS/HA NP showed size around 158 nm and increase to 170 and 200 nm after IAA and HRP encapsulation, respectively. Nanoparticles showed positive zeta potential values (between +20.36 mV and +24.40 mV) and higher encapsulation efficiencies for both nanoparticles (up to 90 %) were obtained. Electron microscopy indicated the formation of spherical particles with smooth surface characteristic. Physicochemical and thermal characterizations suggest the encapsulation of HRP and IAA. Kinetic parameters for encapsulated HRP were similar to those of the free enzyme. IAA-CS/HA NP showed a bimodal release profile of IAA with a high initial release (72 %) followed by a slow-release pattern. The combination of HRP-CS/HA NP and IAA- CS/HA NP reduced by 88 % the cell viability of human bladder carcinoma cell line (T24) in the concentrations 0.5 mM of pro-drug and 1.2 μg/mL of the enzyme after 24 h.

Four iron(II) carbonyl complexes containing both pyridyl and halide ligands: Their synthesis, characterization, stability, and anticancer activity

Four iron(II) carbonyl complexes, fac‐[Fe (CO)3X2(py)] (X = I−, 1 and Br−, 3), fac‐[{Fe (CO)3X2}2(bipy)] (X = I−, 2 and Br−, 4), were facilely synthesized by reacting cis‐[Fe (CO)4X2] (X = I−, Br−) with pyridine (py) and 4,4′‐dipyridine (bipy) ligands, respectively, in good yields (70%~85%). These complexes were fully characterized, and the structures of Complexes 2 and 3 were crystallographically analyzed. In dimethyl sulfoxide, they decomposed rapidly to release carbon monoxide (CO), and in methanol, they showed better stability which allowed kinetically analyzing their decomposing behaviors. The self‐decomposing in methanol fitted first‐order kinetics with a half‐time ranging from several minutes to 1 h. Our results suggested that the ligand with great conjugation (bipy) and strong electron‐donating capability (iodide) could stabilize the iron(II) carbonyl complexes. The decomposition of the iodo complexes (1 and 2) involved the production of iodine radicals. MTT (3‐(4,5‐dimethylthiazol‐2‐yl)‐2,5‐diphenyl tetrazolium bromide) assessments revealed that the efficacy against human bladder carcinoma cell line (RT112) is in the following trend: 1 > 2 > 3 > 4. The relatively strong efficacy of Complexes 1 and 2 is mainly contributed to the in situ generated iodine radicals. The combination of the cytotoxicity of the in situ generated radicals with the anticancer activity of CO as reported in literatures may lead to developing novel anticancer drugs with enhanced efficacy.

Leflunomide Inhibits Proliferation and Induces Apoptosis via Suppressing Autophagy and PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in Human Bladder Cancer Cells.

IntroductionBladder cancer is a lethal human malignancy. Currently, treatment for bladder cancer is limited. The anti-tumor effects of leflunomide have attracted much more concern in multiple human cancers.Materials and MethodsThis study evaluated the anti-tumor effects of leflunomide on cell viability, colony formation, apoptosis, and cell cycle in two human bladder carcinoma cell lines, 5637 and T24. Meanwhile, the underlying mechanism including PI3K/Akt signaling pathway and autophagy modulation was also identified.ResultsLeflunomide markedly inhibited the growth of both bladder cancer cell lines and induced apoptosis and cell cycle arrest in S phase. The phosphorylation levels of Akt and P70S6K in both cell lines were significantly down-regulated with leflunomide treatment. Furthermore, the deceased formation of autophagosomes and the accumulation of LC3II and P62 suggested the blockade of autophagy by leflunomide. Modulation of autophagy with rapamycin and chloroquine markedly attenuated and enhanced the cytostatic effects of leflunomide, respectively.ConclusionLeflunomide significantly reduced the cell viability of bladder cancer cells via inducing apoptosis and cell cycle arrest and suppressing the PI3K/Akt signaling pathway. In addition, the blockade of autophagy was observed, and autophagy inhibition enhanced leflunomide-mediating anti-tumor effects. Our data presented here offer novel ideas for comprehensive therapeutic regimes on bladder cancer.

Proteomic characterization of arsenic and cadmium exposure in bladder cells.

Accumulating evidence has linked prolonged exposure to heavy metals to cancer occurrence in the urinary system. However, the specific biological mechanisms responsible for the association of heavy metals with the unusually high incidence of upper tract urothelial carcinoma in Taiwan are complex and incompletely understood. To elucidate the specific biological mechanism and identify molecular indicators of the unusually high association of upper tract urothelial carcinoma with heavy metal exposure, protein expression following the treatment of T24 human bladder carcinoma and RT4 human bladder papilloma cell line models with arsenic (As) and cadmium (Cd) was studied. Proteomic changes in these cell models were integrated with data from a human bladder cancer (BLCA) tissue proteome to identify possible protein indicators of heavy metal exposure. After mass spectrometry based proteomic analysis and verification by Western blotting procedures, we identified 66 proteins that were up-regulated and 92 proteins that were down-regulated in RT4 cell extracts after treatment with As or Cd. Some 52 proteins were up-regulated and 136 proteins were down-regulated in T24 cell extracts after treatment with Cd. We further confirmed that down-expression of the PML (promyelocytic leukemia) protein was sustained for at least 75 days after exposure of bladder cells to As. Dysregulation of these cellular proteins by As was associated with three biological pathways. Immunohistochemical analyses of paraffin-embedded BLCA tissue slides confirmed that PML protein expression was decreased in BLCA tumor cells compared with adjacent noncancerous epithelial cells. These data suggest that PML may play an important role in the pathogenesis of BLCA and may be an indicator of heavy metal exposure in bladder cells.

Triacanthine exerts antitumor effects on bladder cancer in vitro and in vivo

BackgroundNumerous studies have focused on solvent extracts from locust trees (Gleditsia spp.), which contain diverse bioactive components including saponins, flavonoids, and alkaloids. However, because of the undefined nature of such phytochemicals, their clinical application as chemotherapeutic agents has often been limited. PurposeThis study aimed to evaluate the anti-oncogenic activity of triacanthine, an alkaloid obtained from Gleditsia triacanthos L. Study DesignThe anti-oncogenicity of triacanthine in vitro was evaluated via 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, cell-counting kit-8 assay (CCK-8 assay), flow cytometry, imunoblot, migration and invasion assays, zymography, and electrophoretic mobility shift assay in the human bladder carcinoma cell line EJ. The in vivo efficacy of triacanthine was evaluated via oral administration to EJ-xenografted BALB/c nude mice. To identify the side effects of triacanthine, cisplatin was also administered and an acute toxicity test was performed. ResultsTriacanthine significantly inhibited EJ cell proliferation (IC50 600 µM). Flow cytometry analysis revealed that cells were arrested in the G1 phase, and apoptotic cells accumulated in sub-G1 phase in a dose-dependent manner. Triacanthine inhibited the G1–S transition by deterring complex formation between cyclin-dependent kinases and cyclins, thereby up-regulating cell cycle inhibitors p21WAF1 and p27KIP1. In addition, triacanthine induced a caspase-dependent extrinsic pathway of apoptosis and autophagy. Early responsive kinases, extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Janus kinase (JNK) were up-regulated by triacanthine. Triacanthine-mediated inhibition of the migratory and invasive potential of EJ cells was attributed to reduction of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 due to suppression of binding activities of the transcription factors activator protein (AP)-1, specificity protein (Sp)-1, and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. In an in vivo study, triacanthine significantly limited growth of xenografted tumors. Interestingly, while cisplatin resulted in significant weight loss after a 5-mg/kg dose, triacanthine did not cause weight loss, behavioral abnormalities, altered biochemical parameters, or tissue staining. A single oral dose acute-toxicity test (triacanthine 2,000 mg/kg) produced no adverse cytotoxic effects via blood biochemical tests and tissue-organ staining. ConclusionTo our knowledge, this is the first systematic evaluation of the anti-oncogenic activity of triacanthine. Therefore, we believe that our findings may guide the development of novel chemotherapeutic agents for bladder cancers.

Loss of Cytoskeleton‐Associated Protein 4 (CKAP4) Expression Enhances α5β1‐mediated Bladder Cancer Cell Adhesion and Migration

The transmembrane protein cytoskeleton‐associated protein 4 (CKAP4) plays an essential role in the maintenance of endoplasmic reticulum structure by anchoring the rough ER to microtubules in epithelial cells. CKAP4 has also been identified as a biologically relevant receptor for four unique ligands—tissue plasminogen activator, surfactant protein A, Dickkopf1, and antiproliferative factor. Recent data indicates that loss of CKAP4 expression leads to remodeling of the actin cytoskeleton, including disruption of actin stress fibers, and altered expression of genes known to promote cell motility and dynamic changes in the cytoskeleton. Among these genes, β1‐integrin expression was dramatically increased in response to CKAP4 silencing. Given the importance of tumor cell adhesion and migration for cancer invasion and metastasis, it is important to understand how CKAP4, through modulation of integrin functions, acts to regulate these cellular processes. To this end, we took a loss‐of‐function approach where CKAP4 expression was knocked down by means of siRNA in the human bladder carcinoma cell line T24. Western blot analysis revealed that CKAP4 knockdown induced β1‐integrin protein levels after 24 hours and continued to increase up to 96 hours after transfection with CKAP4 siRNA. Because β1‐integrin associates with α5‐integrin to form the fibronectin receptor, we investigated whether α5‐integrin protein levels are affected by CKAP4 knockdown. Western blot analysis revealed that CKAP4 knockdown induced α5‐integrin protein levels after 24 hours and continued to increase up to 96 hours after transfection with CKAP4 siRNA. Importantly, loss of CKAP4 led to increased surface expression of β1 and α5 integrin and increased cell adhesion and migration on fibronectin as measured by flow cytometry and electric cell‐substrate impedance sensing, respectively. Activation of ER stress and AMPK signaling pathways was also observed in CKAP4‐silenced bladder carcinoma cells. Our data indicate that CKAP4 knockdown mediates adhesion and migration of human bladder cancer cells through transcriptional up‐regulation of α5β1 integrin.This abstract is from the Experimental Biology 2019 Meeting. There is no full text article associated with this abstract published in The FASEB Journal.

Synthesis of substituted biphenyl methylene indolinones as apoptosis inducers and tubulin polymerization inhibitors

A new series of biphenyl methylene indolinones has been designed, synthesized and evaluated for their in vitro antiproliferative activity against various cancer cell lines like DU-145 (prostate cancer cell line), 4T1 (mouse breast cancer cell line), MDA-MB-231 (human breast cancer cell line), BT-549 (human breast cancer cell line), T24 (human urinary bladder carcinoma cell line), and HeLa (cervical cancer cell line). Among the series, compound 10e showed potent in vitro cytotoxic activity against HeLa and DU-145 cancer cell lines with IC50 value of 1.74 ± 0.69 µM and 1.68 ± 1.06 µM respectively. To understand the underlying mechanism of most potent cytotoxic compound 10e, various mechanistic studies were carried out on DU-145 cell lines. Cell cycle analysis results revealed that these conjugates affect both G0/G1 and G2/M phase of the cycle, tubulin binding assay resulted that compound 10e interrupting microtubule network formation by inhibiting tubulin polymerization with IC50 value of 4.96 ± 0.05 μM. Moreover, molecular docking of 10e on colchicine binding site of the tubulin explains the interaction of 10e with tubulin. Clonogenic assay indicated inhibition of colony formation by compound 10e in a dose dependent manner. In addition, morphological changes were clearly observed by AO/EB and DAPI staining studies. Moreover, ROS detection using DCFDA, JC-1, and annexin V-FITC assays demonstrated the significant apoptosis induction by 10e.

Cytoprotective effects of the medicinal herb Astragalusmembranaceus on lipopolysaccharide‑exposed cells.

Astragalus membranaceus (AM) is a traditional Chinese medicinal herb, whose cytoprotective effects remain largely unknown. Here, the bacterial endotoxin lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was applied to a human pulmonary type II-like epithelial lung adenocarcinoma cell line, a human umbilical vein endothelial cell line, and a human bladder carcinoma cell line to construct in vitro models of intracellular oxidative stress. The authors assayed the cellular and mitochondrial cytoprotective effects of varying doses of AM root extract upon these cell lines. The cell lines were cultured as follows: LPS-only group, four LPS+AM groups treated with various AM concentrations plus LPS, and an untreated control group. Flow cytometry was used to assess apoptosis and cell cycle progression. A 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein-diacetate assay was used to quantitate reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation. Mitochondrial membrane potential (Δψmit) was analyzed by Rhodamine 123 assay. Western blotting was performed to detect cleaved caspase-3, p53, and B cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2 levels. Across all cell lines, LPS significantly elevated apoptosis rates, shifted cells to S/G2 phase, increased ROS production, reduced Δψmit, upregulated cleaved caspase-3, upregulated p53, and downregulated Bcl-2 relative to controls (all P<0.05). As a general trend, increasing AM concentrations produced progressively greater reductions in the apoptosis rate, greater reductions in S/G2 phase %, greater reductions in ROS production, greater increases in Δψmit, greater reductions in cleaved caspase-3 and p53 expression, and greater increases in Bcl-2 expression. AM treatment protects human pulmonary and bladder epithelial cells, in addition to human endothelial cells, from LPS-induced apoptosis, in a dose-dependent manner.

Anticancer effect of salidroside reduces viability through autophagy/PI3K/Akt and MMP-9 signaling pathways in human bladder cancer cells.

Salidroside has a wide range of pharmacological activities, including antitumor, anti-inflammatory, analgesic, antibacterial, antiviral and anti-fertility abilities. In the present study, the effects of salidroside on the viability and apoptosis of bladder cancer cells, and the potential underlying mechanisms, were examined. In the present study, treatment with salidroside reduced cell viability, and induced apoptosis and caspase-9/3 activation in the T24 human bladder carcinoma cell line. Salidroside induced autophagy, promoted the protein expression of nucleoporin p62 and the microtubule-associated proteins 1A/1B light chain 3B, suppressed phosphoinositide 3-kinase (PI3K) and phosphorylated protein kinase B (p-Akt) expression, inhibited matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) expression and increased that of Bcl-2-associated X protein, which functions as an apoptosis regulator in T24 cells. In the present study, it was demonstrated that the effect of salidroside reduced the viability and induced the apoptosis of bladder cancer cells through the autophagy/PI3K/Akt and MMP-9 signaling pathways.

Determination of Apoptotic Effect of Juglone on Human Bladder Cancer TCC-SUP and RT-4 Cells: An In Vitro Study.

This study aimed to investigate the effects of juglone on the human bladder carcinoma cell lines TCC-SUB and RT-4 in monolayer and spheroid cultures. Cells were treated with juglone at 24, 48, and 72 h of incubation. The activity of caspase-3 was detected in vitro using a caspase-3 colorimetric assay kit according to the manufacturer's instructions. The bromodeoxyuridine (BrdU) labeling index was used to determine the cells of the synthesis phase. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP nick end-labeling assay was used to determine the death of cells in both the monolayer and spheroid cultures. The control group had a large S-phase fraction and many of the TCC-SUB and RT-4 cells nuclei were observed to be positive for BrdU. The dead cell count was higher in the TCC-SUB and RT-4 cell lines with juglone applied than in the controls. We conclude that juglone significantly inhibits the proliferation and induces the apoptosis of TCC-SUB and RT-4 cells in vitro.

Desethylamiodarone-A metabolite of amiodarone-Induces apoptosis on T24 human bladder cancer cells via multiple pathways.

Bladder cancer (BC) is a common malignancy of the urinary tract that has a higher frequency in men than in women. Cytostatic resistance and metastasis formation are significant risk factors in BC therapy; therefore, there is great interest in overcoming drug resistance and in initiating research for novel chemotherapeutic approaches. Here, we suggest that desethylamiodarone (DEA)–a metabolite of amiodarone—may have cytostatic potential. DEA activates the collapse of mitochondrial membrane potential (detected by JC-1 fluorescence), and induces cell death in T24 human transitional-cell bladder carcinoma cell line at physiologically achievable concentrations. DEA induces cell cycle arrest in the G0/G1 phase, which may contribute to the inhibition of cell proliferation, and shifts the Bax/Bcl-2 ratio to initiate apoptosis, induce AIF nuclear translocation, and activate PARP-1 cleavage and caspase-3 activation. The major cytoprotective kinases—ERK and Akt—are inhibited by DEA, which may contribute to its cell death-inducing effects. DEA also inhibits the expression of B-cell-specific Moloney murine leukemia virus integration site 1 (BMI1) and reduces colony formation of T24 bladder carcinoma cells, indicating its possible inhibitory effect on metastatic potential. These data show that DEA is a novel anti-cancer candidate of multiple cell death-inducing effects and metastatic potential. Our findings recommend further evaluation of its effects in clinical studies.

Benzofuran glycosides and coumarins from the bark of Streblus indicus (Bur.) Corner

Two pairs of rare benzofuran glucoside epimers, indicuses A and B and indicuses C and D, three biogenetically related compounds indicuses E–G, and one coumarin indicus H, as well as 11 known compounds, were isolated from the bark of Streblus indicus (Bur.) Corner. The structures of indicuses A–H were elucidated by NMR and MS data, as well as by CD. (S)-Marmesinin exhibited moderate antimicrobial activity in vitro against Bacillus subtilis and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. 7,8-Dihydroxy-3-(3-methyl-2-butenyl) coumarin, umbelliferone, and scopoletin displayed strong cytotoxic activity in vitro against human bladder carcinoma cell line EJ. The structure-activity relationships indicate that hydroxylation at C-7 in the cytotoxic compounds is crucial to their activities.

Influence of Mesenchymal Stem Cells Conditioned Media on Proliferation of Urinary Tract Cancer Cell Lines and Their Sensitivity to Ciprofloxacin.

Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are known to interact with cancer cells through direct cell-to-cell contact and secretion of paracrine factors, although their exact influence on tumor progression in vivo remains unclear. To better understand how fetal and adult stem cells affect tumors, we analyzed viability of human renal (786-0) and bladder (T24) carcinoma cell lines cultured in conditioned media harvested from amniotic fluid-derived stem cells (AFSCs) and adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs). Both media reduced metabolic activity of 786-0 cells, however, decreased viability of T24 cells was noted only after incubation with conditioned medium from ASCs. To test the hypothesis that MSCs-secreted factors might be involved in chemoresistance acquisition, we further analyzed influence of mesenchymal stem cell conditioned media (MSC-CM) on cancer cells sensitivity to ciprofloxacin, that is considered as potential candidate agent for urinary tract cancers treatment. Significantly increased resistance to tested drug indicates that MSCs may protect cancer cells from chemotherapy. J. Cell. Biochem. 118: 1361-1368, 2017. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc.

In silico prediction and in vitro and in vivo validation of acaricide fluazuron as a potential inhibitor of FGFR3 and a candidate anticancer drug for bladder carcinoma.

Bladder carcinoma (BC) is the ninth most common cause of cancer worldwide. Surgical resection and conventional chemotherapy and radiotherapy will ultimately fail due to tumor recurrence and resistance. Thus, the development of novel treatment is urgently needed. Fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) is an important and well-established target for BC treatment. In this study, we utilized the free and open-source protein-ligand docking software idock to prospectively identify potential inhibitors of FGFR3 from 3,167 worldwide approved small-molecule drugs using a repositioning strategy. Six high-scoring compounds were purchased and tested in vitro. Among them, the acaricide drug fluazuron exhibited the highest antiproliferative effect in human BC cell lines RT112 and RT4. We further demonstrated that fluazuron treatment significantly increased the percentage of apoptosis cells, and decreased the phosphorylation level of FGFR3 and its downstream proteins FRS2-α, AKT, and ERK. We also investigated the anticancer effect of fluazuron in vivo in BALB/C nude mice subcutaneously xenografted with RT112 cells. Our results showed that oral treatment with fluazuron (80mg/kg) significantly inhibited tumor growth. These results suggested for the first time that fluazuron is a potential inhibitor of FGFR3 and a candidate anticancer drug for the treatment of BC.

Apoptosis of Human Bladder Cancer Cells by an Ethanolic Extract of Scutellaria Baicalensis GEORGI Via Caspase and MAPK Signaling Pathways

An ethanolic extracts of Scutellaria Baicalensis GEORGI are used to treat cancer, infectious diseases, and inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of an ESBG on the growth and survival of 5637 cells, a human bladder carcinoma cell line. Cells were treated with different concentrations of an ethanolic extract of Scutellaria Baicalensis GEORGI (ESBG), and cell death was assessed using a MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Analyses of the sub G1 peak, caspase-3 and -9 activities, and mitochondrial membrane depolarizations were conducted to confirm cell death by apoptosis. ESBG had a cytotoxic effect on 5637 cells, and increased the sub G1 peak, caspase-3 and -9 activities, and mitochondrial depolarization, indicating ESBG induced apoptosis. Furthermore, MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) inhibitors suppressed this apoptosis. In an in vitro study, a combination of sub-optimal doses of ESBG and paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, or docetaxel noticeably suppressed tumor growth by 5637 cells. Our findings provide insight of the mechanisms underlying cellular apoptosis induced by ESBG, and suggest new therapeutic strategies for bladder cancer.

Apoptosis of Human Bladder Cancer Cells by an Ethanolic Extract of Scutellaria Baicalensis GEORGI Via Caspase and MAPK Signaling Pathways

An ethanolic extracts of Scutellaria Baicalensis GEORGI are used to treat cancer, infectious diseases, and inflammation. In the present study, we investigated the effects of an ESBG on the growth and survival of 5637 cells, a human bladder carcinoma cell line. Cells were treated with different concentrations of an ethanolic extract of Scutellaria Baicalensis GEORGI (ESBG), and cell death was assessed using a MTT (3-[4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2, 5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide) assay. Analyses of the sub G1 peak, caspase-3 and -9 activities, and mitochondrial membrane depolarizations were conducted to confirm cell death by apoptosis. ESBG had a cytotoxic effect on 5637 cells, and increased the sub G1 peak, caspase-3 and -9 activities, and mitochondrial depolarization, indicating ESBG induced apoptosis. Furthermore, MAPK (mitogen-activated protein kinases) inhibitors suppressed this apoptosis. In an in vitro study, a combination of sub-optimal doses of ESBG and paclitaxel, 5-fluorouracil, or docetaxel noticeably suppressed tumor growth by 5637 cells. Our findings provide insight of the mechanisms underlying cellular apoptosis induced by ESBG, and suggest new therapeutic strategies for bladder cancer.

Mitochondria are involved in sodium selenite-induced toxicity in human bladder carcinoma cell lines

Mitochondria are involved in sodium selenite-induced toxicity in human bladder carcinoma cell lines

Novel polyglycidol-lipid conjugates create a stabilizing hydrogen-bonded layer around cholesterol-containing dipalmitoyl phosphatidylcholine liposomes

Hybrid liposomes resulting from co-assembly of dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine and polyglycidol-derivatized lipids were prepared. The latter were composed of a lipid-mimetic residue to which a linear polyglycidol chain (degree of polymerization, DP, in the 23–110 range) was conjugated. Formulations with varying copolymer type and content were prepared by film hydration technique followed by extrusion. The hybrid structures were studied by means of dynamic and electrophoretic light scattering, cryogenic transmission electron microscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Cytotoxicity towards OPM-2 (multiple myeloma) and EJ (human urinary bladder carcinoma) cell lines was assessed as well. Predominantly unilamellar liposomes with mean hydrodynamic diameters in the 113–134 nm range and neutral to slightly negative surface potential were prepared. The integrity of liposomes containing copolymers with DP of the polyglycidol chain 23 and 30 was preserved at copolymer contents up to 10 mol%. Bilayer disks were observed at somewhat lower contents of the copolymers of the highest DP of the polyglycidol chain. The hybrid structures were less leaky than the plain liposomes, which was attributed to formation of a strongly hydrogen-bonded polyglycidol layer around the bilayer membrane. They exhibited low toxicological potential, favorable physicochemical characteristics, and ability to act as containers for sustained release.