Human Attributes Research Articles

Ahlâkî Özdenetim Duygusu Olarak Pişmanlığın Mahiyeti

Emotions are human attributes that are directly related to the epistemic, ethical, and aesthetic aspects of human beings. While man builds a meaningful, valuable, and beautiful life, gets motivation from emotions along with the mind. Emotions, with their multifunctional aspect, are means for determining, activating, directing, influencing, transforming, restraining, and sometimes manipulating human intentions, attitudes, and actions. For this reason, any research that treats human actions, especially morality, has to deal with emotions. The way to know the human being is to understand his emotions in his practical life. Therefore, in the gap between the stability of the theoretical and the dynamism of life, emotions become the subject of philosophical research. It is not easy to express the dynamic aspect and unbounded nature of emotion with-in the limits of language. However, for human beings, emotions are effective in their decision-making pro-cesses, intentions, orientations, and choices, in which they understand themselves, the universe, nature, matter, individuals, societies, goodness, evil, valuable and non-valued things, cope with facts and events, manage their practical life, stands out as dynamic, functional and cognitive attributes inherent in all these processes. Man experiences a wide variety of emotional states in his daily life. Thus, he has constantly changed moods with these emotional states he experiences. These experiences can be caused by external factors as well as by the influence of the internal dynamics of the human being. In terms of his social life, man has a dynamic moral life that gives emotional reactions and receives emotional effects. In this context, emotions enable man to establish a balance between himself and the self of the society in which he lives and determine his basic orientations. Emotions are motivating faculties that motivate a man to act and guide his imaginations, and evaluations of the past, present, and future. Regret is an emotion of moral self-control that addresses the self and internally organizes and constructs its morality. This emotion plays a central role, especially in the field of moral values, with its nature that affects man both in individual and social life. Re-gret, in its simplest form, appears in the form of a bitter feeling that includes the negative judgment of man's past action or inaction and is expressed with the expression of a wish. The emotion of regret is formed by the effect of internal influences in humans. Like most moral emotions, regret includes both a phenomenological sense and a cognitive judgment. Regret which is a psychologically and conceptually com-plex emotion, reveals a series of emotions such as sadness, disappointment, longing, nostalgia, and some-times the relief of not regretting something. Regret can also manifest itself as a strong, motivating sadness and a passionate complaint that things are not going as planned. It is an experience of pain, often retrospec-tive, that shapes our present and future. Regret is an emotion that arises with awareness, usually expressing disapproval of what the person did, wishing it to be different, upset, ashamed, or guilty. Regret is part of human self-control, which encourages man to learn from past and present mistakes and to correct future behavior. This emotion is a corrective and healing sense of moral self-control that arises as a result of one's internal accounting for one's actions. Regret is a necessary consequence of man's moral nature. This emo-tion stems from the fact that he is a being that can choose, that is, his moral freedom. For regret to occur, the moral action must have taken place as a result of a choice to be made among at least two alternatives. Therefore, the prerequisite for repentance is freedom. The reciprocal roles of reason and emotion on our thoughts and actions are particularly evident in the phenomenon of regret. For that reason, regret, whether in the practical or theoretical field, is an emotion related not only to the emotional side of human but also to the cognitive side. The fact that regret is a state of sadness that occurs when a person realizes his mistake on a phenomenon that has been experienced in the past or whose effect continues today, shows that it is an emotion of evaluation. Since the activating aspect of the emotions will be backward dysfunctional in regret, this incentive aspect manifests itself in the direction of preventing the repetition of the regretful situation in the future. Thus, a sad situation in the past will pave the way for a moral evolution from negative to posi-tive, from destructive to constructive. In this article, the nature, value, and functionality of the regret will be analyzed and interpreted from a philosophical point of view, taking into account the principles of emotion ethics, and its conceptual and theoretical framework.

A Study on the Psychology of Social Engineering-Based Cyberattacks and Existing Countermeasures

As cybersecurity strategies become more robust and challenging, cybercriminals are mutating cyberattacks to be more evasive. Recent studies have highlighted the use of social engineering by criminals to exploit the human factor in an organization’s security architecture. Social engineering attacks exploit specific human attributes and psychology to bypass technical security measures for malicious acts. Social engineering is becoming a pervasive approach used for compromising individuals and organizations (is relatively more convenient to compromise a human compared to discovering a vulnerability in the security system). Social engineering-based cyberattacks are extremely difficult to counter as they do not follow specific patterns or approaches for conducting an attack, making them highly effective, efficient, easy, and obscure approaches for compromising any organization. To counter such attacks, a better understanding of the attack tactics is highly essential. Hence, this paper provides an in-depth analysis of the approaches used to conduct social engineering-based cyberattacks. This study discusses human vulnerabilities employed by criminals in recent security breaches. Further, the paper highlights the existing approaches, including machine learning-based methods, to counter social engineering-based cyberattacks.

FramingThe Wealth of Nations

AbstractWhen The Wealth of Nations was published in 1776, this was recognized as another work by the author of The Theory of Moral Sentiments, a work that Smith extended and revised through six editions until the year he died, in 1790. Smith had in 1776 refrained from elaborating arguments that he had already made in 1759, and this was likely well understood by his contemporaries. But by the later 1790s The Theory of Moral Sentiments was no longer so widely read and was becoming regarded as dated in its approach. Smith had located the nature and causes of the wealth of nations in human attributes and prudent policy; detached from the context provided by The Theory of Moral Sentiments, The Wealth of Nations was now treated as a repository of economic principles that required criticism and correction. It was quickly converted into the founding text of a new political economy, exemplified by the French translation by Garnier (1802), Jean-Baptiste Say's Traité (1803), and of course David Ricardo's Principles (1817). Political economists of the early nineteenth century disregarded most of those features of The Wealth of Nations that have since the later 1970s been reemphasized by new scholarship; that the Glasgow edition began publication for the 1976 bicentenary of The Wealth of Nations was at the time thought only fitting for a writer then treated as the property of economists. But by comparing Ricardo's Principles with Smith's Wealth of Nations we can better understand that this foreshortened appreciation of Adam Smith's work has a longer history than usually thought.

Art and Perception: Using Empirical Aesthetics in Research on Consciousness.

Understanding consciousness is a major frontier in the natural sciences. However, given the nuanced and ambiguous sets of conditions regarding how and when consciousness appears to manifest, it is also one of the most elusive topics for investigation. In this context, we argue that research in empirical aesthetics—specifically on the experience of art—holds strong potential for this research area. We suggest that empirical aesthetics of art provides a more exhaustive description of conscious perception than standard laboratory studies or investigations of the less artificial, more ecological perceptual conditions that dominate this research, leading to novel and better suited designs for natural science research on consciousness. Specifically, we discuss whether empirical aesthetics of art could be used for a more adequate picture of an observer’s attributions in the context of conscious perception. We point out that attributions in the course of conscious perception to (distal) objects versus to media (proximal objects) as origins of the contents of consciousness are typically swift and automatic. However, unconventional or novel object-media relations used in art can bring these attributions to the foreground of the observer’s conscious reflection. This is the reason that art may be ideally suited to study human attributions in conscious perception compared to protocols dedicated only to the most common and conventional perceptual abilities observed under standard laboratory or “natural”/ecological conditions alone. We also conclude that art provides an enormous stock of such unconventional and novel object-media relations, allowing more systematic falsification of tentative conclusions about conscious perception versus research protocols covering more conventional (ecological) perception only. We end with an outline of how this research could be carried out in general.

The expressions of human attributes narrated on the authority of al-Kisa’i in the book Gharib al-Hadith by Abu Obeid, a semantic study

The current research is concerned with studying the words that indicate human characteristics in the Gharib Al-Hadith book by Abu Obaid (d. 224 AH), which was transmitted by Abu Obeid on the authority of Al-Kasai (d. 185 AH),as a semantic study. It is based on the extrapolation of the expressions narrated from Al-Kisa’i, and then counting and arranging them according to their linguistic roots alphabetically. Then, the researchers identified of the honorable hadiths, and the hadiths of the Companions and the Followers (May Allah Be Pleased with Them) in which such expressions were mentioned from the hadith books. After that, the researchers mentioned the lexical significance of each expression from the different dictionaries. The researchers adopted the dictionary of language standards for Ibn Faris (d. 395 AH) on those who preceded him as it traces the origins of such expressions and their various derivations. Moreover, and after completing the lexical significance of each expression, the researchers searched for semantic shades to show the impact of the context in determining the significance of the word in use. The study is supported by mentioning the nobleQur’anic verses and poetic verses in which these expressions are mentioned. The descriptive-analytical approach is adopted which is based on the semantic field theory. Finally, the number of expressions of human characteristics narrated from Al-Kisai in the Gharib Al-Hadath book by Abu Obaid is sixteen

Validity for General Type Model Based on Fujimmon Growth Curve

Fujimmon's growth curve was proposed by Fujii[1], but unlike Scammon's growth curve, three growth patterns were set. Moreover, Scammon's growth curve was drawn freehand, but Fujimmon's growth curve is drawn by a wavelet interpolation model. The growth curve for each type is clearly independent, but no essential classification criteria were discussed. Here an attempt is made to examine indicators that could be classification criteria for the general growth type, from the fact that among human attributes many internal organs are classified as having the general growth pattern. The wavelet interpolation model was applied to the growth distance values for attributes classified as the general growth pattern, for example internal organs and morphological elements, and the maximum peak velocity (MPV) was derived from the described growth velocity curve. With the ability to calculate the MPV, it was demonstrated that the growth distance curves of various attributes show a sigmoid curve. The age at MPV was then compared between several organs that showed sigmoid curves, and the variability between different sexes and in the same sex was investigated. The results for differences between the sexes showed a trend for later age at MPV in various organs in girls. A relationship between the level of maturity and the variability in the age at MPV in people of the same sex may be suggested.

Originality and innovation of disciplinary development of traditional Chinese medicine

Adhering to Chinese culture and philosophy, the development of traditional Chinese medicine(TCM) should be cooperative and open. TCM should learn from the achievements of ancient and modern scientific and technological civilization in human history and promote cultural exchange. TCM advocates unity, harmony, and interaction, and keeps going in a new information and digital era with Big Science and Extensive Health. The disciplinary development of TCM should embrace inheritance and innovation, and explore the scientific research and transformation of clinical experience. The dual attributes of science and humanity of TCM should be followed. In terms of education, "reading classics, acquiring clinical experience, and consulting experienced tutors" cannot be ignored. Underpinned by Xiang-thinking, TCM development should highlight the originality and learn from the failures of excessive westernization in the past with an inclusive attitude to forge through disciplines to the leading position.

Portfolio Entrepreneurs: Structure, Strategy and Management of Business Groups

This paper draws on the experiences of portfolio entrepreneurs and develops new insights into this important mode of business development. Portfolio entrepreneurs own and manage multiple businesses simultaneously, providing an alternative growth process and the prospect of enduring entrepreneurship. Previous research has focused on either the genealogy of businesses in a portfolio or the human capital attributes that determine who becomes a portfolio entrepreneur and how they perform relative to other types of entrepreneurs. Key issues involving the structure, strategy and management of portfolios need further exploration and development. This multiple-case study conducted in New Zealand features eleven entrepreneurs with portfolios of different ages and sizes, each reflecting a series of opportunistic responses to different situations. Our results show that some entrepreneurs use structure as an internal seedbed to spawn new ventures, others seek opportunities to acquire more businesses, while some use both means to build and maintain their business groups. Structure is the dominant construct, providing a flexible canvas upon which entrepreneurs enact growth ambitions by creating and re-creating their portfolios over time. We found no evidence of portfolio-level decision making or performance measurement with the lead entrepreneur’s attention largely focused at the business unit level.

Resilience and coping with a long-term crisis: the cases of Cypriot and Greek micro and small firms

PurposeThe purpose of this study is to ascertain factors that enable micro- and small firms (MSFs) to cope with the effects of a long-term crisis and develop a model which guides conceptual understanding. This study’s setting is represented by the global financial crisis and by Cyprus and Greece, two nations severely affected.Design/methodology/approachOn-site, unstructured, face-to-face interviews were conducted among 135 MSF leaders.FindingsSixteen different coping factors were identified as central to participants, resulting in the emergence of four key dimensions. Three dimensions, self-initiative, financial acumen and human attributes, are associated with entrepreneurs’ skills, initiatives, passion and networks, whereas one dimension, individual-firm advantage, considers firms’ and individuals’ valuable assets and resources, namely, image/reputation, quality or location. Almost two-thirds of participants recognised a lack of collaboration beyond their suppliers within their industry. Several intergroup differences were revealed, including Cypriot participants’ higher optimism concerning their firms’ future.Originality/valueThis study responds to calls for research that illuminates the understanding of firms’ ability to overcome inadequacies imposed by the socio-economic environment in which they operate. To this end, a theoretical framework emphasising the vital significance of four dimensions is proposed. Apart from their conceptual insightfulness, the dimensions identify clear associations with resilience and coping and can therefore be of practical value to micro–small-sized firms and their respective industry.

Human capital disclosure and the contingency view

PurposeBuilding on an integration of strategic human resource capital management and human capital disclosure literature streams, this paper explores the associations between human resource performance and human resource disclosure in the financial services sector.Design/methodology/approachUsing content analysis and panel regression methods, the paper examines the extent, nature, and information content of human capital disclosures in the financial services sectors in North America during the global financial crisis period.FindingsLabor costs and marginal labor productivity are significantly associated with human resource disclosure and the latter is significantly related to both financial (explicit) and non-financial (implicit or relational) components of the employment relationship. Results show inverted effects between the US and Canadian samples. The findings support a contingency view or “best-fit” approach to human resource capital management.Practical implicationsDifferences in labor market structures and human capital attributes could have significant impacts on human capital disclosure strategies. More transparent and detailed disclosures regarding human resource capital management may provide useful and relevant information for investors and stakeholders in general.Originality/valueThe study provides insights into how labor market structures and human capital attributes jointly affect the extent and nature of corporate disclosures with regards to rents distribution and relational governance between employers and employees.

Genetic and Environmental Influences on Biological Essentialism, Heuristic Thinking, Need for Closure, and Conservative Values: Insights From a Survey and Twin Study.

Biological essentialism, the belief that human attributes are determined by biology, is a core component of essentialist thinking. Previous studies have shown that individual differences in essentialist thinking are associated with heuristic thinking, cognitive ability and style, conservative values, and prejudice. None, however, have examined whether biological essentialism is itself heritable, or the extent to which familial aggregation explains associations with core correlates. In order to do this, we analyzed data from a genetically informative sample of families with twins in Australia (N = 2,103), as well as general population samples from the UK (N = 501) and the US (N = 500). Genetic factors had little influence in individual differences in biological essentialism or in its relationship with heuristic thinking. Conservative values were genetically correlated with cognitive styles (i.e., need for closure and heuristic thinking). These findings support a bigger role of genes in explaining the relationship between cognitive processes and moral reasoning and ideology than they do the association between cognitive processes and essentialist thinking.

In Defense of Heavenly Mother: Her Critical Importance for Mormon Culture and Theology

In Defense of Heavenly Mother: Her Critical Importance for Mormon Culture and Theology

Experiencing human identity at dark tourism sites of natural disasters

Identifying with all humanity is a desirable quality, especially during times of climate change and pandemics. An exploration of human identity remains an under-researched area in tourism studies. This study explores the salience of human identity among visitors in a dark tourism context. Built on self-categorisation theory, this research contributes to the dark tourism literature by highlighting the significance of human identity in the dark tourism context and investigating what underpins the salience of human identity. Data were collected from 196 visitors in situ, across four dark tourism sites of natural disasters, using semi-structured interviews. Although the sites are geographically and culturally different, the study reveals that post natural disaster settings can heighten human identity. The prominence of human identity is underpinned by external stimuli and an understanding of human identity attributes. The results offer valuable and timely insights into the planning and interpretation of post natural disaster sites.

Human, Animal and Automata Attributions: an Investigation of the Multidimensionality of the Ontologization Process

The ontologization process involves the use of social representation relating to the human–animal binary to classify ingroup and outgroup members. To date, no study has investigated the multidimensional nature (i.e. human, animal and automata) of the ontologizing process via structural equation modelling (SEM). Four hundred and twenty-one Italian participants were asked to attribute 24 positive/negative, human/animal/automata associates to each of three target groups: typical Roma/Chinese/Italian. Results showed that the proposed six-factor model (i.e. positive/negative, human/animal/automata essence) was statistically robust for each of the three groups. The Roma group was animalized by attributing more animal negative associates than any other target group, whereas the Chinese group was mainly given a robot positive essence.

현대 스페인어 신조어 분석을 통한 혼성(cruce léxico) 방식 기제에 대한 재고

If we look at the neologisms that are created today, we know that the neologisms have been created for the purpose of conveying meaning as a means of ''expression'' within the grammatical system. Instead, the neologisms of today are not only to express but to enjoy and make jokes. Therefore, it is confirmed that it is formed as a secondary function that contains linguistic ability. As the trend of favoring inducing humor and reducing the number of syllables is spreading in youth culture, it is penetrating deeply,not only online,but also in everyday life. "Blending", a unique coined word that captures the characteristics of this social and cultural change, is also born through laughter and fun. In Spanish lexicology, hybrid(or blening) words created by lexical intersection are difficult to locate within the existing grammatical word system, as they are formed temporarily and have a very short lifespan. However, a hybrid language has its own set of rules and there is room for reconsideration, especially today, in the sense that words are not necessarily created by internal rules, but are created in a way that satisfies the expressive motive of the speaker. This article recognizes the hybrid method, which has always been considered marginal, heterogeneous and very unknown in Spanish as a newly coined word, and drives attention to the fact that it is a phenomenon that clearly reflects today''s human cognitive attributes and modern culture. I would like to introduce a new perspective on this mechanism that has not been well studied.

Daily Human Mobility: A Reproduction Model and Insights from the Energy Concept

Human movements have raised broad attention, and many models have been developed to reproduce them. However, most studies focus on reproducing the statistical properties of human mobility, such as the travel distance and the visiting frequency. In this paper, a two-step Markov Chain model is proposed to generate daily human movements, and spatial and spatiotemporal attributes of reproduced mobility are examined. In the first step, people’s statuses in the next time slot are conditioned on their previous travel patterns; and in the second step, individual location in such a slot is probabilistically determined based on his/her status. Our model successfully reproduces the spatial and spatiotemporal characteristics of human daily movements, and the result indicates that people’s future statuses can be inferred based on travel patterns they made, regardless of exactly where they have traveled, and when trips happen. We also revisit the energy concept, and show that the energy expenditure is stable over years. This idea is further used to predict the proportion of long-distance trips for each year, which gives insights into the probabilities of statuses in the next time slot. Finally, we interpret the constant energy expenditure as the constant ‘cost’ over years.

Heterogenous Factors of Adoption of Agricultural Technologies in West and East Africa Countries: A Review

This review brings to light, extensive body of research on the evolvement of agricultural technology in Sub-Saharan Africa with focus on adoption studies in West and East Africa countries. The review highlights historical green revolution events and the heterogeneity in the determinants of the adoption of agricultural technology. Three key popular indicators in adoption studies were reviewed for their heterogeneity; this includes land, extension & social institutions, and gender in light of comparison of studies in West and East Africa. The review shows that there is so much to be gained from enhancing the understanding of the heterogeneity that exists in key popular indicators in adoption studies considering the importance of adoption of agricultural technology in reducing poverty and food insecurity and the evolving impact of climate change and other human attributes that has defined the modification of various agricultural technology. Also, the review highlights the need to tailor extension and social learning toward existing heterogeneity to aid in promoting the adoption of agricultural technology. An important highlight includes the need to be wary of the downsides of the earlier green revolution while driving the efforts of new green revolution in West and East Africa and Sub-Saharan Africa in general.

Visual Attention Consistency for Human Attribute Recognition

Visual Attention Consistency for Human Attribute Recognition

The animals in moral tales: Does character realism influence children’s prosocial response to stories?

Previous research has suggested that moral stories depicting realistic characters may better facilitate children’s prosocial behavior than those containing anthropomorphized animal characters. The current study is a conceptual replication with a different sample and an extended age range. We examined the relationships among story character realism (anthropomorphized animal or human), theme (sharing or busyness), age, and prosocial behavior (i.e., resource allocation). Four versions of an illustrated storybook were created: an Animal Sharing book, an Animal Busy book, a Human Sharing book, and a Human Busy book. A total of 179 children aged 3–7 years listened to one of the four versions of the story. Children’s sticker donating behavior was measured prior to hearing the story and again following a story recall task. All groups donated more stickers post-story than pre-story. Younger children were more likely to increase their donation than older children, and children who had made higher human internal state attributions in a previous experimental session donated more stickers post-story. In contrast to previous research, we found that a sharing-themed narrative depicting human characters was no more influential for sticker donation than the other stories.

Exploring the facilitating and obstructing factors of using virtual reality for 5S training: An exploratory qualitative study from students' perspectives in an industrial engineering undergraduate course

AbstractVirtual reality (VR) learning is still a new challenge in the e‐learning domain. This paper is one of the early studies bringing forward the concept of learning 5S principles (a core technique in Industrial Engineering) using VR and performed an exploratory qualitative study in an undergraduate course to discover factors that would facilitate or hinder students from accepting this idea—learning 5S principles using VR. Four factors and 14 subfactors were identified based on 47 valid responses. They were human attributes, human–machine interaction, technology characteristics, and training contents. The results should help teachers, schools, VR device manufacturers to understand the benefits and challenges of teaching 5S principles using VR.