Hull Fractions Research Articles

A two-step method of cyclolinopeptide (linusorb) preparation from flaxseed cake via dry-screening

Linusorbs (LO), cyclolinopeptides, are a group of cyclic hydrophobic peptides and considered a valuable by-product of flaxseed oil due to numerous health benefits. Currently applied acetone or methanol extraction could contaminate the feedstocks for further food-grade application. Using flaxseed cake as feedstock, this study established a practical method for preparing LO from pressed cake. Firstly, LO composition of 15 flaxseed cultivars was analyzed. Next, cold-pressed cake was milled and screened mechanically. The kernel and hull fractions were separated based on the disparity of their mechanical strength. Monitored by hyperspectral fluorescence, the LO-enriched kernel fraction separated from cold-pressed flaxseed cake was further used as feedstock for LO production. After ethanol extraction, partition, and precipitation, LOs were extracted from cold-pressed flaxseed cake with a purity of 91.4%. The proposed method could serve as feasible flaxseed cake valorization strategy and enable the preparation of other polar compounds such as flax lignan and mucilage.

Impact of milling on the nutrients and anti-nutrients in browntop millet (Urochloa ramosa) and its milled fractions: evaluation of their flour functionality.

Browntop millet has gained popularity in recent years owing to its nutritional superiority and health benefits. However, the usage of browntop millet flours as ingredients in composite flours and functional foods is constrained due to a lack of information regarding the grain composition and its flour functionality. Therefore, the distribution of nutrients, anti-nutrients in browntop millet milled fractions and their flour functionality was evaluated in comparison to whole grain flour. Bran fraction comprised the highest protein (13.7%) and fat contents (27%) among other fractions. Pearling of dehulled grains considerably reduced phytic acid, saponins and flatulence-causing oligosaccharides in pearled grain flours. Besides, this led to the enrichment of soluble fibre, minerals, phenolics and trypsin inhibitors in bran fraction. Milling also impacted flour functionality. Despite its lower water holding ability, dehulled grain flour exhibited significantly higher oil absorption capacity than whole grain flour due to the removal of fibre-rich hull fraction. Although emulsion (45.2%) and foaming capacities (12.5%) were superior in bran flour, foam stability was greater in pearled grain flours. These findings suggest the potential utilisation of browntop millet milled flours as ingredients in the development of distinct food formulations and as partial substitutes to wheat flour in confectionary and bakery products. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry.

Valorization of oil industry wastes: Extraction of phenolic compounds from different sunflower hull fractions (Helianthus annuus L.)

The recovery of antioxidant compounds present in sunflower hulls, a waste byproduct of the oil extraction process, can be of industrial and environmental interest. The objective of the present work was to determine different operating conditions for the extraction of phenolic compounds from hulls oil sunflower seeds, using water at 90 °C and mechanical agitation. To select the experimental conditions, the hulls of a black hull sunflower hybrid (SPS3120) were analyzed, five particle sizes (>0.84, 0.84 to 0.42, 0.42 to 0.25, 0.25 to 0.149, <0.149 mm), three pH values (5, 7 and 9) and samples with and without oil were evaluated. The selected conditions (pH 9, fractions of particle size ≤0.25 mm- approximately 24 % of the hull, with a prior removal of the oil) were also applied to other three black-oil hybrids (SyN3840, SyN3950, DK4065) and two striped sunflower hybrids (CF201, PAN7077), evaluating the total phenol content and total flavonoid content in the fractions of particle size ≤0.25 and >0.25 mm. By processing approximately 23-24 % of the sunflower hull (≤0.25 mm particle-size fraction), it was possible to obtain a minimum of 59 and 62 % of total phenols and total flavonoids of the total hull, respectively, under the selected conditions. DOI: https://doi.org/10.54167/tch.v16i3.1023

Effects of substitution level and particle size of extruded soybean hull fractions on physicochemical and sensorial properties of high-fiber pan bread during storage.

The effect of adding different fractions of extruded and non-extruded soybean hull to wheat flour at 20% and 30% and two-particle size levels (smaller and larger than 150 μm) was studied on the physicochemical, sensorial properties, and the shelf-life of high-fiber molded bread. Increasing the amount of all different fractions of the soybean hull raised the water absorption of the dough. It also increased the ash and crude fiber contents, bread crust lightness, redness and yellowness, bread crumb hardness as well as the cells number per unit area of the crumb. Moreover, it reduced the moisture content, specific volume, porosity, and overall acceptability of the pan bread. The treatments containing the fractions with larger particle sizes of the soybean hull had higher dough stability time, bread-specific volume, porosity, and lightness, as well as lower crumb hardness and moisture content, and crust redness and yellowness than the corresponding ones with finer particle sizes. The samples prepared with the extruded fractions with smaller particle sizes showed lower moisture content, hardness, porosity, and specific volume. After studying the bread staling, moisture content and overall acceptance of the samples decreased. In addition, the enthalpy in differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and the signal intensity in x-ray diffraction (XRD) increased during storage. In many cases, the bread with the large-sized extruded fractions of soybean hull at the substitution level of 20% was the most suitable product in most of the variables studied.

Pre-processing Waste Tomatoes into Separated Streams with the Intention of Recovering Protein: Towards an Integrated Fruit and Vegetable Biorefinery Approach to Waste Minimization

PurposeA large proportion of the European Union’s tomato crop is discarded during harvesting and there is a valorisation potential to recover proteins from this waste.MethodsCherry tomatoes were segregated into three separate components: juice, pomace (peels and skins), and seeds. The peels and skins, and seeds were separately hydrolyzed with carbohydrases to determine whether protein recovery could be increased. In addition, a strategy to fractionate the seeds was developed using sequential washing of milled tomato seeds, followed by low-speed centrifugation to remove the denser seed hulls and to collect the protein rich kernels remaining in suspension.ResultsThe protein content of the seeds was highest with 27.4% while the peels and skins contained 7.6%. Carbohydrase mediated hydrolysis resulted in a minor increase in protein recovery of 10% from seeds using Filta 02L (cellulase, xylanase and β-glucanase), and the quantity of protein recovered from peels and skins increased by 210% using Tail 157 (pectinase, hemicellulase). The strategy to separate the seeds into two fractions, revealed that a higher proportion of the fibre (65%) was associated with the hull fraction compared with the original seeds (47%). A significant proportion of the fibre in this fraction was composed of lignin although the protein contents between both fractions was similar ranging from 27.4 to 29.9%.ConclusionsThese results reveal that carbohydrases were quite effective in protein extraction from peels and skins, but not from seeds. An alternative strategy was developed to remove the seed hulls from the milled seeds and to collect a fraction containing protein and dietary fibre where oil could be removed at this stage.Graphical

Use of FT‐NIR and XPS techniques to distinguish cell hull fractions prepared by autolysis or HPH from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Brettanomyces bruxellensis strains

SummaryYeast hulls can be used to adsorb undesirable compounds such as volatile phenols that may be present in wine. To understand this adsorption process, the properties of the cell walls and their chemical composition need to be better understood. A study was conducted using four different yeast fractions of either autolysed or high‐pressure homogeniser (HPH)‐crushed yeast biomasses of Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Brettanomyces bruxellensis. Near‐infrared spectroscopy (FT‐NIR) coupled with X‐ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) was used and analysed by principal component analysis (PCA). The FT‐NIR spectral region of Saccharomyces and Brettanomyces statistically analysed by PCA showed a clear discrimination accounting for 76% of the variation in the data for PC1; moreover, yeast hulls prepared from the same strain and subjected to two different treatments were also separated. These methods classify yeast cell hulls (YCH) according to strain, composition and treatment applied. Our results indicate that yeast hulls obtained by autolysis are less rich in proteins than those resulting from HPH treatment due to the high pressure that releases more proteins and exposes them on the surface of the cell wall. The composition of YCH at the extreme surface is similar to that found deeper in the wall.

Wet milling of buckwheat cultivars and some quality properties of the fractions.

The hulled buckwheat cultivars (Aktaş cv. and Güneş cv.) were wet-milled, and then some chemical, yields, colour, functional properties, phenolic compound, antioxidant activity, and pasting, thermal and retrogradation properties of starches were investigated and compared with the wholegrain buckwheat flour (with hull) and buckwheat groat flour (without hull) of the same cultivars. Sodium dodecyl sulphate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis patterns of flours and protein fractions were examined under reducing and non-reducing conditions. The hull, germ+dietary fibre, protein and starch fractions were collected. The total recovery for Aktaş cv. and Güneş cv. cultivars were 98.1% and 96.1%; total starch yields were 51.6% and 49.7%; pasting temperatures of the starches were found as 83.7 and 85.7°C; and final viscosities of starches were determined as 3.5 and 3.4 Pa·s, respectively. The resistant starch contents of starch fractions of Aktaş cv. ve Güneş cv. were found as 3.28% and 3.62%, respectively. The highest total phenolic compound contents were detected with dimethyl sulphoxide extraction in the germ+dietary fibre fractions. The highest 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging activity and trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity were found in the hull fraction (as 81.7%) and germ+dietary fibre fraction (as 11.8 mmol/kg) of Aktaş cv. cultivar.

Suppressing the oxidation of LDL and DNA strand breakage of bioactives in dehulled and hull fraction of lentils

Hull/seed coat contains various plant cells that are responsible for sustaining the life of seeds in which phenolics perform significant roles in supporting their functions. In the present study, inhibitory activities against the oxidation of LDL and DNA of soluble- and insoluble-bound phenolics in the dehulled and hull fractions of lentils were determined. In addition, their α-glucosidase inhibitory activity was also assessed. The hulls possessed much higher levels of phenolics in both the soluble- and insoluble-bound forms than dehulled grain fractions, and this led to their potent activities in suppressing the oxidation of LDL and DNA and inhibiting α-glucosidase activity. The high bioactivities of hulls might be due to the existence of various types of cells such as palisade and parenchyma cells containing numerous phenolics for sustaining their functions. This study may help in a better understanding of the localization of soluble- and insoluble-bound phenolics in the structure of lentil.

Consumer and health-related traits of seed from selected commercial and breeding lines of industrial hemp, Cannabis sativa L.

Global food security and sustainability can be enhanced with increased production and use of hemp seed ( Cannabis sativa L.) that not only provides healthy sources of protein and oil, but the whole plant can be used for fiber, especially new applications including high-performance textiles. There is limited knowledge of the variation in hemp seed for health and consumer traits, such as the complex plant polysaccharides comprising dietary fiber. To fill this gap, seed from 20 hemp cultivars and advanced breeding lines were analyzed for a variety of traits including complex carbohydrates, protein, lipids, heart percent, phytate and lignin. The analyses revealed different polysaccharides in hull and heart fractions, with hulls varying in cellulose (22.0–36.7%) and xylan (5.7–17.1%) whereas heart fractions contained xyloglucan and pectin, and comprised different proportions of heart and hull. Staining revealed that cellulose and lignin are localized in hull not heart tissue. Protein content of hemp seed ranged from 19.5 to 26.9% and Coomassie staining showed that cells of hemp hearts contain numerous protein bodies but few starch granules. Analysis of selected lines confirmed that hemp hearts are low in starch (<2%). Lipid content varied from 26.6 to 37.8%, with the omega-6:3 ratio varying from 2.1 to 4.9 with seven lines having a ‘desirable’ omega-6:3 ratio of less than or equal to three. This research provides breeders with additional traits to consider for maximizing consumer satisfaction and human health. • Hemp cultivars and breeding lines have variation for omega-3 α-linolenic acid. • Compositional analysis of heart (kernel) and hull (husk) fractions of hemp seed. • Hemp seed contain non-cellulosic dietary fiber including xylan, xyloglucan & pectin. • Hemp hearts are low in starch (<2%) and soluble sugars. • Hemp proteins are found in protein bodies.

Investigation on the variation of chemical composition and in vitro nutritive value of spelt (Triticum aestivum ssp. spelta) for ruminants.

Spelt has gained growing interest in Europe in human and animal nutrition. Data on the chemical composition of spelt and its variations, especially their nutritional value for ruminants, are scarce. Therefore, hulled kernels, dehulled kernels and hulls of six spelt cultivars grown on three different locations were analysed for their chemical composition and nutritive value for ruminants using the Hohenheim Gas Test. Most of the analysed constituents varied considerably and were significantly affected by the cultivars or location, or both. Hulled spelt and spelt kernels of more recent cultivars had higher starch and energy concentrations and lower concentrations of crude protein and fibre fractions than those of traditional cultivars. Significant differences between cultivars were found in the energy values for ruminants for hulled spelt but not for fractionated kernels. Spelt hulls of different cultivars and locations showed a high variation in chemical composition with overall high concentrations of fibre fractions and crude ash. The nutritive values for ruminants of hulled spelt and spelt kernels were similar to those of oats and wheat respectively. Pure spelt hulls cannot be recommended for use in ruminant feeding because of their high concentrations of fibre fractions and crude ash. However, when some part of the kernel (~20%) or small kernels remain with the hull in the dehulling process, the resulting hull fraction has a metabolizable energy value for ruminants that is similar to that of wheat straw.

Effects of a Commercial Beta-Mannanase Product on the Performance, Intestinal pH, and Digesta Viscosity of Pekin Ducks

SUMMARY An experiment was performed to investigate the effects of a commercial β-mannanase product in duck diets containing 10% guar hull fraction. The experiment consisted of a factorial arrangement of 2 levels of β-mannanase (0% and 0.1%) and 2 levels of guar hull (0% and 10%). Addition of guar to the diets significantly reduced body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and productive index at day 21. Addition of guar significantly increased feed:gain 0–7 d and 0–14 d. There were no significant effects of guar level on digesta pH except in the gizzard where pH was significantly reduced. Enzyme addition significantly increased body weight, weight gain, feed consumption, and productivity index. Inclusion of β-mannanase resulted in a significant reduction in feed:gain 0–7 d, 7–14 d, and 0–14 d. Digesta pH was significantly increased in ducks fed diets with β-mannanase. A significant interaction between guar and enzyme treatments existed for digesta viscosity of the jejunum and ileum. In diets without guar, the addition of β-mannanase did not significantly impact digesta viscosity in either intestinal segment. In diets containing guar, enzyme supplementation significantly decreased digesta viscosity. The addition of β-mannanase provided for improvements in performance, digesta pH, and viscosity regardless of guar inclusion rate; however, the improvements in digesta viscosity were of greater scale in diets containing guar.

Rapeseed hull oil as a source for phytosterols and their separation by organic solvent nanofiltration

Hulling of rapeseed leads to hulls as an additional valuable by‐product of rapeseed oil production, containing remarkable concentrations of phytosterols and tocopherols compared to the concentrations in the entire seed and double‐pressed kernel. It was shown that the content of these substances in hull oil is significantly higher than in the entire seed. In particular, the sterol concentration with 3% is remarkably high. Another characteristic of hull oil is the high concentration of alpha‐tocopherol. Therefore, the hull oil can be an interesting source for sterols and tocopherols, which are used as health promoting additives in food industry. The nanofiltration with organic solvent resistant membranes was tested for the enrichment of these substances. The experiments were performed in a dead‐end cell at pressures up to 20 bar at ambient temperature using n‐hexane and n‐heptane as solvents. Fluxes of pure solvent and solutions of triglycerides and sterols were determined. Rejections of sterols and triglycerides were measured in binary (solvent‐sterol or solvent‐oil) and ternary (solvent‐sterol‐oil) solute solvent systems. A five‐fold increase in sterol concentration in the solvent free permeate was possible with a single nanofiltration step. After removal of the solvent from the permeate, sterol crystallization was observed. Further investigations have to be done to optimize membrane separation and coupling with a crystallization of sterols.Practical applications: The hull fraction of rapeseed can be used as a source for phytosterols and tocopherols which are both food additives. Thus, in addition to the advantages with respect to the quality of the oil and protein, hulling leads to additional valuable products, which are oil fractions rich in sterols and tocopherols. The feasibility of an organic solvent nanofiltration process for the separation between unsaponifiables and oil is demonstrated.Rapeseed hull oil has a remarkably high content of alpha‐tocopherol and sterols. It was shown that organic solvent nanofiltration is a process, which can be used for a partial separation of sterols and triglycerides. An enrichment by a factor of five is possible, leading to oils with such a high sterol concentration that crystallization occurred.

Extracts of common pulses demonstrate potent in vitro anti‐adipogenic properties

SummaryPulses are an important food source in many countries and also widely used as feed for livestock. Discovery of novel health benefits in pulses may contribute to improved diet and potential added value to crops. In this study, we examined the ability of extracts from faba bean, field pea and chickpea to inhibit the formation of fat droplets in an in vitro cell culture system that mimics the process of fat cell formation or adipogenesis. Both seed and hull extracts of all three pulses showed an inhibition of adipogenesis and the hull fraction and also contained higher levels of polyphenols compared with the seed extracts. At the molecular level, adipogenic inhibition was associated with a marked reduction in peroxisome proliferator‐activated receptor gamma (PPARG) gene expression. Furthermore, the field pea pulse extract was shown to inhibit pancreatic lipase activity at a similar level to the drug ‘orlistat’, which is commonly used to treat obesity.

Hull content and chemical composition of whole seeds, hulls and germs in cultivars of rapeseed (Brassica napus)

Objective : To study of the compositional breakdown of seed components between the integument and the germ and its variability according to genetic and environmental factors. Methods: The study used 19 rapeseed lots grown in two areas of contrasted agronomical potential harvested in 2011. Pure fractions of hulls and germs were mechanically separated by centrifuge impacts after freezing the seeds. Chemical composition of the whole seeds and the pure kernel and hull fractions was determined. The results were used to calculate the seed hull content. Results: Hull accounted for 18.2% of total seed content. Real oil content of the hulls (8.4% dry basis) was lower than in the literature. Hulls contained 2.9% of the oil, 11.2% of the proteins, 73% of the NDF; 80% of the ADF, 95% of the lignin and 6.0% of the glucosinolates of the whole seed. The percentage of hulls in total seed content shows low variability, although the oil and the protein content of the fractions were significantly affected by cultivar and to a lesser extent by geographic location of the crops. Conclusion: Completely dehulled seeds could result in a meal with 48.3% protein (dry basis) and low fiber content (10.8% NDF, 6.6% ADF, 0.5% ADL) but higher glucosinolate content (130% compared to defatted seeds).

Distribution of phenolic antioxidants in whole and milled fractions of quinoa and their inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities

Whole grain quinoa and its milled fractions were evaluated for their phenolic composition in relation to their antioxidant properties and inhibitory effects on α-amylase and α-glucosidase activities. Compositional analysis by HPLC–DAD showed that the distribution of phenolic compounds in quinoa is not entirely localised in the outer layers of the kernel. Milling of whole grain quinoa resulted in about 30% loss of total phenolic content in milled grain. Ferulic and vanillic acids were the principal phenolic acids and rutin and quercetin were predominant flavonoids detected in whole grain and milled fractions. Quinoa milled fractions exhibited numerous antioxidant activities. Despite having relatively lower phenolic contents, dehulled and milled grain fractions showed significantly (p⩽0.05) higher metal chelating activity than other fractions. Furthermore, extracts of bran and hull fractions displayed strong inhibition towards α-amylase [IC50, 108.68μg/ml (bran) and 148.23μg/ml (hulls)] and α-glucosidase [IC50, 62.1μg/ml (bran) and 68.14μg/ml (hulls)] activities. Thus, whole grain quinoa and its milled fractions may serve as functional food ingredients in gluten-free foods for promoting health.

A re-examination of the technical feasibility and economic viability of rapeseed dehulling

The recent success of dehulled sunflower meals on the French market encourages reconsideration of the possibility of applying dehulling techniques to rapeseed. Hulls account for 18−20% of rapeseed mass; they contain mostly fibres (72%, 78% and 99%, respectively of the seeds’ NDF, ADF and ADL). Complete removal of these hulls would result in a high (43%) protein meal with enhanced added value. However, the technical feasibility of producing such a meal is impeded by the relatively high oil content of the hull fraction. This article presents a model of mass balance that takes account both of the purity of the “hull” and “kernel” fractions and comparisons of gross margins between conventional processing and dehulling-based processing. The value of dehulled rapeseed meal is assessed against both a range of market scenarios and the composition and price of a selection of alternative feeds. The gross margin differential favours dehulling only in periods where proteins are expensive and oil relatively cheap, as at present. Reducing the oil content of the hulls affects considerably the profitability of dehulling whereas modification of the protein content has only a modest impact. An important unknown is the effect of antinutritional factors on the final price of dehulled meals. Management of the glucosinolates residues through processing might decrease their noxiousness though the information on this is scant. Since this lack of knowledge is an impediment to the implementation of dehulling technology, research and development investments should start by addressing this question. Technical solutions could be developed to recover the oil contained in the hulls. Such solutions include expelling, aqueous extraction or tail-end dehulling after direct extraction of the seeds.

Characterization of byproducts originating from hemp oil processing.

Valorization of hemp seed meal, a byproduct of hemp oil processing, was performed by measuring the distribution of nutritional and antinutritional compounds in different hemp seed meal fractions. According to chemical composition, two cotyledon-containing fractions (>180 and <180 μm) were significantly richer in protein (p < 0.05) (41.2% ± 0.04% and 44.4% ± 0.02%, respectively), lipid (15.1% ± 0.02% and 18.6% ± 0.04%, respectively), and sugar content (4.96% ± 0.11% and 3.46% ± 0.08%, respectively) in comparison to the hull-containing fractions (>350 and >250 μm), which were significantly richer in crude fiber content (29.5% ± 0.04% and 21.3% ± 0.03%, respectively). The free radical scavenging capacity (IC50) of fraction extracts increased (p < 0.05) with increasing mean particle size (from 17.18 ± 0.59 to 5.29 ± 0.30 mg/mL). Cannabisin B and N-trans-caffeoyltyramine were the most abundant phenolic compounds in the hull fractions (from 267 ± 15.9 to 287 ± 23.1 mg/kg), while cotyledon fractions had higher content of catechin (from 313 ± 12.4 to 744 ± 22.2 mg/kg) and p-hydroxybenzoic acid (from 124 ± 6.47 to 129 ± 8.56 mg/kg (P < 0.05). Well-balanced ω-6 to ω-3 fatty acid ratio (3:1) was determined in all fractions. Antinutrients (trypsin inhibitors, phytic acid, glucosinolates, and condensed tannins) were mostly located in the cotyledon fractions. These findings indicate that the separation of hemp seed meal into different fractions could be used to concentrate valuable target compounds and consequently facilitate their recovery.

Improved glucose tolerance in insulin-resistant rats after pea hull feeding is associated with changes in lipid metabolism-targeted transcriptome.

Understanding of the mechanisms by which pulse grain fractions elicit beneficial effects on glucose tolerance is incomplete. An untargeted metabolomic analysis of serum from insulin-resistant rats was carried out to identify potential metabolic pathways affected by feeding rats the hull fraction of dried peas for 4 weeks. From this, we hypothesized that transcription of hepatic genes involved in lipid metabolism would be altered. cDNA was prepared from total RNA extracted from livers of rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD + pea hulls (PH) diet. The liver lipid transcriptome of each cDNA sample was characterized using a PCR-based array of 84 genes. The activity of peroxisome-proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPAR-α) was measured in hepatocyte nuclei. The predominant findings of the metabolomic analysis revealed a significant increase in the intermediaries of β-oxidation: C16-OH and C16:1 acylcarnitines (>50%, p < 0.05) and 3-hydroxybutyrate (100%, p < 0.05) in the PH group compared with the HFD group. mRNA of hadha, a gene involved in β-oxidation, was significantly reduced by 53% (p < 0.005) in the PH group compared with the HFD group, but no differences in PPAR-α activity were detected. 3-Hydroxybutyrate concentrations were associated with insulin sensitivity and reduced demand for insulin. The results indicate that feeding PH alters lipid metabolism in liver, which may contribute to improved glucose tolerance in insulin-resistant rats.

Folate in barley grain and fractions

Wholegrain cereals are good sources of folate. However, little is known about folate in barley. In this study, total folate was analysed in five hulled Finnish barley cultivars from three harvesting years (2006–2008). In addition, different fractions were produced from two hulled cultivars by scarification and from mixes of hulled cultivars by industrial milling. Total folate was determined in all samples with a microbiological method and vitamer distribution in scarification and industrial milling fractions, using HPLC or UPLC. Limited variation was observed in the total folate content of the five cultivars. The average contents of the three harvest years ranged from 563 to 773 ng/g dm. Fractions containing germ and outer layers were the richest in folate. The highest total folate content in the scarification fractions was up to 1710 ng/g dm. The total folate content of the hull fraction obtained by dehulling 10% of the grains with an industrial pearler was almost 4-fold compared to the corresponding dehulled grain. This hull fraction is normally not used as food. The main folate vitamers in the fractions were 5-HCO-H4folate, 5-CH3-H4folate, 5,10-CH+-H4folate, and 10-HCO-PGA. Folate content could be enhanced naturally by introducing folate-rich fractions of barley into cereal products.

Low-Fiber Canola. Part 1. Chemical and Nutritive Composition of the Meal

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the chemical and nutritive composition of meals derived from a newly developed yellow-seeded Brassica napus canola and the canola-quality Brassica juncea . In comparison with its conventional black-seeded counterpart, meal derived from yellow-seeded B. napus canola contained more protein (49.8 vs 43.8% DM), more sucrose (10.2 vs 8.8% DM), and less total dietary fiber (24.1 vs 30.1% DM). B. juncea canola showed intermediate levels of protein, sucrose, and dietary fiber (47.4, 9.2, and 25.8%, respectively). The reduction in fiber content of yellow-seeded B. napus canola was a consequence of a bigger seed size, a lower contribution of the hull fraction to the total seed mass, and a lower content of lignin with associated polyphenols of the hull fraction. The meal derived from yellow-seeded B. napus canola would appear to have quality characteristics superior to those from black-seeded B. napus or yellow-seeded B. juncea.