Huge Building Research Articles

Description of the city of Constantinople and its importance througConstantinople, Byzantine, civilization, New Rome, Christianity

Constantinople is the city that the Noble Messenger may God’s prayers and peace is upon him, announced his conquest by saying: “To conquer Constantinople, let us be the emir, its ruler, and the best army, that army. And the poets pay attention to it and write about it, as if this city was created to be a great empire that lasted for more than a thousand years. What helped it to survive is its huge building built by Emperor Constantine the Great in 324 AD to be the capital of the Eastern Byzantine Empire. This huge building is represented in its high fortified walls and its huge and remnant churches Now like the Hagia Sophia Church, and making it one of the most important cultural centers and a symbol of ancient civilization in addition to choosing this important geographical location, which gave it a very important economic and commercial importance, helped it to survive and continue and most of the attempts directed against it. Constantine's great goal was to build it, to continue the survival of the European Empire (New Rome), but this time in the East with a new look and a new religion, which is Christianity by adopting the official religion of the new empire.

Evaluation of rapid seismic safety assessment methods on a substandard reinforced concrete building stock in Istanbul

Exposure, hazard and vulnerability are the components of seismic risk, and knowledge on the vulnerability of the existing buildings is vital to properly assess their risks in seismically active regions. Unfortunately, it is not easy to assess the vulnerability of individual buildings realistically in large building stocks, particularly for regions where the buildings do not comply with the current and previous code regulations. In this study, for assessing the accuracy, applicability and cost-effectiveness of available rapid seismic safety assessment procedures for individual reinforced concrete buildings in huge building stocks, five second stage and three rapid visual screening methods are examined in a comparative manner. For this purpose, these eight methods are used to assess the seismic risks of actual service buildings of Istanbul Metropolitan Municipality, which had been previously evaluated by the third-level detailed code-based seismic performance assessment procedures. Furthermore, comprehensive site works have been conducted to compute the average time required for collecting data on each parameter necessary to use the investigated rapid assessment methods. Finally, the most cost and time-effective, and highly accurate rapid assessment method among the examined ones is selected to be applied to a vast amount of structures in Istanbul to prioritize them in terms of their seismic risks and plan the large volume mitigation interventions through a realistic and efficient approach.

Audit Energi dan Rekomendasi Penghematan Energi Listrik di Gedung Rumah Sakit

The actions for electricity consumption more efficiently is reducing the amount of electricity consumption of renewable and non renewable energy for human living sustainability or we can called energy conservation. Energy audit purposed to the energy utilization evaluation progress, is still infrequently applied in Indonesia, especially in huge building. The analyzing result of A building in the Dr. Radjiman Wediodiningrat Asylum, the first value audit of Energy Use Intensity (EUI) is 21,944 kwh/m2/year it was include the criteria of efficient. This EUI value is below EUI research that was issued by ASEAN-USAID in 1992 and the EUI value average of hospital in Korea, while detailed audit obtained energy value of EUI is 23,213 kWh/m2/year is included to the criteria of efficient. The THDi value in electricity system is IR= 33,2%, IS=24,48%, IT= 34,85% and IN=122,96%, the THDi value is not complied with IEEE 519-2014 permission which is the value is ISC/IL> 1000 has restraint value by 20%. Whereas the THDv value in electricity system is VR-S= 2,04%, VS-T= 2,11%, VT-R= 1,97%, VR-N= 3,83%, VS-N= 3,69%, VT-N= 3,73% and VL-L= 2,04% and VL-N= 3,75%, the value of THDv is complied the permissiod by IEEE 519-2014 with Voltage system of identification by 0,4 kV, therefore the limit value of THDV which permitted is 8%.

Brief Introduction to Properties of Wood and Application of Wood in Architectural Structures

Wood’s existence in earth is much earlier than human beings’ appearance, after thousands of years’ evolution, many kinds of wood are strong enough to support humans’ basic needs. Since the mid-20th century, scientists had made a great progress in chemistry and civil engineering, which made types of materials for architecture become abundant. However, despite of all the advantages that wood has got, the inflammability and mildew are the main reasons that wood cannot be largely used in the super high-rise building or huge building. The passage mainly introduced the excellent architectural properties of wood with detailed data, wood-based structure along with its characteristics and the typical wooden structures worldwide. From the current situation, wood is widely used in the medium and small-scale building for its good properties and well performance on many respects, including the ancient masterpieces. The typical and contemporary wood building structures system have shown the ingenious ideas and connotation within the structure. Furthermore, modified materials based on wood are developed to adapt the higher standards and requirements for architecture. In this way wood shall overcome the disadvantages of inflammability and mildew and other flaws due to congenital defects and acquired defects caused by environment. Finally, the thesis puts forward simple ideas on how to bring the superiority into full play and expects that the adoption of wood-based composite technology for the prospect of wood products in the construction industry.

Retrofit Proposals for Energy Efficiency and Thermal Comfort in Historic Public Buildings: The Case of the Engineering Faculty’s Seat of Sapienza University

The building sector greatly contributes to energy consumption and Greenhouse Gas emissions, relating to the whole building life cycle. Boasting a huge building heritage of historical and architectural value, Europe faces challenging retrofit perspectives, as the potential for high energy efficiency has to be exploited while preserving the buildings’ original characteristics. The present work aims to feature the influence of a passive strategy on a heritage building in a mild climate. As historical its façade cannot be modified, its large glazing areas involve multiple issues, such as an increase in the heating (QH) and cooling (QC) energy demands and the risk of thermal discomfort. Thus, window replacement was proposed for retrofitting. A dynamic simulation model in TRNSYS was validated with experimental data collected by the continuous monitoring of walls of different thicknesses and orientations. Solutions from replacement with Double Glazing Units (DGUs) with improved thermal insulation, to internal shading activation were applied. All configurations were compared in terms of QH, QC, thermal performance of the building and user comfort (Fanger). Low-e DGU enabled the saving of up to 14% of the annual energy demand, and shading also offered good results in summer, reducing QC by 19%. In summer, DGU involved a maximum PPD reduction of 10 units.

Studies on high voltage dc cable connection to supply the acceleration grids of the Neutral Beam Injector for DTT

The Divertor Tokamak Test facility (DTT) is the new tokamak under construction in Frascati (Italy), with the main aim of testing different divertor magnetic configurations and technologies in view of DEMO. The Heating and Current Drive function will be provided also by one Neutral Beam Injector (NBI), accelerating negative Deuterium ions with an energy of 510 keV, giving an output power of 10 MW maximum. The Acceleration Grid Power Supply (AGPS), with 3 stages rated 167 kV each, will feed the NBI accelerator. For optical reasons, the insulating gap among the acceleration grids is at the limit of the voltage holding in vacuum, therefore frequent arc breakdowns (BD) among the grids will occur, requiring the quick switch-off of the AGPS to limit the arc energy. For the AGPS, beside the ITER-like scheme including gas-insulated HV components, an innovative approach based on the Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) technology is being considered. This would include air-insulated HV converters, requiring a huge building volume, which at present is not available in close proximity to the tokamak building. The alternative of installing the MMC converters in a new building to be erected in an available area located far from the tokamak, and connecting the AGPS to the load with HV coaxial cables, is under study. This paper presents the studies carried out to verify the impact of the cables length on the arc energy, in case of breakdown among the grids, and to estimate the magnitude of the voltage oscillations due to resonance effects. These oscillations can occur not only between each hot pole and the return conductor, endangering the cable insulation, but also between the return conductor and local ground, with potential consequences on the laying method, the human safety and the electromagnetic compatibility with sensitive apparatus nearby, which have all been evaluated.

Energy benchmarking for secondary school buildings, applying the Top-Down approach

Public buildings such as schools have a great potential for energy efficiency as well as improving their performance to reduce CO2 emissions. Schools with huge building areas, a large number of users, and various equipment use more energy compared with other building types. Top-Down energy benchmarking is a policy tool that detects inefficient buildings in a community, so it has a fundamental role in energy efficiency management on a large scale. This study aims to evaluate end-use energy benchmarks for secondary schools based on a Top-Down statistical method. In this regard, the real monthly energy consumption from 2016 to 2019 in 31 school buildings were analyzed. The standards of 9, 171, and 180 kWh/m2/yr were determined as electricity, thermal, and total energy benchmarks respectively. In addition, based on the Spearman test correlation analysis, 14 parameters that may affect the energy consumption were analyzed; among them, the building useful area and volume had the highest impact on electricity consumption; however, population density and building volume had the highest impact on the thermal consumption. The developed benchmarking methodology presents a band of benchmarks instead of a single-value mostly found in the literature.

Android application of rapid visual screening for buildings in Indian context

Computers lessen all the laborious work, specifically by introducing software applications following mobile applications and IoT (Internet of Things) in numerous civil engineering disciplines. Prevention of forfeiture of life and property is becoming the prime agenda, and seismic vulnerability assessment of existing buildings is one of the quickest methods for an earthquake disaster mitigation plan. In this study, an attempt is made to modify the commonly used FEMA rapid visual screening score sheet concerning Indian building typology and the age of the building. Also, to make RVS further rapid an RVS tool named RVS_IND App is developed using the android App, particularly for the seismic performance evaluation of buildings at the visual inspection level. The application reduced the time taken for RVS from 15 to 20 mins per building to <2–3 mins per building and all the building score sheets can be stored during a walk down, apprising the speed of assessment of huge building stock.

Medieval communal - religious architecture of the city of Shakhrisabz

The architecture of the Kashkadarya region, like other regions of Uzbekistan, has a thousand-year history. This can be learned from the monuments found as a result of archaeological excavations carried out in the region. On the territory of Kashkadarya there are vast fields, irrigated and suitable for growing lalmi, steppes and pastures, favorable for the development of animal husbandry. This situation had a direct impact on the nature of local art. It also contains the traditions of the culture of nomadic and settled tribes. We can say that urban planning in the oasis is developed at a high level. A large number of settlements arose on the territory of the region, which developed uniformly in the traditions of urban culture. The cities of the Kashkadarya oasis served as transit points on important trade routes in Central Asia.Shakhrisabz is a historical city of Uzbekistan with unique monuments achieved by the peoples of Central Asia in the field of architecture and urban planning. Famous architectural monuments of the XIV century and those built in the first half of the XV century have been preserved here. They were built on the initiative of Amir Temur and Mirzo Ulugbek.The communal-religious zone of Shakhrisabz - large sanctuaries were built in the southeastern part of the city in the XIV-XV centuries. The most famous of them are "Dar us-siyadat" and "Dar ut-tilovat" - a complex of mosques, madrasahs and tombs that Amir Temur built for himself and his descendants. Historian Sharafuddin Ali Yazdi writes about the events of 1394 in his book "Zafarname" (Book of Victory) "Construct a special building in Shakhrisabz (Amir Temur pointed out), that his son Amirzade Jahangir and other sons and officials should be placed in it. [one].Dar us siyadat is a huge building, the height of which reaches about 70 m to 50 m. The entrance leads to the room of God, from which the tomb of Amir Timur was planned, in the middle of which there is an underground reservoir. In the second half of the 16th century, during one of the attacks of Abdullakhan II, the complex was destroyed. The tomb of Jahongir was the basis for the existence of the Darus Siyadat complex. During the construction of the mausoleum of Jahongir, the structure of the first appearance of the tahmon and the dome was determined from the inside by a richly decorated “muqarnas” (eight star - author's editorial) with a trench, the remains of which are still preserved.

Comparing the environmental performances of new and renovated school buildings

Evaluating which is the best choice between renovating an existing construction or building a new structure in countries like Italy, where a huge post-war un-listed building heritage does not satisfy the current standards and the economic resources are limited, is not trivial. Several parameters come into play, such as such the extent of the construction work, the environmental cost of disposing old materials, the carbon footprint and volume of new materials. This paper is devoted to the analysis of two projects. The first consists of a renovation of a multi-storey existing school built in 1960s having total area of about 9900 m2. The second is a new construction of a three-story school having a total area of about 14000 m2 and made with timber. The results show that the existing school building, although having a lower embodied carbon related to materials, has a higher overall carbon footprint due to the CO2 emissions related to operational energy.

A Novel UAV Path Planning Algorithm Based on Double-Dynamic Biogeography-Based Learning Particle Swarm Optimization

Particle swarm optimization (PSO), one of the classical path planning algorithms, has been considered for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) path planning more frequently in recent years. A large amount of studies on UAV path planning based on modified PSO have been reported. However, most UAV path planning algorithms still optimize only one kind terrain problem which is mountain terrain. At the same time, many modified PSO algorithms also have some problems, such as insufficient convergence and unsatisfactory efficiency. In this paper, six kinds of terrain functions of UAV path planning are proposed to simulate real-world application. The terrain functions contain city, village without houses, village with houses, mountainous area without houses, mountainous area with houses, and mountainous area with a huge building. Inspired by CLPSO and BLPSO, we proposed a new double-dynamic biogeography-based learning particle swarm optimization (DDBLPSO) algorithm to solve these problems. The double-dynamic biogeography-based learning strategy replacing the traditional learning mechanism from the personal and global best particles is used to select the learning particles. In this strategy, each particle will learn from the better one of two selected particles which are not worse than itself. However, one random component of particle will replaced by corresponding component of other particle if all components of the particle only learn from itself. In this way, particles sufficiently learn from better objects and maintain the ability of jumping out of local optimality. The superiority of our algorithm is verified with four relevant algorithms, a PSO variant, and a BBO variant on the benchmark suite of CEC2015. Real-world application demonstrates that the algorithm we proposed outperforms four relevant algorithms, a PSO variant, and a BBO variant both in small-scale problems and large-scale problems. This paper shows a good application of our novel algorithm.

Application of Hierarchical Agglomerative Clustering (HAC) for Systemic Classification of Pop-Up Housing (PUH) Environments

This paper is the result of the first-phase, inter-disciplinary work of a multi-disciplinary research project (“Urban pop-up housing environments and their potential as local innovation systems”) consisting of energy engineers and waste managers, landscape architects and spatial planners, innovation researchers and technology assessors. The project is aiming at globally analyzing and describing existing pop-up housings (PUH), developing modeling and assessment tools for sustainable, energy-efficient and socially innovative temporary housing solutions (THS), especially for sustainable and resilient urban structures. The present paper presents an effective application of hierarchical agglomerative clustering (HAC) for analyses of large datasets typically derived from field studies. As can be shown, the method, although well-known and successfully established in (soft) computing science, can also be used very constructively as a potential urban planning tool. The main aim of the underlying multi-disciplinary research project was to deeply analyze and structure THS and PUE. Multiple aspects are to be considered when it comes to the characterization and classification of such environments. A thorough (global) web survey of PUH and analysis of scientific literature concerning descriptive work of PUH and THS has been performed. Moreover, out of several tested different approaches and methods for classifying PUH, hierarchical clustering algorithms functioned well when properly selected metrics and cut-off criteria were applied. To be specific, the ‘Minkowski’-metric and the ‘Calinski-Harabasz’-criteria, as clustering indices, have shown the best overall results in clustering the inhomogeneous data concerning PUH. Several additional algorithms/functions derived from the field of hierarchical clustering have also been tested to exploit their potential in interpreting and graphically analyzing particular structures and dependencies in the resulting clusters. Hereby, (math.) the significance ‘S’ and (math.) proportion ‘P’ have been concluded to yield the best interpretable and comprehensible results when it comes to analyzing the given set (objects n = 85) of researched PUH-objects together with their properties (n &gt; 190). The resulting easily readable graphs clearly demonstrate the applicability and usability of hierarchical clustering- and their derivative algorithms for scientifically profound building classification tasks in Urban Planning by effectively managing huge inhomogeneous building datasets.

Vision Based Segmentation and Classification of Cracks Using Deep Neural Networks

Deep learning artificial intelligence (AI) is a booming area in the research field. It allows the development of end-to-end models to predict outcomes based on input data without the need for manual extraction of features. This paper aims for evaluating the automatic crack detection process that is used in identifying the cracks in building structures such as bridges, foundations or other large structures using images. A hybrid approach involving image processing and deep learning algorithms is proposed to detect automatic cracks in structures. As cracks are detected in the images they are segmented using a segmentation process. The proposed deep learning models include a hybrid architecture combining Mask R-CNN with single layer CNN, 3-layer CNN, and8-layer CNN. These models utilizes depth wise convolution with varying dilation rates for efficiently extracting diversified features from the crack images. Further, performance evaluation shows that Mask R-CNN with a single layer CNN achieves an accuracy of 97.5% on a normal dataset and 97.8% on a segmented dataset. The Mask R-CNN with 2-layer convolution resulted in an accuracy of 98.32% on a normal dataset and 98.39% on a segmented dataset. The Mask R-CNN with 8-layers convolution achieves an accuracy of 98.4% on a normal dataset and 98.75% on a segmented dataset. The proposed Mask R-CNN have proved its feasibility in detecting cracks in huge building and structures.

PRESUMABLE VARIANTS OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF FORTIFIED SETTLEMENTS OF THE DNIEPER-DON FOREST-STEPPE IN THE SCYTHIAN AGE

The intensive constructing of fortified settlements has turned the Dnieper-Don forest-steppe into a huge building site since the second half of the 6th century BCE. Mass development of fortifications has begun. Despite the local features related with topography and the availability of building materials, it is possible to distinguish some common vectors.&#x0D; The hillforts are traditionally perceived by researchers as static structures that have «frozen» in their original forms. Recent archaeological researches on the Tsyrkuny, Bilsk and Mokhnach hillforts in the Forest-Steppe, confirmed by the series of planographic observations on the other sites, allow us to classify some features of the development of fortified settlements.&#x0D; On the one hand, hillforts are formed on the basis of the unfortified settlements. Another part was initially built as fortification. Simple forms of defensive structures and poorly saturated cultural layer are the characteristic features of the fortifications of so-called «shelter-fortresses». The review of the sources allowed us to say that these sites are hillforts which, for some unknown reasons, were not settled down, capturing the first stage of the existence of fortifications, and their specific cultural layer cannot be the evidence of their belonging to certain cultural and economic type.&#x0D; The series of cross-sections of fortifications indicated the traces of restructuring and repairing of individual defensive lines throughout the entire period of their use. There are examples of expanding the area of the hillfort due to constructing of the new defensive structure as an extension of the main line or the creation of the fortification on the next cape that could be united by the common rampart. Also are known the examples of the special reduction of the area of hillfort. Similar situation is observed at the last stage of the Bilsk archaeological complex.&#x0D; In the Late Scythian period, a new type of monuments appeared on the territory of the Dnieper-Don Forest-Steppe, fortifications consisting of the acropolis (central fortified part) and large household yard.&#x0D; The current research allows to critically evaluate the popular models of classifications and the validity of their application for historical reconstructions.

Evaluation of communal wastewater treatment plant based on technical, institutional, and community participation aspects in South Surabaya

This study aims to discover the obstacles and provide recommendations on the technical and institutional aspects of the chosen communal WWTP. The methods used in this study were field survey and questionnaire. the data were analyzed using quantitative, qualitative, and SWOT analysis. There are 11 out of 13 communal WWTPs that do not work optimally. The technical obstacle encountered in the operation of the chosen communal WWTPs is the huge building capacity that does not meet the criteria of HRT design. The recommendations for the technical problem include lowering the water level and reducing the number of baffles in communal WWTP. The obstacle faced in the operation of chosen communal WWTPs in terms of institutional and community participation aspects is that the maintenance is only known by few people. The recommendation for the aspects of institutional and community participation is for KPP to arrange a socialization on the maintenance of communal WWTP based on its maintenance module.

Investigation of near-surface structures using seismic refraction and multi-channel analysis of surface waves methods—a case study of the University of Lagos main campus

The need to use locations which are hitherto swamps or recreation centers to construct more building facilities that range from medium to huge structures within the University main campus informed the decision to embark on this study. Structures within the subsurface layers were investigated by analyzing the distribution pattern of some geophysical properties such as compressional wave (P-wave) velocity, shear wave (S-wave) velocity, and Poisson ratio. The near-surface layers were identified from the first break picks of P-waves velocities. Moreover, the dispersive capability of the surface wave produced S-wave velocity information that identified different geological structures based on the orientations of the lithological layer’s rigidity. The P-wave velocities reveal three-layer structures of thicknesses between 3.0 m to 6.0 m and 2.0 m to 5.0 m for Layer 1 and Layer 2 respectively. These layers are in three categories of “Complex”, “Mild,” and “Simple” based on the distribution pattern of shear velocities. Poisson ratio analysis shows two categories of Topsoil/Lateritic layer of less than 2.0 m (thin) and between 2.0 m and 4.5 m (thick). Areas identified as “Complex” structure with thick Topsoil will require comprehensive foundation design than other areas especially when erecting huge building. Whereas, locations around the New Halls (NHs) may require simple foundation plan for building development compared to other areas since it is characterized by thin Topsoil and simple layer structure. The study will assist construction engineers with prior information of the structures of subsurface layers which thereby reduce time and cost of building development within the University campus.

TIPOLOGI SANTRI MASJID TIBAN SANANREJO

Interesting Phenomenon in an Islamic place called “Pondok Pesantren” which is located in Sananrejo village Turen district region of Malang attracts many attentions to a large of citizens. It is issued that the Pondok Pesantren which is well known with the term Pondok Pesantren Bih?r Bahr ‘Asal Fadl?il al-Rahmah is a Mosque which is built by spirit where many people called them as “Jin”. In this case, this research is eager to investigate the motivation which become the background of establishing the Pondok Pesantren, how the proses of constructing this huge building with eleven floors and more than one hectare area of building; how the belief and characters which is taught in this Pondok Pesantren; and how the typology as well as ideology of Santri in this Pondok Pesantren. This research applies descriptive qualitative method by which the data collection is carried out using observation and interview. This also brings out phenomenology approach to reveal the ideology of the santris of Bih?r Bahr ‘Asal Fadl?il al-Rahmah. Based on the result of observation and interview conducted and analyzed by the researcher, Santris of this Salaf? Pesantren which is often visited by many visitors, and even foreigners from any regions, show polite attitude. This behaviour has become the tradition and culturally implemented by all of Santris in this pesantren toward any visitors.&#x0D; Keywords: Typology, Santri, Pondok Pesantren

The Impact of Nano-Concrete in Contemporary Architecture

The rapid development in technology of building materials and systems could be easily observed these days in the huge building advances such as achieving building sizes, shapes, forms and speed of building which could never be achieved by using ordinary building materials. One of the interested break overs in building materials technologies is Nano-Concrete. Nano-Concrete is the substance of adding nanomaterial to concrete. Nano-concrete has special specifications and properties when compared with the ordinary concrete mixes such as adding Nano SiO2, Nano TiO2 and Carbon Nano tubes to improve performance and structural resistance. This extended the limits of building technologies thus enabling architects to achiev more complex forms with higher performance, or giving the concrete special properties such as light pass-through concrete or self-compacting concrete.&#x0D; The research deals with impact Nano-concrete on contemporary architecture by following a set of objectives:&#x0D; &#x0D; What is Nano-concrete in brief?&#x0D; How does Nano-concrete mixes differ from the ordinary mixes of concrete?&#x0D; The application of Nano-concrete in buildings and its effects on contemporary architecture.&#x0D; &#x0D; The research extracted a set of main findings and recommendations from the analyzing of the effects of Nano-Concrete on Architecture.

A Proposed Rapid Visual Screening Procedure for Developing Countries

Many earthquakes in the past had shown that major damage to structures took place in the absence of proper design, construction, and quality control. Based on the extent of damages caused by earlier earthquakes and the building vulnerability parameters that has caused the damages, a statistical analysis was carried out to develop a vulnerability score sheet. In this score sheet, a vulnerability score is computed considering building attributes such as soft storey, substantial overhang, re-entrant corners, the age of buildings, apparent material and construction quality, eccentric staircase location with respect to building plan, maintenance, soil type and a number of storeys. This score sheet will be a very helpful technique for assessing huge building stocks.

GIS-based multicriteria evaluation of foundation conditions

This article deals with an evaluation of the engineering geological and hydrogeological conditions in Vajnory with relation to landuse planning. Vajnory is one of the city parts of Bratislava, the capital city of Slovakia, with huge building activity. Parametric maps were constructed using a multi-criterial approach and the result is a set of engineering geological and hydrogeological maps of geofactors which present a level of suitability for building foundations using map algebra tools in a GIS environment. Four geofactors which influenced the suitability for building foundations were selected — workability of soil, bearing capacity, groundwater level and aggressivity of groundwater. These factors were analysed for three different depth levels. The suitability map for building purposes at a depth of two meters under the surface showed foundation conditions for simple buildings with the basement below freezing level or for buildings with one underground level. The suitability map for a depth of five meters under the surface presents foundation conditions for buildings with two underground levels. The last evaluated level was for a depth of eight meters under the surface and analyses the foundation conditions for buildings with three underground levels.