Hue Province Research Articles

Revealing Ecotourism Potential of Streams and Waterfalls: Identification of Influential Factors in a Case Study from Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam

Ecotourism is recognized as a fundamental aspect of sustainable tourism development. This study aimed to identify the factors influencing ecotourism in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam, specifically focusing on streams and waterfalls, using an ecotourism potential model. This model utilizes quantitative approaches, incorporating questionnaires and spatial information, including remote sensing data. The model is employed to determine the factors affecting ecotourism potential in the 31 locations of streams and waterfalls in Thua Thien Hue province. The model considers ecotourism potential as the dependent variable, while the independent variables are greenness using the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), connectivity, accessibility, and infrastructure, e.g., restaurants and hotels. The results revealed that greenness has the most significant positive impact on ecotourism potential around streams and waterfalls in Thua Thien Hue province, followed by accessibility, restaurants, and hotels, while connectivity has a negative impact on ecotourism potential in these areas. This analysis underscores the importance of prioritizing the conservation of natural environments and ecosystems surrounding streams and waterfalls. Furthermore, this study utilizes geospatial methodologies to identify and enhance our understanding of the key factors influencing ecotourism.

Assessment of Land Suitability in Perennial Crops using FAHP and GIS in Central Vietnam

Background: Perennial crops including rubber and Thanh Tra grapefruit are highly effective land use that has occupied a large area (nearly 11,000 ha) in Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam. Analyzing land suitability in agricultural production is one of the important tools for determining the effective use of land resources and sustainable development. This study aims to evaluate the land suitability of perennial crops in Phong Dien district, Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam. Methods: The study was conducted in different communes in Phong Dien district, Thua Thien Hue province, Central Vietnam from 2022 to 2023 by collecting secondary and primary data together with soil samples from 45 profiles for analysis and finally application of the fuzzy multi-criteria analysis process (FAHP) tool and geographic information system method (GIS) to evaluate the land suitability. Result: The results indicated that economic criteria played the most important role with weights from 0.068 to 0.343, followed by the social criteria (weights from 0.014 to 0.147) and the environmental criteria (weights from 0.011 to 0.051). With land suitability evaluation, the very high suitability area of rubber and Thanh Tra grapefruit (S1) was 3,144.14 ha and 3,742.29 ha respectively. The FAHP and GIS integrated method is a useful method to assess land suitability for land use of perennial crops based on appropriate assessment of FAO land use requirements.

Biochemical Composition, Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content, Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Flower Extracts of Clerodendrum paniculatum Distributed In Thua Thien Hue Province, Viet Nam

Biochemical Composition, Polyphenol and Flavonoid Content, Antibacterial Activity of Leaf and Flower Extracts of Clerodendrum paniculatum Distributed In Thua Thien Hue Province, Viet Nam

KAṬHINA ROBE OFFERING FESTIVAL OF THE SOUTHERN BUDDHISM MONKS COMMUNITY IN THUA THIEN - HUE PROVINCE

Kathina Robe Offering Festival is the traditional and biggest festival of the year of Southern Buddhism in Vietnam in particular and Buddhism countries in the world in general. This festival has existed since the time of Buddha Shakyamuni and to be maintained until today. Every year, during the period from the 15th day of the 9th lunar month to the 15th day of the 10th lunar month, at a temple or a place in accordance with Buddhism law, monks and nuns of Theravada Buddhism will hold a Kaṭhina Robe offering festival. The meaning of the festival is to mark the three-month period of retreat and diligent practice of the monks, the robe will be offered to the elders or those who meet the requirements. In Thua Thien - Hue province, the Southern Buddhism community often organizes the Kaṭhina robe offering festival for seven days at seven different pagodas (the remaining three pagodas are newly established and do not have the conditions to organize). This festival has become a cultural feature bearing the mark of the Southern Buddhism monks here, at the same time it is also a place for Buddhists of all walks of life at home and abroad to have the opportunity to participate and do good deeds. This article will clarify the origin, organization process and significance of the Kaṭhina Robe Offering Festival, especially emphasizing some changes in this festival of Southern Buddhism in Thua Thien - Hue province

Antibacterial activity and cytotoxicity lung cancer cells A549 of Ganoderma colossus

Golden Ganoderma is a valuable species in the medicinal formula Luc Bao Linh Chi which has been used in traditional medicine in Vietnam. The golden Ganoderma mushroom sample discovered at Delonix regia tree in Hue city, Thua Thien Hue province was identified as Ganoderma colossus (Fr.) C.F. Baker. This study investigated the cytotoxicity of A549 lung cancer cells and the antibacterial activity of the aqueous extract from the fruiting body of golden Ganoderma. The extract at a concentration of 1 mg/mL showed the strongest inhibitory activity against strains of Bacillus subtilis (27.1 ± 0.36 mm), Staphylococcus aureus (14.2 ± 0.54 mm), Gram negative bacteria strains (Escherichia coli and Salmonella enteritidis) were weaker inhibited. The cytotoxic effect on lung cancer cells was determined by the MTT method [3-(4,5-dimethyl-thiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide)]. The results showed that the extract at a concentration of 128 µg/mL had an inhibitory effect on A549 lung cancer cells of 86.36% with an IC50 value of 9.21 ± 0.8 µg/mL compared to the positive control Elipcitine of 0.34 ± 1.13 µg/mL.

Co-Occurrence of Cyanotoxins and Phycotoxins in One of the Largest Southeast Asian Brackish Waterbodies: A Preliminary Study at the Tam Giang—Cau Hai Lagoon (Vietnam)

The Tam Giang-Cau Hai lagoon (TGCH) in Thua Thien Hue province (Vietnam) is a marsh/lagoon system and ranks among the largest waterbodies in Southeast Asia. It plays a significant role in terms of both socio-economic and environmental resources. However, anthropogenic stress, as well as the discharge of untreated domestic and industrial sewage with agricultural runoff from its three major tributaries, dramatically damages the water quality of the lagoon. Especially after heavy rain and flash floods, the continuous degradation of its water quality, followed by harmful algal and cyanobacterial bloom patterns (HABs), is more perceptible. In this study, several physicochemical factors, cyanotoxins (anatoxins (ATXs), saxitoxins (STXs), microcystins (MCs)), phycotoxins (STXs, okadaic acid (OA), and dinophysistoxins (DTXs)) were analyzed in water and shellfish samples from 13 stations in June 2023 from 13 stations, using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) kits for the ATXs and STXs, and the serine/threonine phosphatase type 2A (PP2A) inhibition assay kit for the MCs, OA, and DTXs. The results showed for the first time the co-occurrence of freshwater cyanotoxins and marine phycotoxins in water and shellfish samples in this lagoon. Traces of ATXs and STXs were detected in the shellfish and the orders of magnitude were below the seafood safety action levels. However, toxins inhibiting the PP2A enzyme, such as MCs and nodularin (NODs), as well as OA and DTXs, were detected at higher concentrations (maximum: 130.4 μg equiv. MC-LR/kg shellfish meat wet weight), approaching the actionable level proposed for this class of toxin in shellfish (160 μg of OA equivalent per kg of edible bivalve mollusk meat). It is very important to note that due to the possible false positives produced by the ELISA test in complex matrices such as a crude shellfish extract, this preliminary and pilot research will be repeated with a more sophisticated method, such as liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectroscopy (LC-MS), in the upcoming research plan.

Taxonomy of freshwater gobies of the genus Rhinogobius (Oxudercidae, Gobiiformes) from central Vietnam, with descriptions of two new species

Taxonomy of the genus Rhinogobius was investigated for the first time in Central Vietnam. Five species occurring in this region can be distinguished by shape of their head, number of pectoral-fin rays, vertebral counts, arrangements of scales and cutaneous sensory papillae, and coloration. Two species are described as new, Rhinogobius rong sp. nov. and R. nami sp. nov., and the remaining three were identified as R. taenigena, R. leavelli, and R. similis. Though the morphology of R. leavelli and R. similis differed slightly between localities, counts and measurements overlapped, and coloration was variable. This study tentatively identifies all of those populations as R. leavelli or R. similis, but further research using additional specimens from a wider geographic range is required to clear the identity of the Rhinogobius occurring in this region. Rhinogobius rong, R. similis, and R. leavelli are distributed in both Da Nang City and Thua Thien Hue Province, with the first two species occurring widely in coastal areas, and R. leavelli restricted to inland areas. On the other hand, Rhinogobius nami and R. taenigena occur only in inland areas of Da Nang City and Thua Thien Hue Province, respectively.

THỰC TRẠNG NHẬN THỨC VÀ THỰC HÀNH CỦA GIÁO VIÊN MẦM NON VỀ PHÁT TRIỂN KHẢ NĂNG SÁNG TẠO CHO TRẺ MẪU GIÁO THÔNG QUA HOẠT ĐỘNG KHÁM PHÁ KHOA HỌC

This study aims to investigate the current state of perception and practice of nurturing creativity for preschoolers in organizing science exploration activities at some preschools in Hue City, Thua Thien Hue Province, Vietnam. A quantitative survey method using a questionnaire was conducted with 54 preschool teachers from two preschools. Results show that most teachers have a comprehensive understanding of the importance of fostering creativity in science exploration activities for preschoolers. Additionally, teachers recognized the manifestations of creativity in children during these activities and actively apply various measures to stimulate creativity in children. The study also indicated a correlation between teachers' perception and practice in developing creativity for children through organizing science exploration activities. Although the research findings are quite positive, this study also emphasizes the necessity of nurturing preschool teachers in specific techniques for organizing scientific exploration activities to stimulate creativity in preschool children. Keywords: Teachers; science exploration; preschool; creativity.

THIẾT KẾ TRÒ CHƠI HỌC TẬP GIÚP TRẺ MẦM NON LÀM QUEN BIỂU TƯỢNG TOÁN VỚI SỰ HỖ TRỢ CỦA PHẦN MỀM WORDWALL

Digital game-based learning is gradually becoming a trend in education, with certain positive impacts. Thanks to the game element, children's learning process becomes easier and more enjoyable. This study surveyed over 100 preschool teachers in Hue city, Thua Thien Hue province, to clarify the importance of applying technology software in designing educational games. Consequently, the process of designing and using educational games to help children become familiar with Math symbols is proposed based on Wordwall software. The proposed process received strong agreement from preschool teachers. To use Wordwall software-based games effectively in math familiarization activities, teachers need to be flexible and proactive in selecting games that are appropriate for the lesson’s objectives and content as well as the characteristics of preschool children. This study serves as a useful tool to support preschool teachers in designing educational games in general and educational games for familiarizing children with mathematical symbols in particular. Keywords: Educational games; Mathematical symbols; Wordwall; technology software; Thua Thien Hue

The Origin and Development of Vietnamese People’s Belief in Worshipping Mother Goddesses Three Palaces and Four Palaces: A Case Study in Thua Thien Hue Province

Vietnamese people's belief of the worship Mother Goddesses of the Three Palaces and Four Palaces formed from the worship of women in traditional culture combined with the elements "Mother Goddess Lieu Hanh ", "the Mother Goddesses of Three Realms" was “molded” from a number of discrete worship activities into a systematic belief. Currently, Vietnamese mother-worshiping custom is divided into three different forms, namely Mother-worshiping in the North, Central and South, associated with the worshiping forms, the spaces of shrines, and different ritual practices of mediumship. This distinction is shaped on the basis of historical factors and the cultural acculturation and exchange in the process of the nation's southern advance. This is quite obvious through the form of the worship of the Mother Goddesses in the Central region especially in Hue. In this article, the origin of the custom of the worship of the Mother Goddesses of the Four Palaces in Hue is clarified. In addition, the development of this belief which bears many imprints of regional cultural interference and is one of the outstanding features of Vietnamese cultural diversity is explained through each historical period.

Prevalence and associated factors of bacterial vaginosis among pregnant women in Hue, Vietnam.

Bacterial vaginosis (BV) is the most frequent vaginal infection affecting women of childbearing age worldwide. It is associated with significant adverse healthcare outcomes, especially during pregnancy. Although screening for BV could reduce potential pregnancy-related obstetric complications, there is no routine screening of pregnant women for BV in Vietnam. We aimed to identify the prevalence of BV among pregnant women and the associated factors in two tertiary hospitals in Hue, Vietnam. This cross-sectional descriptive study included 885 pregnant women in third trimester, who received routine antenatal care in the Hue Central Hospital and Hue University Hospital of Medicine and Pharmacy, Hue city, Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. Gram-stained vaginal smears were used for calculating the Nugent score and recording the fungal elements. In total, 435 (49.1%) women had a normal BV score, 352 (39.8%) had intermediate vaginal microbiota, and 98 (11.1%) had BV. Among the 98 women with BV, 71 (72.4%) also had fungal infection. There was a significant association of BV with discharge (p = 0.004) and abnormal cervix (p = 0.014). BV was significantly more frequent among the women who reported previous abortion or miscarriage (p = 0.007). About a tenth of women in Thua Thien Hue province have BV in the third trimester of pregnancy being associated with previous adverse outcome. Discharge with fishy odour is still a characteristic feature among subtle clinical presentations of BV. Better awareness about this disease and routine test-and-treat management during pregnancy may improve pregnancy outcome.

Effects of planting densities and regenerations on the growth and yield of Brachiaria humidicola grown in Thua Thien Hue province

Effects of planting densities and regenerations on the growth and yield of Brachiaria humidicola grown in Thua Thien Hue province

Hydrodynamic regimes and proposed structure for flood drainage and navigation stability in Thuan an estuary, Vietnam

Thua Thien Hue province is significantly affected by conditions of climate change and sea level rise. Located in central Vietnam, the province experiences various climate-related challenges that have a strong impact on its environment and communities. Furthermore, the complexity of hydrodynamic regimes at main estuaries is reasonably challenge for the development of socio-economic, especially in water transportation. As a large estuary of Thua Thien Hue province, Thuan An play a special role in flood drainage and waterway navigation of Huong River. Therefore, understanding the hydrodynamic regime of Thuan An estuary is crucial due to the continuous alterations in its morphology during monsoon seasons. Sedimentation within the estuary creates obstacles for the river mouth entering channel, while erosion affects the northern and southern coasts. These changes have direct implications for flood drainage and waterway navigation. To gain insights into the hydrodynamic regime, this study focuses on further interpretation the hydrodynamic regimes in Thuan An inlet using Delft3D model combined with ArcGIS tools. By combining scientific modeling and practical implications, this study contributes to a better understanding the hydrodynamics of Thuan An estuary, ultimately facilitating sustainable development and management of this vital waterway system. Importantly, proposed structure for flood drainage and navigation stability in Thuan An estuary is considered with the elongation of 2 jetties. The proposed measure shows that the flood drainage is insignificantly affected and the water level at mostly locations in the river is not changed.

Assessment of the Vulnerability of Households Led by Men and Women to the Impacts of Climate-Related Natural Disasters in the Coastal Areas of Myanmar and Vietnam

Farm households along the coastlines of Myanmar and Vietnam are becoming increasingly vulnerable to flooding, saltwater intrusion, and rising sea levels. There is little information available on the relative vulnerability of men- and women-headed households, and the governments of Myanmar and Vietnam have not identified or implemented any adaptive measures aimed specifically at vulnerable peoples. This study aims to fill these gaps and assess the relative climate change vulnerability of men- and women-headed farm households. This study considers 599 farm households from two regions of Myanmar and 300 households from Thua Thien Hue province of Vietnam for the period 2021–2022. We offer a livelihood vulnerability index (LVI) analysis of men- and women-headed farm households using 46 indicators arranged into seven major components. The aggregate LVI scores indicate that farm households in Myanmar are more vulnerable (scores of 0.459 for men and 0.476 for women) to climate-related natural disasters than farm households in Vietnam (scores of 0.288 for men and 0.292 for women), regardless of the gender of the head of household. Total vulnerability indexing scores indicate that women-headed households are more vulnerable than men-headed households in both countries. Poor adaptive capacity and highly sensitive LVI dimensional scores explain the greater vulnerability of women-headed farm households. The findings also highlight the importance of the adaptive capacity components reflected in the LVI analysis in reducing farm households’ vulnerability.

Surveying knowledge about hypertension and related factors among hypertensive patients at some medical stations in Thua Thien Hue province

Introduction: Understanding hypertension is essential for its effective treatment and management. This study aims to assesse the knowledge level of hypertensive patients at commune health centers in Thua Thien Hue provinceand identify influencing their’ knowledge of hypertension. Methods: A cross-sectional approach was employed in this study. Hypertension knowledge was assessed using the Hypertension Knowledge - Level Scale (HK-LS) by SB Erkoc, while demographic details, lifestyle, clinical characteristics, medication adherence, and patient’s beliefs about mediicne were also collected. The analysis involved the use of the Chi-square test, t-test, and multiple logistic regression model in SPSS 27.0 software to examine relevant factors. Results: A total of 355 participants took part in the study, with women constituting 55.5%. Only 35.2% of patients demonstrated a high level of knowledge about hypertension. The mean knowledge score was 13.8 (standard deviation: SD = 4.9). This score was significantly higher in the high knowledge group (mean = 18.3, SD = 1.2) compared to the low knowledge group (mean = 11.3, SD = 4.3), with p < 0.001. Education level, ethnicity, monitoring of blood pressure at home, and patient beliefs about medicine were identified as significant factors associated with knowledge about hypertension. Conclusions: The study reveals a low proportion of hypertensive patients with a high level of knowledge at commune health centers in Thua Thien Hue province. Factors such as education level, ethnicity, home blood pressure monitoring, and patients’ beliefs about medicine were significantly associated with knowledge about hypertension. Coordinated interventions, including patient education and addressing medication beliefs, are essential to enhance treatment outcomes. Key words: knowledge, hypertension, blood pressure, beliefs about medicine.

Impact of rice straw biochar and reduced chemical fertilizer on the growth and yield of rice (Oryza sativa L.) in Central Vietnam

One way to effectively use rice straw without causing environmental pollution is to produce biochar and reuse it to improve rice yield and soil properties. Using rice straw biochar has increased rice productivity and can reduce chemical fertilizers. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the effects of rice straw biochar application with reduced chemical fertilizer on the growth and yield of rice at Quang Phu commune, Quang Dien district, Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam with four treatments of the co-application of rice straw biochar doses of 5, 7.5 and 10 t/ha and chemical fertilizers of 75, 50 and 25% of the recommended dose. Growth parameters, yield components, yield of rice, and soil property were investigated. The results showed that the rice straw biochar had a positive effect on the growth, yield of rice, and soil properties. The co-application of rice straw biochar of the level of 10 t/ha and chemical fertilizer of 25% of the recommended dose was optimal levels produced the highest growth and yield (63 t/ ha). The co-application of rice straw biochar and chemical fertilizers increased organic matter, improved both soil physical and chemical properties, and reduced chemical fertilizer use. As a result, the rice straw biochar may be recommended to farmers to apply for rice production.

Applications of satellite data for rapid inundation assessment - A case study in Thua Thien Hue province

Floods are one of the most significant devastating natural hazards around the globe. Recent development in remote sensing technology supports faster and low-cost analysis of flood hazards. This study used the Sentinel-1 SAR data for flood mapping and damage assessment. We selected the October 2022 flood event in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam. The Change Detection and Thresholding (CDAT) method was adopted to detect the inundation areas. The results showed that The flood event affected to several districts with Quang Dien being the worst hit, followed by Phu Loc and Huong Tra. Phu Vang had the smallest flooded area. The total inundated area was up to 33,384.08ha. The derived flood map was overlaid onto the current land cover map to conduct an initial evaluation of the potential flood damage corresponding to each land use category. The damage to the land cover was estimated that most of the affected areas were in the cropland and accounted for 77.07% of the total inundated area. The results can assist decision-makers in monitoring and assessing flood damage in Central Vietnam

Assessing Change Impacts on Flood and Drought hazard in Thua Thien Hue province using Standardized Precipitation Index (SPI)

The objective of this study is to comprehensively analyze short- and long-term drought and flood occurrences, providing valuable insights into the potential impact of climate change in the future. Our analysis, utilizing the SPI-6 and SPI-12 indices, focuses on historical data spanning from 1979 to 2019, revealing noteworthy patterns. Notable periods of severe drought include September 1982 to August 1983, September 2004 to August 2005, and October 2014 to August 2015. Conversely, instances of elevated humidity and extreme inundation were recorded from October 1980 to August 1981, October 1995 to June 1997, November 1999 to October 2000, November 2007 to October 2008, October 2011 to August 2012, and January 2017 to August 2018. These findings are consistent with historical records of drought and flood events in Thua Thien Hue Province over the past four decades. Incorporating the SPI-6 and SPI-12 indices alongside rainfall forecasts based on updated climate change and sea-level rise scenarios for 2020 in Vietnam, our study extends its projections to the period from 2020 to 2035. These projections indicate a significant departure from typical annual conditions, with both the severity and frequency of drought and flood events expected to increase. Specifically, Thua Thien Hue weather stations estimate a flood frequency of 14% (SPI-12) and 16% (SPI-6), equivalent to approximately one dry month every seven months. High humidity events are projected to occur at an 18% frequency, roughly once every 5-6 months. Analysis of future scenarios under RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 reveals varying levels of risk associated with drought and flood occurrences. Generally, the risk of flooding is slightly lower than that of drought, with only marginal differences observed in scenario RCP8.5. When considering seasonal rainfall patterns—where half of the year experiences a dry season and the other half is rainy—the incidence of drought surpasses that of high humidity in scenario RCP4.5. In contrast, in scenario RCP8.5, the likelihood of flooding outweighs that of drought. It’s noteworthy that historically, mountainous areas within Thua Thien Hue Province have experienced fewer droughts in comparison to coastal regions. Furthermore, the severity of drought and flood events is more pronounced in scenario RCP8.5, particularly concerning flood events. This underscores that despite higher total rainfall in RCP8.5, leading to more severe inundation events, the distribution exhibits unevenness marked by extreme conditions, including more severe drought events.

Multidimensional poverty of ethnic minority households: A case study in A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province

“Poverty” is widely known as a multifaceted concept and could be evaluated using multidimensional measurements. In Vietnam, there is still too little research conducted at the micro level in villages, communes, and households. This study explored multidimensional poverty in ethnic minority communities in the Central region of Vietnam. Based on the result of the survey of 221 ethnic minority farmers in A Luoi district, Thua Thien Hue province, this study applied the Alkire-Foster method to measure the multidimensional poverty of farmers through 11 indicators of 6 aspects of poverty, including income, education, health care, housing, living standard, and information access. The results showed that about 39.82% of households are in multidimensional poverty. The degree of deprivation in the 6 poverty dimensions was not consistent, with a large proportion of shortages related to income (72.64%), housing area (6.04%), and adult education (6%). Using the Binary Logistic Regression model showed that 8 factors affect the multidimensional poverty of ethnic minority households, including family size, farm size, number of livestock, irrigation, diverse farm income sources, diverse non-farm income sources, distance to central markets, and number of adverse external influences. Critical recommendations from the study to reduce multidimensional poverty of ethnic minority households include: diversifying livelihood activities for households, both non-farm and on-farm, with a greater focus on livestock; maintaining and developing good agricultural production land, including investment in irrigation and mechanisation of production; strengthening support for farmers to access the market...

Demonstrating the Potential of Low-Cost GNSS Receiver for tidal monitoring, storms, and flood detecting: example of 2022 Noru Storm in Thua Thien Hue province, Vietnam

Extreme hydrological events such as tsunamis, high tides, or storm surges seriously threaten coastal communities. These events result in flooding, property damage, loss of life, and long-term economic and social impacts. Therefore, monitoring and detecting extreme hydrological events significantly affect coastal areas in disaster response efforts. However, the cost of installing and maintaining these stations can be a significant challenge for developing countries. The objective of this study is to use a low-cost GNSS receiver to monitor tides and detect extreme coastal hydrological phenomena by analyzing changes in water level, using analysis of the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) data. Data used in this study were collected from a GNSS station located in the Tam Giang Lagoon area, Thua Thien Hue, Vietnam, from September to October 2022. The water level based on GNSS-R is compared with the sensor's measured water level, with the Pearson correlation coefficient reaching 0.96 and RMSE of 0.08m. Continuous Wavelet Transform analysis demonstrated the relationship between water levels and extreme hydrological events. The results show that distinct signatures in the data correspond to the Noru typhoon from September 27-29, 2022, and the inundation from October 14-19, 2022, in Thua Thien Hue. This information is the basis for forecasting and early warning of extreme events and informing disaster response and management efforts.