Hubble Space Telescope Images Research Articles

A study of two young multipolar planetary nebulae: Hen 2-73 and Hen 2-96

We perform an infrared (IR) spectral and visible morphological study of two young planetary nebulae (YPNe) Hen 2-73 and Hen 2-96 using archival Spitzer Space Telescope and Hubble Space Telescope (HST) observations to understand their dust properties and nebular structures. High-resolution HST images of these nebulae show several bipolar lobes and ionised tori in the central regions of both objects. The presence of these multi-lobe structures suggests that the formation process of these nebulae is complex. To search for a possible link between the central sources and multipolar appearances of these objects, the Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) observations are used to examine whether their central stars (CSs) exhibit periodic photometric variations. In the TESS observations, the CS light curve of Hen 2-96 shows a photometric variation with a period of 2.23 hr. The IR spectra of these two YPNe suggest that the nebulae have mixed dust environments, which are associated with the presence of dense tori created by central binary interactions in these objects. Two three-dimensional models are constructed to study the complex nebular structures of the YPNe. These simulations suggest that the number of multipolar YPNe may be larger than observed. In addition, we analyse the spectral energy distributions of these nebulae to study their gas, dust, and photospheric components.

Hubble Space Telescope Images of SN 1987A: Evolution of the Ejecta and the Equatorial Ring from 2009 to 2022

Supernova (SN) 1987A offers a unique opportunity to study how a spatially resolved SN evolves into a young SN remnant. We present and analyze Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging observations of SN 1987A obtained in 2022 and compare them with HST observations from 2009 to 2021. These observations allow us to follow the evolution of the equatorial ring (ER), the rapidly expanding ejecta, and emission from the center over a wide range in wavelength from 2000 to 11,000 Å. The ER has continued to fade since it reached its maximum ∼8200 days after the explosion. In contrast, the ejecta brightened until day ∼11,000 before their emission levelled off; the west side brightened more than the east side, which we attribute to the stronger X-ray emission by the ER on that side. The asymmetric ejecta expand homologously in all filters, which are dominated by various emission lines from hydrogen, calcium, and iron. From this overall similarity, we infer the ejecta are chemically well mixed on large scales. The exception is the diffuse morphology observed in the UV filters dominated by emission from the Mg ii resonance lines that get scattered before escaping. The 2022 observations do not show any sign of the compact object that was inferred from highly ionized emission near the remnant’s center observed with JWST. We determine an upper limit on the flux from a compact central source in the [O iii] HST image. The nondetection of this line indicates that the S and Ar lines observed with JWST originate from the O free inner Si–S–Ar-rich zone and/or that the observed [O iii] flux is strongly affected by dust scattering.

An Empirical Calibration of the Tip of the Red Giant Branch Distance Method in the Near Infrared. I. Hubble Space Telescope WFC3/IR F110W and F160W Filters

The tip of the red giant branch (TRGB) based distance method in the I band is one of the most efficient and precise techniques for measuring distances to nearby galaxies (D ≲ 15 Mpc). The TRGB in the near-infrared (NIR) is 1–2 mag brighter relative to the I band, and has the potential to expand the range over which distance measurements to nearby galaxies are feasible. Using Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of 12 fields in eight nearby galaxies, we determine color-based corrections and zero-points of the TRGB in the Wide Field Camera 3 IR (WFC3/IR) F110W and F160W filters. First, we measure TRGB distances in the I band equivalent Advanced Camera System (ACS) F814W filter from resolved stellar populations with the HST. The TRGB in the ACS F814W filter is used for our distance anchor and to place the WFC3/IR magnitudes on an absolute scale. We then determine the color dependence (a proxy for metallicity/age) and zero-point of the NIR TRGB from photometry of WFC3/IR fields that overlap with the ACS fields. The new calibration is accurate to ∼1% in distance relative to the F814W TRGB. Validating the accuracy of the calibrations, we find that the distance modulus for each field using the NIR TRGB calibration agrees with the distance modulus of the same field as determined from the F814W TRGB. This is a JWST preparatory program, and the work done here will directly inform our approach to calibrating the TRGB in JWST NIRCam and NIRISS photometric filters.

Constraints on the narrow-line region of the X-ray quasi-periodic eruption source GSN 069

ABSTRACT The origins of quasi-periodic eruptions (QPEs) are poorly understood, although most theoretical explanations invoke an accretion disc around a supermassive black hole. The gas and stellar environments in the galactic nuclei of these sources are also poorly constrained. In this paper, we present an analysis of archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) images to study the narrow-line [O iii] emission in the QPE source GSN 069. We find strong evidence for a compact nuclear [O iii] emission region of size ≲ 35 pc, overlaid on top of extended [O iii] emission up to 1 kpc away from the nucleus. The age of the accretion system is estimated to be between 10 and 100 yr. The [O iii] luminosity of the compact region was measured to be $(2.1 \pm 0.3) \times 10^{40}\, \rm erg\, s^{-1}$. Based on cloudy simulations, we constrain that the [O iii] emitting gas has a hydrogen number density in the range $2 \times 10^{3} \lt n_{\rm H} \lesssim 10^{8}\, \rm cm^{-3}$ and volume filling factor fV < 4 × 10−3. We suggest that the dense gas in the nuclear region of GSN 069 originates from molecular clouds (with total mass $\gtrsim 3 \times 10^{3}\, {\rm M}_{\odot }$), which are freshly ionized by the soft X-ray photons from the accretion disc. We predict possible evolution of the compact narrow-line region on emission-line diagnostic diagrams, and hence future HST or integral-field unit observations can be used to further pin down the age of this puzzling system.

The Faint Satellite System of NGC 253: Insights into Low-density Environments and No Satellite Plane* *This paper includes data gathered with the 6.5 m Magellan Telescope at Las Campanas Observatory, Chile.

We have conducted a systematic search around the Milky Way (MW) analog NGC 253 (D = 3.5 Mpc), as a part of the Panoramic Imaging Survey of Centaurus and Sculptor (PISCeS)—a Magellan+Megacam survey to identify dwarfs and other substructures in resolved stellar light around MW-mass galaxies outside of the Local Group. In total, NGC 253 has five satellites identified by PISCeS within 100 kpc with an absolute V-band magnitude of M V < −7. We have additionally obtained deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging of four reported candidates beyond the survey footprint: Do III, Do IV, and dw0036m2828 are confirmed to be satellites of NGC 253, while SculptorSR is found to be a background galaxy. We find no convincing evidence for the presence of a plane of satellites surrounding NGC 253. We construct its satellite luminosity function, which is complete down to M V ≲ −8 out to 100 kpc and M V ≲ −9 out to 300 kpc, and compare it to those calculated for other Local Volume galaxies. Exploring trends in satellite counts and star-forming fractions among satellite systems, we find relationships with host stellar mass, environment, and morphology, pointing to a complex picture of satellite formation, and a successful model has to reproduce all of these trends.

Constraints on the z ∼ 5 Star-forming Galaxy Luminosity Function From Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of an Unbiased and Complete Sample of Long Gamma-Ray Burst Host Galaxies

We present rest-frame UV Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the largest and most complete sample of 23 long-duration gamma-ray burst (GRB) host galaxies between redshifts 4 and 6. Of these 23, we present new WFC3/F110W imaging for 19 of the hosts, which we combine with archival WFC3/F110W and WFC3/F140W imaging for the remaining four. We use the photometry of the host galaxies from this sample to characterize both the rest-frame UV luminosity function (LF) and the size–luminosity relation of the sample. We find that when assuming the standard Schechter-function parameterization for the UV LF, the GRB host sample is best fit with α=−1.30−0.25+0.30 and M*=−20.33−0.54+0.44 mag, which are consistent with results based on z ∼ 5 Lyman-break galaxies. We find that ∼68% of our size–luminosity measurements fall within or below the same relation for Lyman-break galaxies at z ∼ 4. This study observationally confirms expectations that at z ∼ 5 Lyman-break and GRB host galaxies should trace the same population and demonstrates the utility of GRBs as probes of hidden star formation in the high-redshift Universe. Under the assumption that GRBs unbiasedly trace star formation at this redshift, our nondetection fraction of 7/23 is consistent at the 95% confidence level with 13%–53% of star formation at redshift z ∼ 5 occurring in galaxies fainter than our detection limit of M 1600Å ≈ −18.3 mag.

Assessment of SDSS-derived Galaxy Morphologies Using HST Imaging

The Sloan Digital Sky Survey (SDSS) was foundational to the study of galaxy evolution, having revealed the bimodality of galaxies and the relationship between their structure and star-forming activity. However, ground-based optical surveys like SDSS are limited in resolution and depth, which may lead to biases or poor quality in the derived morphological properties, potentially impacting our understanding of how and why galaxies cease their star formation (quench). We use archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging of ∼2000 SDSS objects to assess the reliability of SDSS-derived morphologies, taking advantage of both SDSS statistical samples and HST’s superior resolution and sensitivity. Single Sérsic fitting and bulge-disk decomposition is performed on HST images for direct comparison with SDSS results. Of the three catalogs of SDSS-derived morphologies considered, none is significantly more accurate or precise than the others. For disk-dominated galaxies (n < 2.5), global Sérsic indices (n) from Meert et al. (hereafter, M15) are preferred. For bulge-dominated galaxies (n > 2.5), Simard et al. (hereafter, S11) and M15 overestimate n by ∼20%, and derived global n from Blanton et al. are preferred. We provide an empirical relation to correct S11 global Sérsic indices. Global R eff from S11 overestimates R eff for the largest galaxies by 0.1 dex. Despite these moderate biases, SDSS-derived single-component parameters are generally significantly more robust than SDSS-derived two-component parameters. The bulge Sérsic index (n bulge) cannot be reliably constrained from SDSS imaging at all, whereas the bulge-to-total (B/T) ratio can be inferred from SDSS (provided that n bulge = 4 is enforced) but has a large random error of ∼0.2.

Three-dimensional Atmospheric Dynamics of Jupiter from Ground-based Doppler Imaging Spectroscopy in the Visible

We present three-dimensional (3D) maps of Jupiter’s atmospheric circulation at cloud-top level from Doppler-imaging data obtained in the visible domain with JIVE, the second node of the JOVIAL network, which is mounted on the Dunn Solar Telescope at Sunspot, New Mexico. We report on 12 nights of observations between 2018 May 4 and May 30, representing a total of about 80 hr. First, the average zonal wind profile derived from our data is compatible with that derived from cloud-tracking measurements performed on Hubble Space Telescope images obtained in 2018 April from the Outer Planet Atmospheres Legacy program. Second, we present the first ever 2D maps of Jupiter’s atmospheric circulation from Doppler measurements. The zonal velocity map highlights well-known atmospheric features, such as the equatorial hot spots and the Great Red Spot (GRS). In addition to zonal winds, we derive meridional and vertical velocity fields from the Doppler data. The motions attributed to vertical flows are mainly located at the boundary between the equatorial belts and tropical zones, which could indicate active motion in theses regions. Qualitatively, these results compare well to recent Juno data that have unveiled the 3D structure of Jupiter’s wind field. To the contrary, the motions attributed to meridional circulation are very different from what is obtained by cloud tracking, except at the GRS. Because of limitations with data resolution and processing techniques, we acknowledge that our measurements of the vertical or meridional flows of Jupiter are still to be confirmed.

Optical- and UV-continuum Morphologies of Compact Radio Source Hosts

We present the first systematic search for UV signatures from radio source-driven active galactic nuclei (AGN) feedback in Compact Steep Spectrum (CSS) radio galaxies. Owing to their characteristic sub-galactic jets (1–20 kpc projected linear sizes), CSS hosts are excellent laboratories for probing galaxy scale feedback via jet-triggered star formation. The sample consists of seven powerful CSS galaxies, and two galaxies host to radio sources >20 kpc as the control, at low to intermediate redshifts (z < 0.6). Our new Hubble Space Telescope images show extended UV continuum emission in six out of seven CSS galaxies, with five CSS hosts exhibiting UV knots cospatial and aligned along the radio-jet axis. Young (≲ 10 Myr), massive (≳ 5 M ⊙) stellar populations are likely to be the dominant source of the blue excess emission in radio galaxies at these redshifts. Hence, the radio-aligned UV regions could be attributed to jet-induced starbursts. Lower near-UV star formation rates compared to other indicators suggest low scattered AGN light contribution to the observed UV. Dust attenuation of UV emission appears unlikely from high internal extinction correction estimates in most sources. Comparison with evolutionary synthesis models shows that our observations are consistent with recent (∼1−8 Myr old) star-forming activity likely triggered by current or an earlier episode of radio emission, or by a confined radio source that has frustrated growth, due to a dense environment. While follow-up spectroscopic and polarized light observations are needed to constrain the activity-related components in the observed UV, the detection of jet-induced star formation is a confirmation of an important prediction of the jet feedback paradigm.

Merger-driven Growth of Intermediate-mass Black Holes: Constraints from Hubble Space Telescope Imaging of Hyper-luminous X-Ray Sources

Hyper-luminous X-ray sources (HLXs) are extragalactic off-nuclear X-ray sources with luminosities exceeding the theoretical limit for accretion onto stellar-mass compact objects. Many HLXs may represent intermediate-mass black holes (IMBHs) deposited in galaxy halos through mergers, and the properties of the stellar cores surrounding HLXs provide powerful constraints on this scenario. Therefore, we have systematically built the largest sample of HLX candidates with archival Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging (24) for the first uniform population study of HLX stellar cores down to low masses. Based on their host galaxy redshifts, at least 21 (88%) have stellar core masses ≥ 107 M ⊙ and hence are consistent with accretion onto massive black holes from external galaxies. In 50% of the sample, the HST imaging reveals features connecting the HLXs with their host galaxies, strongly suggesting against the background/foreground contaminant possibility in these cases. Assuming a mass scaling relation for active galactic nuclei and accounting for an estimated contamination fraction of 29%, up to ∼60% of our sample may be associated with IMBHs. Similar to previously known HLXs, the X-ray luminosities are systematically elevated relative to their stellar core masses, possibly from merger-driven accretion rate enhancements. The least massive stellar cores are preferentially found at larger nuclear offsets and are more likely to remain wandering in their host galaxy halos. The HLX galaxy occupation fraction is ∼ 10−2 and has a strong inverse mass dependence. Up to three of the HLX candidates (12%) are potentially consistent with formation within globular clusters or with exceptionally luminous X-ray binaries.

Project Dinos I: A joint lensing–dynamics constraint on the deviation from the power law in the mass profile of massive ellipticals

Abstract The mass distribution in massive elliptical galaxies encodes their evolutionary history, thus providing an avenue to constrain the baryonic astrophysics in their evolution. The power-law assumption for the radial mass profile in ellipticals has been sufficient to describe several observables to the noise level, including strong lensing and stellar dynamics. In this paper, we quantitatively constrained any deviation, or the lack thereof, from the power-law mass profile in massive ellipticals through joint lensing–dynamics analysis of a large statistical sample with 77 galaxy–galaxy lens systems. We performed an improved and uniform lens modelling of these systems from archival Hubble Space Telescope imaging using the automated lens modelling pipeline dolphin. We combined the lens model posteriors with the stellar dynamics to constrain the deviation from the power law after accounting for the line-of-sight lensing effects, a first for analyses on galaxy–galaxy lenses. We find that the Sloan Lens ACS Survey (SLACS) lens galaxies with a mean redshift of 0.2 are consistent with the power-law profile within 1.1σ (2.8σ) and the Strong Lensing Legacy Survey (SL2S) lens galaxies with a mean redshift of 0.6 are consistent within 0.8σ (2.1σ), for a spatially constant (Osipkov–Merritt) stellar anisotropy profile. We adopted the spatially constant anisotropy profile as our baseline choice based on previous dynamical observables of local ellipticals. However, spatially resolved stellar kinematics of lens galaxies are necessary to differentiate between the two anisotropy models. Future studies will use our lens models to constrain the mass distribution individually in the dark matter and baryonic components.

A Radio Galaxy Gravitational Lens in the COSMOS-Web Survey

COSMOS 5914+1219 is a radio galaxy that is gravitationally lensing a background star-forming galaxy. We use a total of eight Hubble Space Telescope and JWST images to model the radio source host galaxy as a bulge plus disk system and fit the photometry from the optical through mid-infrared. We find best-fitting photometric redshifts of ≈1.65 for the radio galaxy and ≈4 for the lensed galaxy. We confirm a high stellar mass for the lens of 3.3 ± 0.2 × 1011 M ⊙ compared to a mass enclosed by the Einstein Ring of 1.6 ± 0.1 × 1012 M ⊙ and a star formation rate (SFR) of 340 ± 150 M ⊙ yr−1. For the lensed galaxy, we estimate a stellar mass of 9.9 ± 1.7 M ⊙/μ and a SFR of 150 ± 55 M ⊙/μ, where μ is the amount of magnification via lensing.

Hubble Asteroid Hunter

Context. Determining the size distribution of asteroids is key to understanding the collisional history and evolution of the inner Solar System. Aims. We aim to improve our knowledge of the size distribution of small asteroids in the main belt by determining the parallaxes of newly detected asteroids in the Hubble Space Telescope (HST) archive and subsequently their absolute magnitudes and sizes. Methods. Asteroids appear as curved trails in HST images because of the parallax induced by the fast orbital motion of the spacecraft. Taking into account the trajectory of this latter, the parallax effect can be computed to obtain the distance to the asteroids by fitting simulated trajectories to the observed trails. Using distance, we can obtain the absolute magnitude of an object and an estimation of its size assuming an albedo value, along with some boundaries for its orbital parameters. Results. In this work, we analyse a set of 632 serendipitously imaged asteroids found in the ESA HST archive. Images were captured with the ACS/WFC and WFC3/UVIS instruments. A machine learning algorithm (trained with the results of a citizen science project) was used to detect objects in these images as part of a previous study. Our raw data consist of 1031 asteroid trails from unknown objects, not matching any entries in the Minor Planet Center (MPC) database using their coordinates and imaging time. We also found 670 trails from known objects (objects featuring matching entries in the MPC). After an accuracy assessment and filtering process, our analysed HST asteroid set consists of 454 unknown objects and 178 known objects. We obtain a sample dominated by potential main belt objects featuring absolute magnitudes (H) mostly between 15 and 22 mag. The absolute magnitude cumulative distribution log N(H &gt; H0) ∝ α log(H0) confirms the previously reported slope change for 15 &lt; H &lt; 18, from α ≈ 0.56 to α ≈ 0.26, maintained in our case down to absolute magnitudes of around H ≈ 20, and therefore expanding the previous result by approximately two magnitudes. Conclusions. HST archival observations can be used as an asteroid survey because the telescope pointings are statistically randomly oriented in the sky and cover long periods of time. They allow us to expand the current best samples of astronomical objects at no extra cost in regard to telescope time.

NGDEEP Epoch 1: Spatially Resolved Hα Observations of Disk and Bulge Growth in Star-forming Galaxies at z ∼ 0.6–2.2 from JWST NIRISS Slitless Spectroscopy

We study the Hα equivalent width (EW(Hα)) maps of 19 galaxies at 0.6 < z < 2.2 in the Hubble Ultra Deep Field using NIRISS slitless spectroscopy as part of the Next Generation Deep Extragalactic Exploratory Public Survey. Our galaxies mostly lie on the star formation main sequence with stellar masses between 109 and 1011 M ⊙, characterized as “typical” star-forming galaxies at these redshifts. Leveraging deep Hubble Space Telescope and JWST images, spanning 0.4–4.8 μm, we perform spatially resolved fitting of the spectral energy distributions for these galaxies and construct specific star formation rate (sSFR) and stellar-mass-weighted age maps with a spatial resolution of ∼1 kpc. The pixel-to-pixel EW(Hα) increases with increasing sSFR and with decreasing age. The average trends are slightly different from the relations derived from integrated fluxes of galaxies from the literature, suggesting complex evolutionary trends within galaxies. We quantify the radial profiles of EW(Hα), sSFR, and age. The majority (84%) of galaxies show positive EW(Hα) gradients, in line with the inside-out quenching scenario. A few galaxies (16%) show inverse (and flat) EW(Hα) gradients, possibly due to merging or starbursts. We compare the distributions of EW(Hα) and sSFR to star formation history (SFH) models as a function of galactocentric radius. We argue that the central regions of galaxies have experienced at least one rapid star formation episode, which leads to the formation of the bulge, while their outer regions (e.g., disks) grow via more smoothly varying SFHs. These results demonstrate the ability to study resolved star formation in distant galaxies with JWST NIRISS.

BST1047+1156: A (Failing) Ultradiffuse Tidal Dwarf in the Leo I Group

We use deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging to study the resolved stellar populations in BST1047+1156, a gas-rich, ultradiffuse dwarf galaxy found in the intragroup environment of the Leo I galaxy group. While our imaging reaches approximately two magnitudes below the tip of the red giant branch at the Leo I distance of 11 Mpc, we find no evidence for an old red giant sequence that would signal an extended star formation history for the object. Instead, we clearly detect the red and blue helium-burning sequences of its stellar populations, as well as the fainter blue main sequence, all indicative of a recent burst of star formation having taken place over the past 50–250 Myr. Comparing to isochrones for young metal-poor stellar populations, we infer this post-starburst population to be moderately metal-poor, with metallicity [M/H] in the range −1 to −1.5. The combination of a young, moderately metal-poor post starburst population and no old stars motivates a scenario in which BST1047 was recently formed during a weak burst of star formation in gas that was tidally stripped from the outskirts of the neighboring massive spiral M96. BST1047's extremely diffuse nature, lack of ongoing star formation, and disturbed H i morphology all argue that it is a transitory object, a “failing tidal dwarf” in the process of being disrupted by interactions within the Leo I group. Finally, in the environment surrounding BST1047, our imaging also reveals the old, metal-poor ([M/H] = − 1.3 ± 0.2) stellar halo of M96 at a projected radius of 50 kpc.

COOL-LAMPS. VI. Lens Model and New Constraints on the Properties of COOL J1241+2219, a Bright z = 5 Lyman Break Galaxy and its z = 1 Cluster Lens

We present a strong lensing analysis of COOL J1241+2219, the brightest known gravitationally lensed galaxy at z ≥ 5, based on new multiband Hubble Space Telescope (HST) imaging data. The lensed galaxy has a redshift of z = 5.043, placing it shortly after the end of the “Epoch of Reionization,” and an AB magnitude z AB = 20.47 mag (Khullar et al.). As such, it serves as a touchstone for future research of that epoch. The high spatial resolution of HST reveals internal structure in the giant arc, from which we identify 15 constraints and construct a robust lens model. We use the lens model to extract the cluster mass and lensing magnification. We find that the mass enclosed within the Einstein radius of the z = 1.001 cluster lens is M(<5.″77)=1.079−0.007+0.023×1013M☉ , significantly lower than other known strong lensing clusters at its redshift. The average magnification of the giant arc is 〈μ arc〉 = 76−20+40 , a factor of 2.4−0.7+1.4 greater than previously estimated from ground-based data; the flux-weighted average magnification is 〈μ arc〉 = 92−31+37 . We update the current measurements of the stellar mass and star formation rate (SFR) of the source for the revised magnification to log(M⋆/M⊙)= 9.7 ± 0.3 and SFR = 10.3−4.4+7.0 M ⊙ yr−1, respectively. The powerful lensing magnification acting upon COOL J1241+2219 resolves the source and enables future studies of the properties of its star formation on a clump-by-clump basis. The lensing analysis presented here will support upcoming multiwavelength characterization with HST and JWST data of the stellar mass assembly and physical properties of this high-redshift lensed galaxy.

A population of faint, old, and massive quiescent galaxies at 3

Here we present a sample of 12 massive quiescent galaxy candidates at z∼3-4\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$z\\sim 3-4$$\\end{document} observed with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) Near Infrared Spectrograph (NIRSpec). These galaxies were pre-selected from the Hubble Space Telescope imaging and 10 of our sources were unable to be spectroscopically confirmed by ground based spectroscopy. By combining spectroscopic data from NIRSpec with multi-wavelength imaging data from the JWST Near Infrared Camera (NIRCam), we analyse their stellar populations and their formation histories. We find that all of our galaxies classify as quiescent based on the reconstruction of their star formation histories but show a variety of quenching timescales and ages. All our galaxies are massive (∼0.1-1.2×1011\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim 0.1-1.2\ imes 10^{11}$$\\end{document} M⊙\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_\\odot$$\\end{document}), with masses comparable to massive galaxies in the local Universe. We find that the oldest galaxy in our sample formed ∼1.0×1011\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim 1.0\ imes 10^{11}$$\\end{document} M⊙\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$_\\odot$$\\end{document} of mass within the first few hundred million years of the Universe and has been quenched for more than a billion years by the time of observation at z∼3.2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$z\\sim 3.2$$\\end{document} (∼2\\documentclass[12pt]{minimal} \\usepackage{amsmath} \\usepackage{wasysym} \\usepackage{amsfonts} \\usepackage{amssymb} \\usepackage{amsbsy} \\usepackage{mathrsfs} \\usepackage{upgreek} \\setlength{\\oddsidemargin}{-69pt} \\begin{document}$$\\sim 2$$\\end{document} billion years after the Big Bang). Our results point to very early formation of massive galaxies requiring a high conversion rate of baryons to stars in the early Universe.

Evolution of the Size–Mass Relation of Star-forming Galaxies Since z = 5.5 Revealed by CEERS

We combine deep imaging data from the CEERS early release JWST survey and Hubble Space Telescope imaging from CANDELS to examine the size–mass relation of star-forming galaxies and the morphology–quenching relation at stellar masses M ⋆ ≥ 109.5 M ⊙ over the redshift range 0.5 < z < 5.5. In this study with a sample of 2450 galaxies, we separate star-forming and quiescent galaxies based on their star formation activity and confirm that star-forming and quiescent galaxies have different morphologies out to z = 5.5, extending the results of earlier studies out to higher redshifts. We find that star-forming and quiescent galaxies have typical Sérsic indices of n ∼ 1.3 and n ∼ 4.3, respectively. Focusing on star-forming galaxies, we find that the slope of the size–mass relation is nearly constant with redshift, as was found previously, but shows a modest increase at z ∼ 4.2. The intercept in the size–mass relation declines out to z = 5.5 at rates that are similar to what earlier studies found. The intrinsic scatter in the size–mass relation is relatively constant out to z = 5.5.

A New Cosmic-Ray Rejection Routine for HST WFC3/UVIS via Label-free Training of deepCR

deepCR is a deep-learning-based cosmic-ray (CR) rejection framework originally presented by Zhang & Bloom. The original approach requires a dedicated training set that consists of multiple frames of the same fields, enabling automatic CR labeling through comparison with their median coadds. Here, we present a novel training approach that circumvents the need for a dedicated training set, but instead utilizes dark frames and the science images requiring CR removal themselves. During training, CRs present in dark frames are added to the science images, which the network is then trained to identify. In turn, the trained deepCR model can then be applied to identify CRs originally present in the science images. Using this approach, we present a new deepCR model trained on a diverse set of Hubble Space Telescope images taken from resolved galaxies in the Local Group, which is universally applicable across all WFC3/UVIS filters. We introduce a robust approach to determining the threshold for generating binary cosmic-ray masks from predictions from deepCR probability maps. When applied to the Panchromatic Hubble Andromeda Southern Treasury survey, our new deepCR model added ∼7% of good-quality stars that exhibit distinct features in their color–magnitude diagrams.

The HST Nondetection of SN Ia 2011fe 11.5 yr after Explosion Further Restricts Single-degenerate Progenitor Systems

We present deep Hubble Space Telescope imaging of the nearby Type Ia supernova (SN Ia) 2011fe obtained 11.5 yr after explosion. No emission is detected at the SN location to a 1σ (3σ) limit of F555W > 30.2 (29.0) mag, or equivalently M V > 1.2 (−0.1) mag, neglecting the distance uncertainty to M101. We constrain the presence of donor stars impacted by the SN ejecta with the strictest limits thus far on compact (i.e., logg≳4 ) companions. H-rich zero-age main-sequence companions with masses ≥2 M ⊙ are excluded, a significant improvement upon the preexplosion imaging limit of ≈5 M ⊙. Main-sequence He stars with masses ≥1.0 M ⊙ and subgiant He stars with masses ≤0.8 M ⊙ are also disfavored by our late-time imaging. Synthesizing our limits on postimpact donors with previous constraints from preexplosion imaging, early-time radio and X-ray observations, and nebular-phase spectroscopy, essentially all formation channels for SN 2011fe invoking a nondegenerate donor star at the time of explosion are unlikely.