Housing Expenses Research Articles

미취업 청년 캥거루족의 부모 경제적 의존 유형화 및 결정요인

The primary objective of this study is to categorize the different forms of economic reliance that unemployed young adults have on their parents and identify the factors contributing to this dependency. The study utilized data from the Youth Panel Survey (YP) conducted by the Korea Employment Information Service and performed a latent class analysis on unemployed young adults receiving financial support from their parents. Based on the reasons for and levels of parental financial support, four distinct types of economic dependency were identified: 'Moderate Living Expense Dependency,' 'High Housing Expense Dependency,' 'Minimal Living Expense Dependency,' and 'Unconditional Dependency.' Each type is differentiated by the specific reasons young adults rely on their parents and the level of financial support they receive. The study further analyzed how sociodemographic characteristics, career maturity, job search preparation, and work values influence these types of economic dependency. The results indicated that the 'High Housing Expense Dependency' type was more common among young adults living in metropolitan areas and those with a university degree or higher. This group tended to receive higher amounts of financial support from their parents for housing costs. On the other hand, the 'Unconditional Dependency' type was prevalent among students and those whose parents had greater wealth. This group exhibited lower levels of career maturity and placed more importance on economic rewards and job security in their work values. Additionally, the study demonstrated that economic dependency among unemployed young adults is closely linked not only to financial factors but also to their career maturity and job search preparation. For example, those categorized under 'Moderate Living Expense Dependency' and 'High Housing Expense Dependency' exhibited lower career maturity but higher levels of job search preparation. This research aims to provide important policy insights by offering an in-depth understanding of the complex reasons behind young adults' financial dependence on their parents and the types of support they receive. The findings will contribute to developing policies that promote the economic independence of young adults and support a smoother transition into the workforce. Furthermore, the study provides foundational data to help reduce the challenges these young adults face during their transition into employment.

Residential mobility for young adults in extended foster care

BackgroundPlacement stability is tied to well-being among children living in foster care, yet residential mobility remains largely unexplored for transition-age youth residing in extended foster care (EFC) between ages 18 and 21. During the time young adults in EFC can remain in foster homes, child welfare agencies offer living arrangements tailored to the transition into adulthood. In supervised independent living placements (SILPs), residents receive monthly stipends to cover their housing expenses and are responsible for covering food, utilities, and other basic needs-related costs. Transitional housing placements (THPs) offer light-touch caregiving during the transition to independence to ensure that residents have their basic needs met. ObjectiveThe current study is the first comprehensive examination of factors associated with residential mobility in a statewide population of young adults residing in EFC. ParticipantsUsing California administrative Child Protective Services records, we identified young adults who turned 18 between 2016 and 2019 and lived in care for at least 1 week (N = 10,517). MethodsNegative binomial regression evaluated the association between residential characteristics and per-year EFC moves. ResultsWe found that young adults had a median number of 1.0 moves during EFC, with a median rate of 0.67 moves per year in EFC (i.e. roughly one move every 18 months). SILPs and THPs were the most common primary residence types among the study population (41.6 % and 26.0 %, respectively). The average duration of stay in EFC was two years, which varied by primary residence type. Regression results showed that predominant residence type in EFC was associated with EFC mobility, with young adults in SILPs being more likely to experience slightly higher mobility than those primarily living in other residence types (0.82 versus 0.75 moves per year in EFC). ConclusionsFindings suggest that housing for EFC residents tends to be long-lasting and relatively stable in California. Modest variations in mobility by residential type and by experiences in foster care before age 18 underscore the importance of integrating housing and psychosocial resources during independent living planning processes. The commonality of out-of-county residence should be considered when determining housing and transportation expenses for residents, given its potential implications for access to medical and behavioral health care, academic institutions, and employment opportunities for young adults receiving EFC services.

‘Generation Share’ versus ‘Generation Rent’: Analysing the spatial preferences of shared rental housing

A growing number of young adults are choosing to live in private rental housing and sharing with unknown individuals in order to reduce their housing expenses. However, young housing sharers are generally treated as homogeneous to other renters in academic research and policy formation, leaving some of their unique housing issues unaddressed. This study examines how young housing sharers differ from their counterparts living in conventional or unshared rental housing. More specifically, we compare the spatial preferences of housing sharers to the spatial preferences of conventional housing renters, using a unique dataset of over 0.8 million private rental housing records collected in Shanghai, China. The results using a revealed-preference approach based on a hedonic pricing model demonstrate significant differences in their preference for location characteristics. Housing sharers are more willing to pay for proximity to employment centres and metro stations than conventional housing renters. Following the outbreak of Covid-19, the difference has narrowed to some extent, and housing sharers have moved further from employment centres. Rather, housing sharers are less concerned about access to public and private service amenities. The findings of this study contribute to our understanding of the recent housing tenure shift toward sharing among the younger generation and its potential impact on age-related segmentation in the housing market.

Household welfare loss from energy price crisis: Evidence from China

The war in Ukraine and associated 2022 energy crisis had far-reaching effects. The energy price crisis causes varying degrees of households' welfare losses by directly increasing energy prices and indirectly increasing product costs along the supply chain. This impact is particular significant for developing countries and emerging economies with a large concentration of middle and low-income groups. In this study, we utilize a multiregional input-output (MRIO) model and micro-household consumption spending figures to simulate the effects of rising fuel costs, both directly and indirectly, on 24 expenditure segments in China. According to the energy prices schema, we find increased energy burdens deteriorate household welfare. In a dire scenario of a 50% increase in energy prices, 11.35% of households will fall into energy poverty because of a disproportionately high share of visible energy consumption, raising China's energy poverty rate from 11.61% to 22.96%. Residual impacts are passed on to households by raising the cost of producing goods, resulting in higher indirect energy consumption, and ultimately leading to a significant increase in the inequality of households' real incomes excluding energy consumption. Further analysis shows that it is more cost-effective to provide subsidies to relatively poor households for the consumption of various commodities, with subsidies for food, healthcare and medical services, and housing expenses being the most effective, than direct subsidization of energy prices by the government to reduce household welfare losses. The major findings of this study emphasize the impact of energy security challenges in household sector, that helps to assess the negative impact of the Russian-Ukrainian conflict on energy securities of emerging economies.

Energy poverty alleviation by social housing providers: A qualitative investigation of targeted interventions in France, England, and the Netherlands

Decisions made by social housing providers (SHPs) profoundly affect their tenants' energy affordability, a group characterised by above-average energy poverty rates. Concentrated deprivation in this tenure has intensified due to policy-driven ‘residualisation’, compelling SHPs to serve almost exclusively low-income and marginalised households. Despite this, research exploring the potential of SHPs to tackle energy poverty through targeted interventions for their most vulnerable tenants remains sparse. The 2021–2022 energy price crisis offers a unique context to investigate this issue, given its substantial impact on household energy affordability. This study delves into insights of social housing professionals through focus groups conducted in France, England, and the Netherlands. It examines their views on the effectiveness of interventions and assesses their feasibility within the respective institutional contexts. We find that SHPs generally favour retrofit prioritisation and behavioural interventions as effective means of supporting at-risk tenants, whereas alterations in rent setting or housing allocation are considered potentially impactful but often undesirable or impracticable. We identify institutional barriers and lack of data as key obstacles to SHPs' adoption of more targeted interventions. To empower SHPs in tackling energy poverty, housing policy reforms must acknowledge and address the significant impact of energy costs within total housing expenses.

Digital economy, land resource mismatch, and urban housing costs: Evidence from China's digital governance policy perspective

Live in peace and work in contentment" encapsulates people's aspirations within a digital economy framework. Has the digital economy truly realized this ideal? To answer this query, this paper delves into the correlation between the digital economy, resource mismatch, and urban housing costs across 272 Chinese cities. It evaluates the impact of policies propelled by the digital economy, using the “Broadband China” strategy as a benchmark. The findings suggest several key conclusions: (i) The imbalance in land resources exacerbates the digital economy's impact on escalating urban housing expenses. This effect is particularly pronounced in cities within the Yangtze River Economic Zone, cities experiencing low economic growth rates, large cities with high employment levels, and cities with relatively low wages. (ii) The rise of the digital economy has contributed to increased urban housing costs. For every 0.1 unit increase in a city's digital economy level, there is an observed average rise of 9.87% in housing costs. (iii) Policies steered by the digital economy, such as the "Broadband China" strategy, have significantly increased urban housing costs. A higher degree of resource mismatch correlates with a more pronounced impact of the “Broadband China” strategy pilot in elevating urban housing expenses. It is imperative to emphasize the qualitative ramifications of the digital economy. This should coincide with efforts to enhance resource utilization efficiency, aiming to mitigate the adverse effects of the digital economy's advancement on housing costs.

Spatial Disparity and Residential Assessment of Housing Cost-Burdened Renters

With the expanding rental sector and rising housing expenses, this research aims to compare the socio-demographic, economic, and housing statuses of renters burdened by housing costs in four regions, and also to explore predictors affecting their residential assessment. Using data from the 2020 Korean Housing Survey, this cross-sectional study identified 245 cost-burdened households whose housing expenses accounted for more than 25% of their total gross income and living expenses. The results revealed that the majority of renters were single-person households residing in single-room occupancy units of multifamily housing, primarily comprising unemployed older adults aged 50 and over. While earning less than half of the minimum wage, the renters’ living expenses fell well below the minimum cost of living, and more than 40% of the expenditure was spent on housing costs, resulting in cost-overburdened households. With the correlation between income, deposit, and rent, the burden of housing costs and the quality of the residential environment varied among regions. Indeed, the residential assessment of the renters was significantly influenced by urban amenities, and both income deficits and excessive housing cost burdens required inclusive and prompt housing interventions including housing assistance, provision of affordable public housing, income transfer, and transitions from renting to Chonsei arrangements.

The impact of urban population on housing cost: the case of Australia

Rapid population expansions in urban areas have significant implications for housing costs, creating challenges for housing affordability. However, estimating the causal effect of population on housing costs is challenging due to various confounding issues, such as unobserved location-specific attributes, measurement error, and the potential bi-directional relationship between population and housing costs. To address them, we adopt a city-level analysis and introduce a novel instrumental variable (IV) that enables us to employ fixed effects IV estimation. Our findings indicate that housing costs tend to increase at a faster rate than population growth. As individuals and households with lower incomes tend to allocate a larger proportion of their earnings to housing expenses, an upward trajectory of housing costs may dramatically widen the inequality in income after housing expenditure.

Proximity: A Case Study of The Quest of Students’ Decision to Choose a Private Univeristy in Jakarta

The process of selecting a university is complicated, impacted by a plethora of factors that shape students' decisions. The role of proximity, defined as the geographic distance between a student's place of residence and the location of the university, is important among these drivers. The purpose of this study is to give a case study that looks into the complex function of proximity in students' institution selection decisions. The study investigates how proximity influences several components of the university choosing process using a broad sample of students. The research combines surveys and interviews to provide both quantitative and qualitative insights into the interaction of factors influencing university choice, with a focus on proximity. The findings show that proximity has a significant impact on students' decisions, influencing convenience, housing expenses, family and community links, local employment options, sense of belonging, and overall cost concerns. This study contributes to a better understanding of the complex and dynamic elements that influence university selection and provides significant insights for universities and policymakers looking to better meet the requirements and expectations of prospective students.

노년기 소득과 지출의 변화에 대한 노인1인가구 및 노인부부가구의 비교

We examined how household income, household expenditure, and itemized expenditure rates change when young elderly (65-74 years old) become elderly (75-84 years old) 10 years later, and whether there are differences by household type (single-person households, married couple' households). We also examined whether household type affects the difference in itemized expenditure (2020-2010). To do so, we used the Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA), which includes 856 older adults aged 65 to 74 as of the 3rd wave (2010). By household type, there were 195 single-person households and 197 married couple' households. A paired sample t-test was conducted to examine the changes in household income, household expenditure, and itemized expenditure ratio between 2010 (3rd) and 2020 (8th) for all seniors and by household type, and a regression analysis was conducted to examine how household type affects the difference in itemized expenditure from 2020 (8th) to 2010 (3rd). The results showed that income increased significantly in 2020 (Wave 8) compared to 2010 (Wave 3). The overall expenditure on living expenses and eating out increased significantly for the total elderly, single-person households, and married couple' households, and the proportion of housing expenses in living expenses decreased significantly. In addition, when looking at the difference in expenditure by item by household type, it was found that household type significantly affected the difference in food expenditure. This shows that the difference in food expenditures increased among single-person households compared to among married couple' households. Based on the research results, support measures for elderly single-person households and on-site education services for the elderly were proposed.

Subsidizing housing with deductions

AbstractMany governments subsidize owner‐occupied housing by allowing households to deduct housing expenses from their taxable incomes. While these deductions provide considerable financial benefits to homeowners, they also have significant downstream consequences. This article synthesizes a large body of literature that assesses these implications on various aspects of the housing market, including mortgage demand, interest rates, tenure decisions, homeownership rates, housing prices, and welfare. The findings in the literature collectively emphasize the distortive impact of these fiscal deductions on housing consumption and investment, with a growing consensus regarding the deductions' regressivity and negative effects on homeownership rates and welfare.

The Moderating Effect of Personal Assets in the Relationships between Subjective Health, Housing Expense, and Life Satisfaction for Korean Middle and Old-Aged.

The proportion of the elderly in Korea has increased. Given the circumstances, this research is intended to explore the characteristics of the elderly. The aim of this research is to explore the antecedents of life satisfaction in the Korean elderly using subjective health. Next, the goal of this research is to appraise the moderating effect of personal assets in the relationship between life satisfaction and housing expenses. The study data consist of 7199 observations from the 2018 and 2020 waves of the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging (KLOSA). This research uses econometric analysis to test the research hypotheses, which include ordinary least squares, fixed-effects, and random-effects regression analyses. Following ordinary least squares, fixed-effects, and random-effects regression analyses, the results indicate a positive influence of subjective health on older Koreans' life satisfaction. Additionally, personal assets positively moderate the association between housing expense and life satisfaction, the most valuable finding of the study. This research sheds light on the literature by revealing the moderating effect on the relationship between housing expense and life satisfaction. Moreover, the results could be used for better policy design with respect to the middle- and old-aged members Korean society.

Social Impact Assessment of Transitional Social Housing and Service Interventions for Low-Income Families: The Case of Hong Kong

Hong Kong is a typical global city with growing levels of substandard housing and a reduction in basic living quality. The government implemented a policy of transitional social housing (TSH) in 2018 to enhance the livelihood of low-income families. Nam Cheong 220 (NC220) is the first structural steel TSH project in Hong Kong. This study aims to evaluate the social impact and effectiveness of the project, and quantitative data were collected from individuals in three stages between 2020 and 2022. The first stage (T0) involved interviewing 106 successful applicants of NC220, followed by 91 participants in the second stage (T1) and 88 in the third stage (T2). Longitudinal analysis was implemented to scrutinize the changes observed over time, namely that the living area per capita substantially increased and housing expenses per capita decreased significantly due to residents’ relocation to NC220. Housing conditions and community problems also showed significant improvement. Living satisfaction, neighbour and family relationships also demonstrated positive changes. The most difficult issue for residents was finding suitable housing after staying at NC220. The findings reveal that the first TSH in Hong Kong as an intervention significantly improved the housing circumstances of residents. The social dimensions of housing for enhancing residents’ well-being is worth additional attention.

HOUSING AFFORDABILITY STRESS AMONG THE MIDDLE- INCOME (M40) GROUP IN JOHOR BAHRU

A house as a place of residence plays an important role towards sustainable development and in improving the wellbeing of the population. The issue of housing, especially the supply and demand of low and low-medium cost housing in cities, rising house prices, quality of housing as well as housing stress has shown that housing is a critical issue that must be addressed. Housing stress usually refers to financial constraints, the reason for the inability to manage the cost of home ownership and housing expenses. Yet financial burden is not the only factor that can contribute to housing stress. There are two types of housing stress, namely physical and emotional factors that may impact negatively on the lives of residents. This paper discusses the affordability housing stress among the middle-income group (M40) that may contribute to housing stress based on a survey of 100 residents of the M40 group in Johor Bahru. The paper discusses the ability of households to rent or buy a house by considering affordable prices, the ability to repay financing, and sufficient income to meet the basic needs of life and a household.

FACTORS INFLUENCING HOUSE BUYER’S DECISION IN MALAYSIA. CASE STUDY: SEPANG, SELANGOR

Housing is a basic human need as explained in the Maslow hierarchy needs. Having a house is a very important entity in ensuring a sense of security for each individual and family. Deciding on buying a house is a crucial decision since housing expenses involved a large amount of cost in individual monthly expenses. Furthermore, the homeownership rate in Malaysia as reported by the Department of Statistics Malaysia (DOSM) in 2019 didn’t increase significantly. Thus, the government and house developers need to identify the important factors that influence the house buying decision-making to increase the homeownership rate in Malaysia. This study investigates the factors influencing housing buying decisions and the difference in factors influencing different income groups in Sepang, Selangor. This study measures the internal factors and external factors influencing house-buying decisions. The internal factors measure the income, stage of life cycle, employment and education subfactors. The external factors measure the financial and economic condition, house price, location, neighbourhood, house type and design and also government housing incentives. A mixed method was applied in this study by interviewing real estate experts and also a survey of 184 respondents in the case study area. Using transcribe method and analysing of the survey data with descriptive and inferential analyses to study the influencing factors. The real estate expert and respondents agreed all the factors were influencing house buying decisions except for education. The importance of the factors is also different among the income groups. For internal factors, all income groups agree that income is the most influential factor followed by employment, stage of life cycle and education. The importance of external factors is different among the groups.

Understanding heterogeneous consumer preferences for residential zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) in South Korea: A latent class approach

The development of energy-efficient buildings has been deemed a critical component in accomplishing reduction targets and making cities more sustainable. Hence, governments of highly developed countries with large urban populations have set policy targets and introduce incentive schemes to expand the supply of the green buildings, which are environmentally friendly and energy-efficient over their entire lifecycle. However, the low return on investment, lack of awareness, and insufficient information and incentives have hindered the adoption of zero-energy buildings (ZEBs) in the Korean housing sector. This study aimed to examine the public's heterogeneous preference structure towards residential ZEBs to identify marketing and policy implications for promoting demand. The findings showed that cost-related factors were the most significant elements affecting public acceptance of ZEBs in Korea. Additionally, the study simulated the acceptance of ZEBs as a function of subsidy levels and found that consumers are willing to pay a premium for more energy-efficient homes with greater environmental contributions and that provide long-term benefits in overall housing expenses. In all, it is recommended for the government to identify suitable regions for the implementation of ZEBs based on regional characteristics and to implement a subsidy program to achieve the goal of expanding environmentally sustainable homes.

When Households Spend More than they Earn: Overcoming Deficit with Institutions, Relatives, or Selling Property?

Durations of households’ deficits reveal the difficulty of gathering the means to get by. They involve coverable means. A two-stage Heckman estimation coupled with endogenous regressions of coverable means and subjective health applied to the Korean Longitudinal Study on Aging, 2006-2020, shows that the deficit is likely when family heads are elderly or women, unemployed, with children, living in apartments, with dependants, with housing expenses, or dependent on transfers from parents. These heads take longer to overcome a deficit, whatever the choice of coverable means. People who use bank loans are employed, healthy, and live in a metropolis. Unexpected health expenses (not covered by insurance) drive people to use a means of coverage, which challenges the permanent income hypothesis and risk management theory. Extending national health insurance to chronic diseases, protecting precarious jobs, subsidizing caregivers, microcredit, encouraging family solidarity, or reconciling work and family are avenues for reform.

Impacts of income poverty and high housing costs on fuel poverty in Egypt: An empirical modeling approach

Energy poverty is a new growing dimension of inequality in both developed and developing economies. Here, we develop an empirical model to examine the linkage between fuel poverty, income, and high housing costs in developing countries. Our analysis focuses on Egypt, a country that has undergone rapid development and significant energy reforms in recent years. Employing a probit and ordered multinomial framework to data from the Egyptian HIECS Survey, a nationally representative sample of both households and dwellings, we estimate the fuel, income, and housing cost-induced poverty extent and their key determinants. Our results show that households with low income, high energy, and high housing expenses represent approximately 16.4% of the total population, and 7.44% have low income, high energy, and low housing expenses. Our findings on critical factors driving LIHC poverty types (e.g., house type and family size) have some important policy implications for understanding the fuel poverty phenomenon and inequality reduction in Egypt, not only for the LIHC definition but also for any indicator of (fuel) poverty involving the posthousing (energy cost) concept.

Non-Tuition Expenses and Coping Strategies of Tertiary Students in Jamaica

For less developed countries to grow and develop there is an urgent need to graduate relevant high-quality students at the tertiary level. But students have cited non-tuition expenses such as housing, food, and transportation as the greatest barrier to tertiary education access, especially since many funding opportunities are geared towards the coverage of tuition costs only. The low access to tertiary education in Jamaica remains a threat to national development. Furthermore, with Jamaica being ranked second on the human flight and brain drain global index, it is critical for policymakers to address the concurrent low access to tertiary education and barriers to completion, through the development of evidence-based policies. This study which explores the often overlooked burden of non-tuition expenses on students and the potential impact on their academic performance is therefore scientifically relevant. The study analysed the non-tuition expenses of housing, transportation, and food in three tertiary institutions. Nine hundred and seventy-nine students completed the questionnaires through a quantitative approach to collect data from students in different disciplines. The study also evaluated the coping strategies of these students. Descriptive and relational analyses were done to determine the association between non-tuition expenses and several variables including hunger and academic performance.Non-tuition expenses among tertiary students in Jamaica are staggering. The key findings were: (1) non-tuition expenses exceeded tuition costs by more than 100% with housing contributing more than 50% to that cost. (2) Approximately 38% of students were found to be suffering from severe hunger and a statistically positive relationship was found between severe hunger and housing expenses. (3) Food insecurity was found to be a consequence of burdensome non-tuition expenses as students reported they skipped meals and reduced food consumption as cost-saving measures. (4) Students who enrolled part-time coped by working full-time jobs to help offset their financial obligations. (5) Despite the high non-tuition burden and innovative coping strategies the study found no statistical relationship between the non-tuition costs and the academic performance, measured by grade point average.The high opportunity cost of attending tertiary institutions in Jamaica is real. The coping strategies employed by students may present challenges for completing tertiary studies and for maintaining good physical and mental health. If left unaddressed, the non-tuition expenses associated with tertiary education may further decline access and reduce the number of graduates and by extension stifle the potential for national development. Keywords: Non tuition expenses, coping strategies, academic performance, Jamaica. DOI: 10.7176/JEP/14-4-05 Publication date: February 28 th 2023

Catastrophic Health Care Expenditure Following Brachial Plexus Injury

Brachial plexus injuries (BPIs) are devastating to patients not only functionally but also financially. Like patients experiencing other traumatic injuries and unexpected medical events, patients with BPIs are at risk of catastrophic health expenditure (CHE) in which out-of-pocket health spending exceeds 40% of postsubsistence income (income remaining after food and housing expenses). The individual financial strain after BPIs has not been previously quantified. The purpose of this study was to assess the proportion of patients with BPIs who experience risk of CHE after reconstructive surgery. Administrative databases were used from 8 states to identify patients who underwent surgery for BPIs. Demographics including age, sex, race, and insurance payer type were obtained. Inpatient billing records were used to determine the total surgical and inpatient facility costs within 90 days after the initial surgery. Due to data constraints, further analysis was only conducted for privately-insured patients. The proportion of patients with BPIs at risk of CHE was recorded. Predictors of CHE risk were determined from a multivariable regression analysis. Among 681 privately-insured patients undergoing surgery for BPIs, nearly one-third (216 [32%]) were at risk of CHE. Black race and patients aged between 25 and 39 years were significant risk factors associated with CHE. Sex and the number of comorbidities were not associated with risk of CHE. Nearly one-third of privately-insured patients met the threshold for being at risk of CHE after BPI surgery. Identifying those patients at risk of CHE can inform strategies to minimize long-term financial distress after BPIs, including detailed counseling regarding anticipated health care expenditures and efforts to optimize access to appropriate insurance policies for patients with BPIs.