Household Waste Treatment Research Articles

Carbon footprint impact of waste sorting on the municipal household waste treatment system: A community case study of Hangzhou

Considering the pressing need to reduce carbon emissions, the environmental impacts of waste sorting and its influencing factors remain unverified across many practical scenarios. This study focused on separating perishable and residual waste in a community in Hangzhou, China, examining how waste sorting behavior affects the carbon footprint of subsequent waste treatment systems through a randomized tracking survey and life cycle assessment (LCA) method. The results indicated that the sorted waste treatment system could achieve net carbon emissions ranging from −139.92 to −254.03 kg CO2 eq per day by integrating the anaerobic digestion of sorted perishable waste with the incineration of residual waste. In comparison to the conventional mixed incineration system, which had net carbon emissions between −56.37 and −115.46 kg CO2 eq per day and generated 383 kWh/t of power, the carbon reduction benefits of the sorted system were considerably greater, by a factor of 2.2–2.5. Additionally, the average amount of recovered electrical energy (993 kWh/t) was also higher by a factor of 2.6. Therefore, source separation of waste significantly enhances energy recovery and carbon reduction in household waste treatment systems. In this research system, incineration power generation and oil recovery serve as the primary units for reducing carbon emissions, and the proportion of residual waste generated greatly influences the total carbon emissions of the sorted waste treatment system (p < 0.05). Consequently, increasing the percentage of classified residual waste and optimizing machine efficiency will increase the carbon reduction benefits of waste sorting and treatment systems. These findings provide crucial references and guidance for advancing carbon reduction and waste classification in municipal solid waste (MSW) management systems.

PUBLICITY, FACILITIES DIVERSITY AND WILLINGNESS TO PAY FOR HOUSEHOLD WASTE SORTING: NEW EVIDENCE FROM HETEROGENEITY REGRESSION

Household waste sorting is important to actively promote the construction of beautiful countryside and beautiful city via household waste reduction or recycling. The Law of China on the Prevention and Control of Solid Waste Environmental Pollution indicates that household waste treatment fee system follows the principle of “who produces, who pays”, reflecting differentiated management such as classified pricing and metering fees. This research mainly investigates the determinants of willingness to pay (WTP) for household waste sorting in China. This study mainly compares different effects of the waste sorting information publicity, waste sorting facilities diversity, perceived convenience and reference group behavior on WTP via multiple and logistic regression. It also explores gender and regional heterogeneity for WTP of household waste sorting in China. This study also analyzes how individuals respond to different levels of WTP fees of household waste sorting via logistic regression. The empirical results reveal that the facilities diversity of waste sorting has the highest effect on WTP for household waste sorting, followed by perceived convenience, publicity and reference group behaviors. Females have relatively lower WTP than males. Education has significant positive effects on males’ waste sorting WTP. In logistic regression, reference group has larger effect on WTP compared with other antecedents. It is important to enhance facilities and publicity of household waste sorting. This research is of great significance to increase the household waste sorting behavior, enhance the governance system of household waste sorting via the collaboration of government, medias, communities and individuals.

Expansión demográfica urbana y la sostenibilidad ambiental del distrito de Nuevo Chimbote –Ancash –Perú, 2023

The objective of the research was to determine the % impact of urban demographic expansion on environmental sustainability in Nuevo Chimbote, for the research, the district was divided into two zones, consolidated and expansion, the method used was observational and the experimental design was descriptive-relational, to estimate the sample size, the mathematical model for a finite population with categorical variables was used. The sampling was two-stage, to collect data, the observational and documentary techniques were used, in the latter the questionnaire and the interview guide were used as instruments, validated by experts, then the statistical analysis was done to check the relationship between the variables. The migratory dynamic brings with it the appearance of new towns as a consequence of invasions, generating deficiencies in basic services, overcrowding, an increase in household and construction waste, the loss of green areas, and biodiversity, adding the scarce environmental culture, the lack of treatment of household waste, the non-reuse of construction waste and disorganized population growth. It is concluded that urban demographic expansion negatively affects the environmental sustainability of the district, which according to the statistical analysis showed a value of p &lt; 0.05.

Can Green Infrastructure Investment Reduce Urban Carbon Emissions:Empirical Evidence from China

Green infrastructure (GI) plays a pivotal role in contemporary urban infrastructure. Green infrastructure investment (GII) provides a fresh perspective for controlling urban carbon emissions in the context of global climate change. Based on theoretical analysis, we employed panel data from Chinese cities to examine the effects and operating mechanisms of GII on urban carbon emissions. The research reveals that the incremental GII can notably decrease urban carbon emissions, and various robustness tests and endogeneity checks corroborate this finding. However, when considering the cumulative effect, the GII stocks do not appear to influence urban carbon emissions; GII mitigates urban carbon emissions by drawing in pollution control talents, improving the efficiency of household waste treatment, increasing urban green spaces, and heightening public attention to the environment. Relative to cities in the central-western region, northern cities, smaller cities, resource-based cities, smart pilot cities, and cities with a lesser environmental emphasis, GII is more effective in curbing carbon emissions in eastern cities, southern cities, larger cities, non-resource-intensive cities, cities not in the smart pilot initiative, and cities with a stronger environmental focus. This research enhances the understanding of GI’s environmental outcomes and the determinants of urban carbon emissions from an investment viewpoint. It also dissects the four operative mechanisms through which GII lowers urban carbon emissions, offering a novel interpretation of GII for the variance in carbon emission levels across cities with diverse traits.

Zeolite Effect on Solid Product Characteristics in Hydrothermal Treatment of Household Waste

The number of primary energy sources in Indonesia will run out quickly. Therefore, innovation is required to provide renewable energy sources (NRE) that accommodate the increasing energy necessities. Hydrothermal is the potential degradation process of plastic waste to generate NRE. This study aims to examine the effectiveness of the hydrothermal process in breaking down bulky raw materials and the role of zeolite as a catalyst to upgrade the quality of hydrochar as a novel solid fuel by evaluating the essential parameters through proximate and ultimate analysis. The addition of zeolite in the hydrothermal process can increase the water content, ash content, and volatile matter and slightly decrease the calorific value and fixed carbon. The condition to obtain the best characteristics was temperature of 220 oC and the addition of 20 % zeolite.

LEGISLATIVE AND ADMINISTRATIVE APPROACHES TO HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT

The evolution and content of the Ukrainian Laws "On Waste", "On Strategic Ecological Valuation", "On Waste Management" as key documents of the national legislative base regarding the treatment and management of waste, including household, on the subject of their ability to provide administration solutions to growing problems in the specified field of activity are investigated. In particular, it is established that the evolution of the title of the executive power central body (CBEP) in the current Law of Ukraine "On Waste", which is at present the main one in Ukraine regarding household waste (HW) management, has proceeded from rather specific to quite blurred parallel to the significant increase of problems in the sphere of HW treatment, specific sources of funding of the above-mentioned treatment have not been prescribed at the state level. In the procedure of strategic ecological valuation (SЕV) of the state planning documents (SPD), a large number of authorities at all stages of customer valuation (executive power body, local government) and non-availability of participation of the rest of SEV individuals (executive power central bodies (CBEP), regional state administration (RSA), public) at the final stages, particularly, at such important one as monitoring the consequences SPD execution for the environment and public health is determined. The dependence of the flow depth of HW processing from financing and implementation of regional and local waste management plans is proved. Schemes of management and HW treatment are given, and their functioning, in particular, the essence of HW management, is investigated. It is established that at this stage of the country's life for the next seven years, there are no necessary sources for funding the investment programs in HW management. Therefore, it is reasonable to attract budget funds, contributions from investors and grants from the countries of the European Union and the world.The ways to solve the problems in waste management are proposed.

ANALYSIS OF STUDIES ON THE MORPHOLOGICAL COMPOSITION OF DOMESTIC WASTE IN UKRAINE

The article presents the results of the analysis of the studies conducted on the quantitative and qualitative characteristics of household waste generated in the territories of several regional centers of Ukraine. The data on the component composition of domestic waste typical for Ukrainian cities are generalized. The influence of the quality indicators of individual waste fractions on the further choice of operations and methods of household waste treatment within the framework of the waste management system is analyzed. On the basis of the collected data, the expediency and relevance of the experimental studies conducted in the context of the current war in Ukraine, global environmental problems, and the global energy crisis are substantiated.

Biogas production from anaerobic co-digestion of sewage sludge and food waste in continuously stirred tank reactor

The purpose of current investigation was to explore the scope of integrating an anaerobic digester in a decentralized municipal wastewater treatment plant for in-situ treatment of household waste. The present work intends to identify the potential of sewage sludge and food waste for biogas generation. The study was conducted in lab scale continuous stirred tank reactor having a working volume of 6.5 L at mesophilic temperature. The paper mill sludge was used as inoculum and was stabilised using food waste substrate for initial 50 days in batch mode. Co-digestion of food waste (FW) and bio-flocculated sewage sludge (BFS) was performed using continuous feeding for maintaining OLR of 2.5 gVSL−1D−1at HRT of 4 days for 120 days. 2% FW and 98% BFS (by volume) was feeded in the reactor throughout the experimental duration. The highest VFA accumulation of 1902 mg L−1 were observed and maximum bio-methane yield was found to be 127.05 mLCH4 g−1 VSadded. The pH with current feeding ratio was found stable during the reactor operation without adding external alkalinity source.

The household waste management tariff in Ukraine and its effect on the waste management performance indicators

Introduction. The article analyzes the efficiency of household waste management in Ukraine and summarizes the conclusions. The results are compared with the results in the European Union and the main differences are highlighted. The hypothesis that waste management tariffs are insufficient to stimulate change and achieve the desired waste disposal and recycling targets is considered, and conclusions are drawn. The aim of the article. The aim of the research to analyze relation between the poor household waste management results and the organizational and financial aspects in Ukraine. The reference indicators to compare with are the official reported household waste management data and the results of own research in the advanced European countries. The method. The research analyzes all the available official data, related to the household waste generation rates in the Ukrainian cities, and the treatment methods implemented to avoid their accumulation in landfills. Furthermore, this article explores into the waste management tariffs formation methods in the various Ukrainian regions, and finally, concludes the average household waste management cost per ton. Finally, the share of the household waste management cost in the annual income per ca pita in Ukraine is compared with the same ratio in three advanced European countries: Germany; Switzerland and; Netherlands. Results. The research analyzed the household waste mass flow in Ukraine and found out that more than 99% of it ends up in the landfills, while this value in European Union is less than 25%. Further analyses were conducted to understand the efficiency of the installed household waste treatment infatuation and the results showed it was unsatisfactory (less than 25%). In the final part of the research, the tariffs in Ukraine were compared to those in Germany, Switzerland and the Netherlands, and it was concluded that the tariffs in Ukraine are too low to justify the installation of adequate infrastructure and build sufficient sorting and recycling facilities.

Reduction of Gray Water and Run-off in a Residential Environment with Rain Garden Model (Case Study “Settlements in Makassar City”)

Residential neighborhoods produce wastewater originating from soapy water, oil, and similar wastes which are included in the gray water category, as well as rainwater runoff from tiles and those that fall in the house, so the best way to consider is to install a water treatment system. integrated waste. The purpose of this study is to identify a Rain Garden model that is suitable for application in the residential areas of Makassar City. The method used is by identifying the suitability of the Rain Garden land, calculating the dimensions, and making the right Rain Garden model. From the results of the study it was concluded that the Rain Garden model for the reduction of gray water and rainwater runoff in the Makassar City residential environment was designed to have three cropping variations. Time to fill RG with the design of the design of Gray Water discharge reservoir and runoff discharge based on water loss in the residential environment. With a flow rate of V = 0.3 m3 / s, the depth of flow Y = l.2 m. Based on the relationship between the width and depth of flow at the best hydraulic section in rectangular shape, the channel bottom is B = 0.8 m, guard height (F) 30% Y=0.36 m. The effectiveness of household waste treatment and rainwater runoff using this Rain Garden model, for BOD = 102.8 mg / L (inlet) to 8.4 mg / L (outlet). The highest TSS value was 79 mg / L (inlet) to 8.3 mg / L (outlet). The highest detergent value was 59.84 mg / L (inlet) and showed the yield after processing was 1.25 mg / L (outlet). Treatment of gray water and rainwater runoff in residential environments is to reduce the volume of liquid waste that enters the city drainage system and create a sustainable urban sanitation ecology.

Gambaran Pelaksanaan 5 Pilar Sanitasi Total Berbasis Masyarakat di Kelurahan Kasturian Kota Ternate

Environmental health is important in improving public health, one of the environmental health problems is poor sanitation. Sanitation improvement is included in the improvement target in Indonesia to achieve the 2030 Suntainable Development Goals (SDG's), currently it is still an obstacle due to lack of public awareness of environmental sanitation such as household problems with open defecation, household waste treatment, clean water and garbage treatment. The incidence of diarrhea in the Work Area of the Siko Health Center, 11.8% (24 cases) of 202 cases of diarrhea in 2020 Occurred in Kasturian Village, Ternate City. The purpose of the study was to determine the description of the implementation of the 5 Pillars of Community-Based Total Sanitation (Stbm) in Kasturian Village, Ternate City in 2021. Descriptive research method with quantitative analysis techniques on 43 respondents in Kasturian Village, Ternate City. Data obtained by using a questionnaire using Google Form and analyzed using SPSS Software. The results of the analysis show that Pillar 1 of Stop Opening Open Defecation (BABS), it is known that there is still Inappropriate Sanitation / Cubluk 20.9% . Pillar 2 Community-Based Total Sanitation Washing Hands with Soap (CTPS) is known to be true for CTPS 83.7. Pillar 3 stores food equipment correctly 90.7%, stores food processing equipment correctly 95.3%, closes food and beverages correctly: 100%. Pillar 4 Household Waste Management There is no waste scattered around the house 62.8%, and Pillar 5 only 27.9% in waste water management connected to the Communal Wastewater Treatment Plant (IPAL)Keywords: Stbm, Sanitation, Kesling, Ternate

Ensamblando saberes y experiencias entre la Facultad de Medicina y la comunidad de Los Menucos

Los Menucos se configura como una localidad propicia para el desarrollo y la integración de prácticas interdisciplinarias, tanto para estudiantes como docentes, que son acompañadas y vehiculizadas por los actores sociales, los agentes de salud y educación locales. En respuesta a las necesidades y demandas de dicha comunidad, nació un proyecto de Extensión Universitaria que construye salud y educación en el territorio de la Línea Sur rionegrinade la Patagonia Argentina.1Bajo ese marco, se involucró a la comunidad educativa en hábitos y alimentación saludable, salud bucal, tratamiento sanitario de residuos domiciliarios y potabilización del agua. Se capacitó a padres y docentes sobre educación sexual integral, se entrenó en reanimación cardiopulmonar (RCP) y primeros auxilios. Asimismo, se brindó actualización profesional a los agentes de salud con un énfasis en los temas prioritarios. Se brindó asistencia médica a niños de Los Menucos y de los parajes Comicó y Prahuaniyeu; se difundieron por radio acciones de prevención y promoción de la salud. El desarrollo del proyecto de extensión fue altamente positivo para el proceso de enseñanza y aprendizaje y, a la vez, satisfizo los requerimientos de la comunidad.

A Survey on Current Situation of Rural Household Waste Treatment and Disposal in Guangdong Province

The categories, collection and disposal method of rural household wastes in Guangdong Province as well as related intentions were collected and investigated through the questionnaire survey method, in an effort to figure out the current situation of rural domestic waste disposal in this area. A total of 169 valid questionnaires were collected in the questionnaire survey, which included 169 administrative villages in 17 prefecture-level cities. The survey results showed that when the respondents were listing the main components of household wastes, the probability for kitchen wastes to rank the top reached as high as 87%. 84% of the 169 surveyed administrative villages implemented the standardized management of household wastes, among which only 18 ones disposed the wastes after classified collection. In the current phase, the equipment of collection facilities was evidently better than that of terminal treatment facilities in the administrative villages. The intention survey results indicate that the ordinary people not only show the subjective willingness, but also are glad to take an active part in protecting the environment.

APPLICATION OF APPROPRIATE TECHNOLOGY IN HOUSEHOLD WASTE TREATMENT IN SUKAJAYA VILLAGE, WEST BANDUNG REGENCY

This paper aims to describe the educational process of household waste management training by applying appropriate technology as part of human resources development in processing household waste. The participation of housewives and non-governmental organizations in this activity is part of increasing sensitivity to the environment to overcome the problem of household waste. The application of appropriate technology in processing household waste is a major part of the PKM (Community Service) activities of the Assisted Village, the technology of organic and inorganic waste chopping machines is used to produce semi-finished materials for compost and paving blocks, at that stage the technology is appropriate to provide added value in the process household waste treatment. The utilization of organic waste powder that is processed with EM4 produces solid compost, and inorganic waste can be processed as a base material for paving blocks. The results of the PKM in the Assisted Village have added value both in improving the quality of environmental cleanliness and increasing employment for the surrounding community in utilizing appropriate technology as a household waste processor.

Effects of temperature, proportion and organic loading rate on the performance of anaerobic digestion of food waste

In Brazil, a significant amount of organic waste is produced in households and restaurants. This study thus aimed to determine the ideal conditions for generating methane from the treatment of household waste by anaerobic digestion, under mesophilic (37 °C) and thermophilic (55 °C) conditions, to determine the maximum organic loading rate (OLR) in the reactors, and to evaluate kinetic parameters by statistical models: Modified Gompertz, First-Order, Logistic and Transference functions. The experiments were conducted in anaerobic batch reactors. Different proportions of pre-prepared waste (PPW)/leftover waste (LW) were used: 100/0, 75/25, 50/50, 25/75, and 0/100 and different ORL: 0.15; 0.30; 0.45; 0.60; and 0.90 g TVS (Total Volatile Solids).L−1.d−1. For both conditions, the optimal proportions of PPW/LW were 100/0 and 75/25 %. Under mesophilic condition, the best results were observed (869 mL of CH4.g TVS−1). The maximum organic load was 0.30 g TVS.L−1.d−1. The best data adjustment was performed by the Transference function.

PENGELOLAAN SAYUR MAYOR DALAM PEMBUATAN PUPUK KOMPOS PADA MASYARAKAT DI JORONG GUNUNG NAGARI TANJUNG ALAM KABUPATEN TANAH DATAR

Kegiatan ini dilaksanakan di Nagari Tanjuang Alam Jorong Gunung Kecamatan Tanjung Baru Kabupaten Tanah Datar. Analisis berangkat dari minimnya pengetahuan masyarakat akan pentingnya pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan sayur mayor menjadi pupuk kompos. pemanfaatan limbah industri rumah tangga ammi. Tujuan kegiatan ini ialah untuk memberikan wawasan dan pemahaman serta pengalaman baru kepada masyarakat jorong Gunung. Pentingnya pengelolaan dan pemanfaatan limbah rumah tangga maupun buah atau tanaman hasil ladang. Sehingga tanaman tersebut dapat bertumbuh dan berkembang dengan baik. keadaan sekitar rumah. Pemanfaatan lingkungan sebagai sumber belajar, mengkaji tentang pengolahan limbah rumah tangga. Dengan pembuatan pupuk kompos dari sayur mayor. Sayur mayor artinya sayur yang tidak layak lagi untuk dimasak, karena teksturnya yang sudah mulai membusuk dan tidak dapat lagi dimanfaatkan secara maksimal untuk kebutuhan memasak sayur seperti biasanya. Untuk memanfaatkan limbah rumah tangga maupun hasil dari suatu ladang maka dimanfaatkan menjadi pupuk kompos yang dapat dimanfaatkan oleh petani untuk kesuburan tanamannya. Sasaran kegiatan ini kepada masyarakat ini ditujukkan kepada warga yang tinggal di jorong Gunung Nagari Tanjung Alam khususnya kelompok tani setempat. Pelaksanaan di mulai dari survey dan observasi di lapangan. Kegiatan ini melibatkan Mahasiswa Kuliah Kerja Nyata (KKN) Tematik Universitas Muhammadiyah Sumatera Barat. Total semuanya ada 30 kelompok. ada 30 kelompok. Khusus kelompok 1 kebetulan penulis sendiri ynag terlibat menjadi DPL berjumlah 10 orang dari berbagai fakultas. Kegiatan ini menghasilkan partisipasi aktif dari masyarakat untuk turut serta mengidentifikasi potensi dan ide-ide untuk pengembangan peningkatan hasil dan kualitas ladang yang mereka garap dan terjalinnya kemitraan dengan Pemerintah Desa dan kelompok tani setempat dalam rangka pengelolaan sayur mayor dalam pembuatan pupuk kompos pada masyarakat Jorong Gunung Nagari Tanjung Alam Kabupaten Tanah Datar.

Pemberdayaan Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) Desa Ambarketawang dalam Pengolahan Limbah Rumah Tangga

WOMEN FARMERS EMPOWERMENT OF AMBARKETAWANG VILLAGE IN HOUSEHOLD WASTE TREATMENT. People in Ambaraketawang village have begun to have awareness about the dangers of burning rubbish and littering. However, awareness of sorting and processing household waste is still not done. Garbage is only collected and finally transferred to the TPA (Tempat Pembuangan Akhir). The purpose of this activity is to provide counseling, training and assistance in processing household waste. This activity is an effort to reduce and manage household waste into something that has a use value, especially for members of the Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) in processing household waste. The activity was divided into several sessions including counseling on waste sorting, training on making organic liquid fertilizer, training on making organic liquid fertilizer from local microorganisms, training on composting using the Takakura method, counseling on product quality standards, and counseling on product packaging. The results obtained from this activity are increasing knowledge and skills of participants in the processing of household waste through community empowerment.

PENGARUH MACAM LIMBAH RUMAH TANGGA TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN SORGUM MANIS (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench)

The research about study of the effects of household waste on the growth and yield of sweet sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench), with aim to know the effects of the use of household waste on the growth and yield of sweet sorghum plants (Sorghum bicolor (L). Moench), had been done from 01 October 2019 to 21 January 2020, in experimental garden of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Slamet Riyadi Surakarta, in the village of Mojosongo, Banjarsari sub-district, Surakarta with an increase in ± 143 places (masl). The method of research used a single Completely Random Desaign (CRD) consisting of 10 treatments, each treatment was repeated 3 times. Kind of waste household is tea water waste, coffee water waste and rice washing water waste. Data from the research were analyzed with the BNJ test (Honestly Significant Difference) at a level of 5%. The parameters observed were included height of plant, number of leaves, length of leaves, fresh straw weight of biomass, dry straw weight of biomass, seeds totals per plant, weight dry seeds per plant, weight of 100 dry seeds per plant. The result of the research showed that : (1) the treatment of household waste that is coffee waste with a content of 50% (C1) has a significant effect on the parameters height of plant, number of leaves, length of leaves, seeds totals per plant, and weight of 100 dry seeds per plant. (2) the coffee waste treatment with a content of 50% (C1) yields the highest height of plant is 297,50 cm, the highest number of leaves is 18,83 sheet, the longest length of leaves is 146,50 cm, the highest seeds totals per plant is 3517,33 grain, weight dry seeds per plant is 112,27 gram, and the weight of 100 dry seeds per plant is 3,79 gram. (3) the treatment that is coffee waste with a content of 50% provides the highest growth and yield in sorghum plants.

The Ritual Role of Wells beyond their Everyday Water-providing Function

In 2011, in the Late Bronze Age settlement of Pusztataskony-Ledence, situated next to the Tisza River, a timber lined well (Kastenbrunnen, rováskút) with a preserved wooden structure and a large number of finds came to light. Based on the position, composition, and quality of the abundant finds found in the well infill, it is possible to reconstruct the manipulation and special treatment of household waste and its structured deposit at the well bottom. Throughout history, a series of diverse and complex rituals connected directly or indirectly to wells can be observed. This role derives from the close connection of man to water and the well. This function may appear earlier in the Life stage of the well’s life cycle, however, it culminates in the phase of Afterlife. By studying the Afterlife of the Pusztataskony well and other prehistoric examples, we attempt to outline and understand this special relationship. At the same time, we aim to define the archaeological characteristics and criteria to identify these ritual functions and meanings.

Environmental Awareness and its Influence on Household Consumption of Goods

The thesis was aimed at investigation of the level of environmental awareness of consumers in the Slovak Republic and its influence on household consumption, production and treatment of household waste. The survey examined the average amount of separated household waste, the average food costs, the level of environmental awareness, the possibilities to separate waste in a household or nearby and other features. The results of the investigation revealed that the average amount of separated waste in a household was just about 50%, despite of the fact that consumers had possibilities for separation in their household. There were used eligible mathematical and statistical methods and the hypothesis testing that confirmed differences between the estimated rate of recycled waste in Slovakia and in households.