Household Solid Waste Generation Research Articles

Household Solid Waste Generation and Management Systems in Rural Areas of Bhutan

Globally, waste is accepted as an emerging issue and it concerns everyone, locally, nationally, and globally. However, studies on waste generation, composition, and management systems are often focused on urban areas. Similarly, Bhutan lacks information and reliable data about rural household solid waste generation and its composition at large and there is vague information on its management systems. This paper presents precise information on waste generation, composition, and management systems in rural areas in three administrative units called Gewogs namely Khatoed, Semjong, and Phangkhar under Gasa, Tsirang, and Zhemgang districts respectively. These study areas are located in different regions of the country with varying geographic locations, natural resources, altitudes, cultural diversity, lifestyles, and consumption patterns. The study envisioned narrowing the data gap, creating a yardstick for similar studies to be undertaken henceforth, and delivering sufficient and reliable information for informed decision-making for the successful progression of waste prevention and management programs to achieve"Zero Waste Bhutan", the vibrant vision of the country towards attaining zero waste society. On average, each household generated about 0.17 kg per day in the study areas and the per capita waste generation was 0.039 kg, 0.037 kg, and 0.032 kg a day in Khatoed, Semjong, and Phangkhar Gewogs respectively. On average, at least 72.9% practiced reduction, 86.8% reported that they reused, and 29.4% practiced recycling in their daily lives. At least 95.7%, 73.7%, and 82.1% of the household under Semjong, Phangkhar, and Khatoed Gewogs respectively practiced waste segregation into wet and dry at the source.

Characteristics of Riobamba's household solid waste generation and the benefits of source separation

The generation of urban waste represents a problem for cities, so quantifying and analyzing its generation is fundamental for municipal planning. To obtain these data, a study was conducted in Riobamba, forty households were selected, and data were collected, phase I determined the composition of the waste based on the quartering methodology, in phase II a pilot source sepa-ration program was implemented and quantified, with the data obtained estimates were made according to different percentages of recovery of materials compared to the extension of the useful life of the landfill. The result showed that the generation rate per capita was 0.71 kg/person/day, translated into about 200 tons of waste generated per day in Riobamba city. In terms of compo-sition, the fraction of organic waste constitutes the largest proportion in the two phases with percentages of 60% and 73%, recyclables 20% and 12% and disposable 20% and 15%, which indicates that in the phase of separation at the source, the families created more awareness about the gen-eration of waste, so it is important to implement management practices to reduce the waste volume to a final disposal which will contribute to extend the useful landfill life up to 27 years.

AN INTEGRATED APPROACH FOR ANALYSING, MONITORING, AND MANAGING HOUSEHOLD SOLID WASTE

The aim of this study is to introduce an approach for analysing, monitoring, and managing the household solid waste generation, recycling, and alternative treatments in a municipality. This approach presents the following issues: (i) to evaluate the quantity and composition of household solid waste to identify opportunities for waste recycling in detailed composition; (ii) to analyze the influence of relevant factors for household solid waste generation rates by physical categories and subcategories, next to develop the mathematical models of correlations between the waste generation rates of main physical categories and relevant factors; (iii) to examine the habit of households on recyclable waste discharge, the household attitudes toward good waste management and the household behaviors toward recycling activities; and (iv) to investigate the contribution of household solid waste treatment alternatives to mitigate greenhouse gas emission under various possible analysis scenarios by a multiple assessment based on various aspects such as greenhouse gas emission/reduction, energy generation/consumption, economic benefit, investment and operating cost, and land use burden. The outcomes of this approach will suggest the methodology for analysing, monitoring, and managing of household solid waste as support tool for integrated waste management.

Parameters of income level and season to determine the rate of household solid waste generation

Household solid waste is the most significant part of municipal solid waste. This research is a case study that proves the effect of economic and climate conditions on solid waste generation rate. The research location is Palembang, Indonesia (2017), with one year’s dry and rainy seasons. This study has more variation in measuring the level of waste generation than previous studies. This study has proven an influence between income levels and climatic conditions on the rate of municipal solid waste generation. Based on the experience of measuring solid waste in the sample, many important aspects have not been analysed and affect the solid waste generation rate. Therefore, more variables are needed for similar research in the future to obtain results that are closest to the conditions in the field.

Physico-chemical, heavy metal analysis and physical composition of household solid waste, Shone Town, Ethiopia

Abstract. Balilo G, Aschalew A, Manikandan R, Feyisa A. 2023. Physico-chemical, heavy metal analysis and physical composition of household solid waste, Shone Town, Ethiopia. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 32-37. In Ethiopia, Shone is one of the country's fast-developing towns; inadequate solid waste management was observed. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the generation rate and selected physico-chemical characterization and heavy metal analysis of household solid waste. The study was conducted on randomly selected 120 households from two Kebele of the town. The physico-chemical analysis results revealed that moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity (dS/cm), nitrogen, organic carbon, (%), phosphorus and potassium content of household solid waste were 54.6, 8.25, 2.52 (dS/cm), 2.47, 10.25, 0.54, and 0.82%, respectively. In addition, in the decomposed household solid waste samples, heavy metals such as iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, chromium, lead, and cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed the concentration of these heavy metals in the decomposed solid waste samples was in the order of iron>manganese>zinc>copper>nickel>chromium>cobalt>lead>cadmium. Daily solid waste from those households was separated into its components, and each component was measured. That was conducted for 7 consecutive days to quantify and characterize household solid waste. The result revealed that the household solid waste generation rate in the study area was 0.206 kilogram/capita/day. The physical composition of the solid waste in Shone Town is mainly organic, constituting 92.8%. The organic waste of the town has a high content of biodegradable waste such as food waste (49.56%), ash and dust (29.74%), yard waste (4.95%), textile (4.006%), old shoes and bone (2.5%), paper and cardboard (2.04%) and recyclable material such as plastic (3.28%), glass and metal (3.88%) all account for 92.8% (biodegradable) and 7.17% (non-biodegradable), respectively.

Household waste sorting practice, and factors associated with sorting practice in Bedelle town, Southwest Ethiopia.

Household solid waste generation rate in low-income countries is increasing due to population growth and changes in people's lifestyles. Sorting waste into categories is an important step in household waste management. However, there is limited information about sorting practices in a low-income setting like Ethiopia. Therefore, this study aimed to assess household solid waste (HSW) sorting practices, and factors associated with sorting practices.A community-based cross-sectional study was conducted from April to May 2021 in Bedelle town. Households were randomly selected, and household heads were interviewed using a pre-tested questionnaire. A total of 209 households were included. The proportion of households that practice waste sorting was calculated. Logistic regression was used to assess the association between HSW sorting practices and associated factors. A P-value of less than 0.05 was declared as significant. The Hosmer and Lemeshow tests were used to check for model fitness.The result of the study shows that the proportion of householders who practiced waste sorting practice in the setting was 21.53%. The sex of the household head, information on sorting benefits, and the availability of private waste collectors for resource recovery were factors in practicing waste sorting at the household level. Accordingly, male-headed households are 88% less likely to practice sorting practice than female-headed households, and those having access to information on waste sorting benefits are 3.68 times more likely to practice sorting, and similarly, households, where private waste collectors are active, are about 4 times more likely to practice waste sorting at the household level than their counterpart. This finding calls on the municipality to create awareness about solid waste sorting practices at the household level, involving both male and female householders in waste management and mobilizing waste collectors at the household level to facilitate effective waste sorting and reuse as sustainable solid waste management options in the town.

Study on the generation and composition of household solid waste in Ciudad Valles, S.L.P.

The problem of the generation and composition of household Urban Solid Waste (RSU) in Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí was addressed. The information obtained could be used in making decisions about management and treatment for final disposal. To define the dwellings under study, the city was divided into socioeconomic strata with the support of the kmz tool, to visualize the Basic Geostatistical Areas (AGEB) according to the percentage of poverty. The generation of waste in the study area was determined through the NMX-AA61-1985 standard. For seven days, the selected dwellings were sampled, the quartering method was applied to the waste generated by means of the NMX-AA-15-1985 standard, and the samples were obtained for the physical-chemical analyses. The quantification of the by-products was carried out according to the NMX-AA-22-1985 standard. The organic fraction residues were the predominant in all the strata, being the medium marginalization stratum (EMM) the one that presented the highest percentage (49%). The physical-chemical characterization of the residues showed a moisture content of 52.48% and organic matter of 61.28%, results derived from the high composition of food residues that provide a higher percentage of water.

COVID-19 impacts on household solid waste generation in six Latin American countries: a participatory approach.

The COVID-19 pandemic has greatly impacted the Americas, the continent with the highest number of COVID-related deaths according to WHO statistics. In Latin America, strict confinement conditions at the beginning of the pandemic put recycling activity to a halt and augmented the consumption of plastic as a barrier to stop the spread of the virus. The lack of data to understand waste management dynamics complicates waste management strategy adjustments aimed at coping with COVID-19. As a novel contribution to the waste management data gap for Latin America, this study uses a virtual and participatory methodology that collects and generates information on household solid waste generation and composition. Data was collected between June and November 2021 in six countries in Latin America, with a total of 503 participants. Participants indicated that the pandemic motivated them to initiate or increase waste reduction (41%), waste separation (40%), and waste recovery (33%) activities. Forty-three percent of participants perceived an increase in total volume of their waste; however, the quantitative data showed a decrease in household waste generation in Peru (-31%), Honduras (-25%), and Venezuela (-82%). No changes in waste composition were observed. Despite the limited sample size, this data provides a much-needed approximation of household waste generation and composition in the pandemic situation during 2021.

A Closer Look at Effective Intervention Methods to Reduce Household Solid Waste Generation in Japan

In many countries municipal solid waste (MSW) is expected to soon increase beyond the pace of population growth due to urbanization. To minimize its negative impact, MSW management needs to be advanced. We studied administrative awareness-raising projects aimed at reducing household solid waste (HSW), which accounts for a large portion of MSW. An online questionnaire survey was administered to local governments (LGs) in Japan to research the implementation status of the awareness-raising projects and estimate the waste reduction effect of intervention methods within those projects. Regarding social factors, multiple linear regression analysis showed significant negative relationships of HSW generation rate with the household population, total population, and waste charge system. Conversely, positive relationships were identified with age, the number of cars, income, and the frequency of collection. Intervention methods, such as briefing sessions, utilization of resident leaders, and mobile phone apps, were revealed to be effective; in contrast, information dissemination using the traditional intervention method was not. In particular, the utilization of resident leaders may be the most cost-effective, but some LGs seem to have abolished this form of intervention after its introduction 30 years ago due to lack of empirical evidence supporting its effectiveness.

Estimating solid waste generation and suitability analysis of landfill sites using regression, geospatial, and remote sensing techniques in Rangpur, Bangladesh

Municipal solid waste(MSW) management has been a growing problem in fast-developing cities. A considerable amount of solid waste is generated daily and disposed anywhere, which creates an unhealthy environment. This study aims to develop a model to determine household solid waste (HSW) generation using multiple linear regression and identify suitable landfill sites to ensure proper MSW disposal in Rangpur City, Bangladesh. Socioeconomic variables data like average monthly income, educational level, family size, age of family head, and average HSW generation per day were collected from 381 respondents through stratified random sampling with a 95% confidence level. Multi-criteria decision analysis (MCDA) was performed using variables like surface water, slope, road network, and land use through GIS and remote sensing to find suitable landfill sites. Results of the model show no multicollinearity as the variance inflation factor was estimated to be less than 2 for each independent variable. Furthermore, the model provides a moderate overall fit because of the coefficient of determination (R2 = 0.661), which denotes the independent variables' predictive capability. The results also demonstrate that family size and education are the most critical variables in predicting waste generation because of the values of coefficients 122.39 and - 184.72, respectively. This study also illustrated suitable landfill sites through MCDA, which can be a useful resource for the city authority to ensure environmental sustainability by implementing effective strategies for proper MSW management.

Waste characterisation in Stellenbosch Local Municipality, South Africa

This article demonstrates how household solid waste (HSW) generation patterns differ in neighbourhoods of the same town by determining the composition of the residual portion of the HSW stream in 2017 in Stellenbosch. HSW was collected from 10 pre-identified suburbs out of a total of 48. These chosen suburbs and their 17 830 households were representative of all the HSW from all households in the catchment area of the Devon Valley Landfill Site. A separation at source programme was in place in nine of the suburbs.The confidence level and level of precision were set at 95% and ±8%, respectively. A total of 1543 bags of HSW were collected with a total mass of 5748.01 kg and an uncompacted volume of 84.87 m3. The samples were sorted into 7 main and 18 final fractions. The main contributor to the total waste stream was organic waste by weight (35%) and plastic wrap and packaging by uncompacted volume (32%). The average HSW generation was 0.68 kg/capita/day. Households with access to a separation at source programme tended to have lower levels of highly recyclable materials in their samples. Roll-out of a separation programme is recommended for all 48 suburbs in the study area to save landfill airspace. Correlation analysis showed that household size influenced three of the seven main waste fractions, and household income five of the seven. No statistically significant results were obtained relating to household density and waste generation. Statistically significant results were obtained through an analysis of variance for all waste fractions, excluding organics, when considering household income, indicating that both household size and income could be explanatory socio-economic factors for variations seen. Other variables, such as human behaviour, could potentially also contribute to the differences and should be further explored.Significance: The availability of reliable waste composition data is not only a contribution to the solid waste management field, but also to any related fields interested in beneficiating or recovering waste. Thesedata are often unavailable, but form the basis for decision-making processes when addressing solid waste (and related) challenges.

Household Solid Waste Management and Composition in Bekasi, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Waste is any substance that is discarded after primary use or is worthless, defective, and of no use, and it is a serious problem in several countries. The largest composition of waste in Indonesia today is food waste. In this country, waste management is still carried out using the landfill method. Therefore, the increase in waste generation will have a very serious impact on the environment. The impact can lead to global warming, acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer, etc. AIM: This research aims to summarize the generation and composition of household solid waste. METHODS: The method used is a quantitative approach using surveys and field observations. The data were collected by measuring the generation and composition of waste, as well as through interviews. The research sample amounted to 100, comprising three households. RESULTS: The results showed that food waste was the most commonly generated waste at 66%. Therefore, the role of mothers in the daily handling of food ingredients in the family is very important as it contributes to daily food waste. CONCLUSION: There is still a lack of public awareness in managing household scale food waste.

Household Solid Waste Management in a Developing World: An Overview

Households in developing countries are the primary waste generators. Therefore, this study aims to identify the composition and factors responsible for household solid waste generation. It also studies the current status of household waste management in India and strategies for waste minimisation and management. Findings revealed that household waste is heterogeneous. The urban household produces substantial amounts of waste, and vegetables and food waste are major components. Family size has either a positive or negative impact on waste generation. A higher-income household with more purchasing power has a clear positive impact on waste generation. People living together share food items and consumer goods, so fewer food scraps, leftovers, and packaging wastes are there. With advanced education, household wastes are higher, whereas households with secondary education produce the least waste. There is an accumulation of fresh graduates but few are aware of current environmental issues. Municipalities are responsible for collecting and disposing of solid waste, but at present, they focus mostly on the collection part, while innovation in waste treatment is scarce. Nevertheless, a few cities in India have taken a positive approach to the selection of waste management strategies. Also, household solid waste can be converted from burden to resource by sensitising people to segregate waste at the source and following sustainable strategies.

An Ensemble Learning Based Classification Approach for the Prediction of Household Solid Waste Generation.

With the increase in urbanization and smart cities initiatives, the management of waste generation has become a fundamental task. Recent studies have started applying machine learning techniques to prognosticate solid waste generation to assist authorities in the efficient planning of waste management processes, including collection, sorting, disposal, and recycling. However, identifying the best machine learning model to predict solid waste generation is a challenging endeavor, especially in view of the limited datasets and lack of important predictive features. In this research, we developed an ensemble learning technique that combines the advantages of (1) a hyperparameter optimization and (2) a meta regressor model to accurately predict the weekly waste generation of households within urban cities. The hyperparameter optimization of the models is achieved using the Optuna algorithm, while the outputs of the optimized single machine learning models are used to train the meta linear regressor. The ensemble model consists of an optimized mixture of machine learning models with different learning strategies. The proposed ensemble method achieved an R2 score of 0.8 and a mean percentage error of 0.26, outperforming the existing state-of-the-art approaches, including SARIMA, NARX, LightGBM, KNN, SVR, ETS, RF, XGBoosting, and ANN, in predicting future waste generation. Not only did our model outperform the optimized single machine learning models, but it also surpassed the average ensemble results of the machine learning models. Our findings suggest that using the proposed ensemble learning technique, even in the case of a feature-limited dataset, can significantly boost the model performance in predicting future household waste generation compared to individual learners. Moreover, the practical implications for the research community and respective city authorities are discussed.

Solid waste assessment in a coastal fishing community in Peru

Peru has a large small-scale fishing fleet upon which many coastal communities depend for their food and livelihoods. Nonetheless, no thorough assessments have been conducted of solid waste production and management of small-scale fisheries (SSF) and associated communities. We aimed to assess gillnet SSF and household solid waste generation in San Jose, north Peru. A solid waste generation assessment was conducted by monitoring solid waste production during 22 fishing trips and interviewing 70 families. Daily waste generation and recycling per capita, were calculated applying separate Generalized Linear Mixed-Effect Models. Organic waste is the most frequently produced during fishing activities (38%) and at home (83%), followed by plastic and metal. Glass, paper/cardboard, and fishing nets were solely produced during fishing trips. Daily waste per capita was estimated on 0.14 kg∗(day)−1 onboard, and 0.33 kg∗(day)−1 at home. Additionally, perception interviews showed that the population of San Jose perceived solid waste as a threat to public health and marine ecosystems. This study provides a first attempt to assess solid waste production in a Peruvian fishing community, showing the need for an integrated management plan embracing vessel and land-based solid waste generation.

Prediction and management of household solid waste generation during COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung City using system dynamics model

Abstract WHO declared a novel coronavirus in humans as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on February 2020, and Indonesia as well as Bandung City have been suffering from COVID-19 since the first case in March, 2020. Currently, the outbreak of COVID-19 has occurred for more than a year. The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the environment, like the enhancement of household solid waste as a result of work and school from home policies to decrease the rates of COVID-19 cases. This study aimed to predict the amount of household solid waste generation and analyze the waste management during COVID-19 in Bandung City using a system dynamics model. Data for model input was obtained from questionnaire to 200 respondents from Bandung spread across the sub-districts. The results revealed that the household solid waste generation was increased by 1.3 to 3.8% compared to the year before the COVID-19 pandemic. The composition of household solid waste was dominated by food and plastic waste, which have increased to 76.43% and 25.81%, respectively. The system dynamics model has predicted the household waste generation from three management scenarios for 30 years of model simulation. Scenario I: the household solid waste was totally managed by a local sanitary agency (existing condition); Scenario II: each household manage their waste by recycling; and Scenario III: the utilization of a local waste bank to manage the waste. The scenario III showed the most effective waste management to reduce the amount of household solid waste generation up to 24% by using waste bank. This scenario can be applied for more prolonged landfill operations up to 17 years.

Organic Waste Generation and Its Valorization Potential through Composting in Shashemene, Southern Ethiopia

Composting organic waste and human excreta could significantly reduce the amount of waste dumped and increase soil fertility and agricultural yields. However, studies focusing on the replacement of mineral fertilizer with compost from these resources are rare. The presented study quantifies the potential of human excreta and other organic waste for compost production. During wet and dry seasons, the generation and composition of household solid waste (HSW) was measured from three wealth categories: poor, medium, and rich, as well as the organic waste generated from 20 commercial facilities. Furthermore, the amount of human excreta, when converting unimproved into ecological sanitation facilities, was assessed. The HSW generation was significantly higher in the wet (0.77 ± 0.07 kg fresh weight (FW) cap−1 day−1) compared to the dry season (0.54 ± 0.04 kg FW cap−1 day−1). Organic waste was the main component of HSW in the dry and wet seasons, accounting for 84% and 76% of the total HSW, respectively. Annually, about 6824 Mg of organic dry matter could be collected from households, 212 Mg from commercial units, and 12,472 Mg from ecological sanitation. With these resources, 11,732 Mg of compost could be produced annually and used for fertilizing 470 ha of farmland, completely replacing mineral fertilizer.

COVID-19 Impacts on Household Solid Waste Generation in Latin America - a Participatory Approach

COVID-19 Impacts on Household Solid Waste Generation in Latin America - a Participatory Approach

Solid waste policy in Brazil: learnings and challenges after a decade of implementation

The Brazilian National Solid Waste Policy (NSWP) was established in 2010. This article evaluates the NSWP influence on generation, collection, sorting and treatment of household solid waste (HSW), healthcare solid waste and construction and demolition (C&D) solid waste. We evaluated, by a segmented regression analysis, whether Brazilian per capita HSW generation changed after the NSWP. We found a statistical rupture on HSW generation rate, which decreased from 2012 to 2017. In contrast, more than 65% of HSW were disposed of in landfill in the last years, exceeding 80% in 2017, and there was a low efficacy of solid waste sorting at household level. The disposal of about 50% of the healthcare solid waste and 70% of the C&D solid waste are unknown. The solid waste management in Brazil has not shown optimistic advances in recent years despite the existence of the NSWP.

Characterization and Analysis of Household Solid Waste Composition to Identify the Optimal Waste Management Method: A Case Study in Hanoi City, Vietnam

A survey on household solid waste generation and physical composition was conducted in Hanoi City, the capital of Vietnam. The study sampled 110 households in specific areas with different population density and household scale. Household solid waste was classified into 13 main categories and 25 sub-categories. The results showed that average generation rate of waste in Hanoi City is 0.63 kg per person per day with a slightly higher rate in rural areas than urban ones. The largest proportion was food and garden waste at 78.9% followed by plastic and paper. Plastic waste was segregated into plastic and nylon, and nylon was double that of plastics in household solid waste. Compared to previous studies, this study found a higher portion of organic matter in the waste characterization that could be attributed to the changes in lifestyle patterns associated with COVID-19. This situation provides challenges and opportunities for introducing biomass technology to recover energy.