Household Solid Waste Composition Research Articles

Physico-chemical, heavy metal analysis and physical composition of household solid waste, Shone Town, Ethiopia

Abstract. Balilo G, Aschalew A, Manikandan R, Feyisa A. 2023. Physico-chemical, heavy metal analysis and physical composition of household solid waste, Shone Town, Ethiopia. Nusantara Bioscience 15: 32-37. In Ethiopia, Shone is one of the country's fast-developing towns; inadequate solid waste management was observed. Therefore, the objective of the study was to determine the generation rate and selected physico-chemical characterization and heavy metal analysis of household solid waste. The study was conducted on randomly selected 120 households from two Kebele of the town. The physico-chemical analysis results revealed that moisture content, pH, electrical conductivity (dS/cm), nitrogen, organic carbon, (%), phosphorus and potassium content of household solid waste were 54.6, 8.25, 2.52 (dS/cm), 2.47, 10.25, 0.54, and 0.82%, respectively. In addition, in the decomposed household solid waste samples, heavy metals such as iron, manganese, copper, zinc, nickel, cobalt, chromium, lead, and cadmium were analyzed using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Results showed the concentration of these heavy metals in the decomposed solid waste samples was in the order of iron>manganese>zinc>copper>nickel>chromium>cobalt>lead>cadmium. Daily solid waste from those households was separated into its components, and each component was measured. That was conducted for 7 consecutive days to quantify and characterize household solid waste. The result revealed that the household solid waste generation rate in the study area was 0.206 kilogram/capita/day. The physical composition of the solid waste in Shone Town is mainly organic, constituting 92.8%. The organic waste of the town has a high content of biodegradable waste such as food waste (49.56%), ash and dust (29.74%), yard waste (4.95%), textile (4.006%), old shoes and bone (2.5%), paper and cardboard (2.04%) and recyclable material such as plastic (3.28%), glass and metal (3.88%) all account for 92.8% (biodegradable) and 7.17% (non-biodegradable), respectively.

The Influence of Socio-Economic and Psychological Factors on the Composition of Household Solid Waste in Farahzad Neighborhood, Tehran, Iran.

Appropriate solid waste management requires correct identification of its quantitative and qualitative characteristics. Permanent changes in household solid waste composition (especially in developing countries) necessitate identifying factors affecting the composition to avoid frequent, extensive and high-cost sampling. The case study here is Farahzad Neighborhood in Tehran, a region where solid waste is not collected and managed properly, in turn, threatening the health of the residents in that area. The current study aims to identify socio-economic and psychological factors affecting household waste composition in this region. The data collection tool was a questionnaire, completed from July to August 2020, where 66 households were randomly selected as representative of 1950 households. Different parametric statistical tests were undertaken using the SPSS software to characterize factors affecting the waste composition in the research area. The results showed a significant difference (sig < .05) in the amount of recyclables in terms number employed people and household members as well education levels. There was also a significant difference (sig < .05) between the amount of food waste and education level, yet no (sig > .05) between the knowledge of waste management and the amount of generated plastics. Overall, this information may benefit managers and decision-makers to set more effective and socially inclusive policies for storing, collecting, and disposing of solid waste to ensure people from lower socio-economic groups are considered as well.

Study on the generation and composition of household solid waste in Ciudad Valles, S.L.P.

The problem of the generation and composition of household Urban Solid Waste (RSU) in Ciudad Valles, San Luis Potosí was addressed. The information obtained could be used in making decisions about management and treatment for final disposal. To define the dwellings under study, the city was divided into socioeconomic strata with the support of the kmz tool, to visualize the Basic Geostatistical Areas (AGEB) according to the percentage of poverty. The generation of waste in the study area was determined through the NMX-AA61-1985 standard. For seven days, the selected dwellings were sampled, the quartering method was applied to the waste generated by means of the NMX-AA-15-1985 standard, and the samples were obtained for the physical-chemical analyses. The quantification of the by-products was carried out according to the NMX-AA-22-1985 standard. The organic fraction residues were the predominant in all the strata, being the medium marginalization stratum (EMM) the one that presented the highest percentage (49%). The physical-chemical characterization of the residues showed a moisture content of 52.48% and organic matter of 61.28%, results derived from the high composition of food residues that provide a higher percentage of water.

Household Solid Waste Management and Composition in Bekasi, Indonesia

BACKGROUND: Waste is any substance that is discarded after primary use or is worthless, defective, and of no use, and it is a serious problem in several countries. The largest composition of waste in Indonesia today is food waste. In this country, waste management is still carried out using the landfill method. Therefore, the increase in waste generation will have a very serious impact on the environment. The impact can lead to global warming, acid rain, depletion of the ozone layer, etc. AIM: This research aims to summarize the generation and composition of household solid waste. METHODS: The method used is a quantitative approach using surveys and field observations. The data were collected by measuring the generation and composition of waste, as well as through interviews. The research sample amounted to 100, comprising three households. RESULTS: The results showed that food waste was the most commonly generated waste at 66%. Therefore, the role of mothers in the daily handling of food ingredients in the family is very important as it contributes to daily food waste. CONCLUSION: There is still a lack of public awareness in managing household scale food waste.

Prediction and management of household solid waste generation during COVID-19 pandemic in Bandung City using system dynamics model

Abstract WHO declared a novel coronavirus in humans as Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) on February 2020, and Indonesia as well as Bandung City have been suffering from COVID-19 since the first case in March, 2020. Currently, the outbreak of COVID-19 has occurred for more than a year. The COVID-19 pandemic had a severe impact on the environment, like the enhancement of household solid waste as a result of work and school from home policies to decrease the rates of COVID-19 cases. This study aimed to predict the amount of household solid waste generation and analyze the waste management during COVID-19 in Bandung City using a system dynamics model. Data for model input was obtained from questionnaire to 200 respondents from Bandung spread across the sub-districts. The results revealed that the household solid waste generation was increased by 1.3 to 3.8% compared to the year before the COVID-19 pandemic. The composition of household solid waste was dominated by food and plastic waste, which have increased to 76.43% and 25.81%, respectively. The system dynamics model has predicted the household waste generation from three management scenarios for 30 years of model simulation. Scenario I: the household solid waste was totally managed by a local sanitary agency (existing condition); Scenario II: each household manage their waste by recycling; and Scenario III: the utilization of a local waste bank to manage the waste. The scenario III showed the most effective waste management to reduce the amount of household solid waste generation up to 24% by using waste bank. This scenario can be applied for more prolonged landfill operations up to 17 years.

Organic Waste Generation and Its Valorization Potential through Composting in Shashemene, Southern Ethiopia

Composting organic waste and human excreta could significantly reduce the amount of waste dumped and increase soil fertility and agricultural yields. However, studies focusing on the replacement of mineral fertilizer with compost from these resources are rare. The presented study quantifies the potential of human excreta and other organic waste for compost production. During wet and dry seasons, the generation and composition of household solid waste (HSW) was measured from three wealth categories: poor, medium, and rich, as well as the organic waste generated from 20 commercial facilities. Furthermore, the amount of human excreta, when converting unimproved into ecological sanitation facilities, was assessed. The HSW generation was significantly higher in the wet (0.77 ± 0.07 kg fresh weight (FW) cap−1 day−1) compared to the dry season (0.54 ± 0.04 kg FW cap−1 day−1). Organic waste was the main component of HSW in the dry and wet seasons, accounting for 84% and 76% of the total HSW, respectively. Annually, about 6824 Mg of organic dry matter could be collected from households, 212 Mg from commercial units, and 12,472 Mg from ecological sanitation. With these resources, 11,732 Mg of compost could be produced annually and used for fertilizing 470 ha of farmland, completely replacing mineral fertilizer.

Household solid waste composition and characterization in Indonesia Urban Kampong

Household waste compositions and characteristics are the basic Information needed in planning a waste management system. The data are affected by many factors, such as the area characteristic and their income. As a part of city growth, urban Kampong is generally established due to urbanization and can be characterized by its density, low income residents, and poor sanitation. This research is conducted to analyze the composition and characteristics of solid waste produced in Urban Kampong. Cross sectional study approach was conducted to analyzed the household characteristics; the Indonesia standard of 19-3694-1994 is applied to examined wastes generated with 100 kg of waste samples was collected for 8 days in each urban kampong. The research result shows urban kampong waste composition is dominated by organic waste with 61,62%. While inorganic wastes are dominated by plastic (13,14%), multi-layered (5,52%) and paper (4,12%). The average of waste generation in urban kampong is 0,5 kg/person/day. This study is expected to be the baseline for improving waste management system in urban kampong in Indonesia.

Determinants of Household Solid Waste Generation and Composition in Homs City, Syria.

The absence of accurate information on the state of waste is a challenge to the solid waste management system in Syria. The local authorities commonly estimate the quantity of waste produced and its characterisation, which is the starting point for solid waste management planning. So, this paper aims to evaluate the generation and composition of household solid waste in Homs city, Syria. Also, the study presents factors influencing the waste generation rate and the waste composition. The study was carried out in 300 families from four zones in Homs city, and three sampling stages were conducted during the study duration, which started in July 2017 and ended in February 2019. The outcomes show that an average of 0.68 kg/per/day solid waste generated was calculated for the entire study area in Homs city. Also, the data analysis presents that organic waste constitutes the largest component in the waste mixture (69.1%) followed by plastic (10.6%), inert materials (8.7%), paper (4.6%), textile (2.5%), metal (1.2%), glass (1.1%), wood (0.6%), and hazardous materials (1.6%). The multiple linear regression results showed that the adjusted R2 value was found to be 0.557, 0.839, and 0.709 for the waste generation per capita, the daily household organic waste generation, and the daily household packaging waste generation, respectively. Also, according to Pearson's coefficient values, a positive correlation was found between household waste generation and monthly income (r = 0.626), household size (r = 0.37), and age of the household head (r = 0.517), whereas a negative correlation was found between household waste generation and the education level of the household head (r = −0.649).

Assessment of Household Solid Waste Generation and Composition by Building Type in Da Nang, Vietnam

This study assesses the quantity and composition of household solid waste (HSW) in the City of Da Nang and proposes a transparent and standardised method for its assessment through a combination of very-high-resolution (VHR) satellite imagery, field surveys, questionnaires, and solid waste measurements on the ground. This was carried out in order to identify underutilised resources and to obtain discrete planning values at city level. The procedure proved to be a suitable method for reliable data gathering. To describe HSW generation, 818 valid datasets, subdivided into five building types, and their location were used. The average HSW generation rate was 297 g per capita per day. Within a total of 19 subcategories, organic waste had a share of 62.9%. The specific generation and composition of HSW correlates positively with both the building type and the spatial location within the city. The most HSW (509 g per capita per day), by far, was generated in the ‘villa-type’ building while in the ‘basic-type’ building, this was the least (167 g per capita per day). Taking into account the number of individual buildings, the total HSW generation in Da Nang in 2015 was estimated between 109,844 and 164,455 tonnes per year, which corresponds to about one-third to one-half of the total municipal solid waste.

Post-War waste composition: Household waste management in Misrata City, Libya

Waste generation and its composition reflect activities of a society, due to the fact that it is driven by socio-economic interactions, political structure, and social security. However, changes to waste composition may go unnoticed, except where a database on household solid waste (HSW) is available. Libyan cities were devastated by the scourge of war due to the Arab spring. This necessitates planning and development to tackle waste management. This study aims to determine the composition of household solid waste in Misrata, Libya, to generate waste stream data that eludes most post-war cities in North Africa and Middle East, which can be used to plan and subsequently manage waste collection services, treatment options, and disposal methods. Discrete classification and direct measurement of HSW from selected families (30) in Misrata were utilized to assess waste composition and changes across households. 400 questionnaires were distributed to residents to determine public perception and its correlation to waste composition. The results confirmed that the highest amount of HSW generated was organic waste, which accounts for 52 %, followed by 20.7%, 16% and 5.9% generated from miscellaneous waste, plastics, and paper wastes, respectively. Metals and glass reported the lowest HSW components, at 3.9% and 1.5%, respectively. The survey component of the study indicated that more than 70% of the respondents claimed that recyclable items are increasing, especially plastics, due to changes in life style and income.

Community participation in household solid waste reduction in Surabaya, Indonesia

The goal of this study was to examine the community participation in household solid waste (HSW) reduction and the influencing factors in eastern Surabaya. The research was conducted in three districts, namely Sukolilo, Rungkut, and Tenggilis Mejoyo. The HSW sampling for SW composition analysis was performed over eight consecutive days. Survey concerning community involvement in HSW reduction was conducted in 300 households using stratified random sampling technique. The questionnaires were distributed during HSW sampling for generation rate and composition measurements.Results of this study showed that average HSW generation rate in eastern Surabaya was 0.33kg/capita/day. The HSW composition was dominated by food waste (64.19%), followed by plastics (10.79%), paper (9.24%) and used diapers (6.97%). The socio-economic characteristics had less influence than the supporting factors on sorting, recycling and composting activities.This study suggested four strategies to support the community participation on HSW reduction in eastern Surabaya. These strategies were: to intensify the HSW reduction training programs; to intensify the information dissemination through mass media and campaign; to increase the number of environmental cadres; and to optimize the existence of waste bank and its function.

A Situational Assessment of Socioeconomic Factors Affecting Solid Waste Generation and Composition in Freetown, Sierra Leone

The generation of solid waste has become an increasing environmental and public health problem, especially in developing countries. These problems associated with the generation of solid waste are part of social changes where households play an important role. Invariably, these social changes influence the size, structure and characteristics of given households. This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in Freetown municipal area in Sierra Leone to assess socioeconomic factors affecting household solid waste generation and composition in Freetown, Sierra Leone. Structured questionnaires were administered with respect to these socioeconomic factors in four (4) selected constituencies of the city. These are the most populated constituencies that generated 70% of the total quantity of solid waste in the city. Therefore, they are suitable samples of the study area. The rate of waste generation was determined by using door- to-door approach in five (5) selected households from each constituency through sorting and weighing of solid wastes respectively. The dependent variables were solid waste generation and composition, and the independent variables were family size, education, income levels among others. The data obtained were subjected to statistical analysis to determine relationships between independent variables and dependent variables through correlation. The results showed that the solid waste generation and composition in Freetown was significantly affected by average family size, employment status, monthly income, and number of room(s) occupied by households. In general, the paper adequately suggests new insights concerning the role of socioeconomic factors in affecting the generation and composition of household solid waste.

The effects of socioeconomic parameters on household solid-waste generation and composition in developing countries (a case study: Ahvaz, Iran)

Environment problems associated with the generation of waste are part of societal changes where households play an important role. These societal changes influence the size, structure and characteristic of given households. For the effective planning of solid-waste handling infrastructure, it is essential to know the quantity of waste generation and its composition. This paper presents the findings of a study carried out in an urban municipal area in Iran to determine the household solid-waste generation rate and waste composition based on field surveys and to determine the related socioeconomic parameters. The dependent variables were waste generation and composition, and independent variables were family size, family employment, age, number of room and education. Over 400 sample households were selected for the study using a stratified random sampling methodology and from five different socioeconomic groups. Waste collected from all groups of households were segregated and weighted. Waste generation rate was 5.4kg/household/day. Household solid waste comprised of ten categories of wastes and with the largest component (76.9%). The generation and composition of household solid waste were correlated with family size, education level and households income. This paper adequately suggests new insights concerning the role of socioeconomic parameters in affecting the generation of household waste.

Household solid waste generation and characteristic in a Mekong Delta city, Vietnam

This study was undertaken to evaluate the quantity and composition of household solid waste to identify opportunities for waste recycling in Can Tho city, the capital city of the Mekong Delta region in southern Vietnam. Two-stage survey of 100 households was conducted for dry season and rainy season in 2009. Household solid waste was collected from each household and classified into 10 physical categories and 83 subcategories. The average household solid waste generation rate was 285.28 g per capita per day. The compostable and recyclable shares respectively accounted for 80.02% and 11.73%. The authors also analyzed the relations between some socioeconomic factors and household solid waste generation rates by physical categories and subcategories. The household solid waste generation rate per capita per day was positively correlated with the population density and urbanization level, although it was negatively correlated with the household size. The authors also developed mathematical models of correlations between the waste generation rates of main physical categories and relevant factors, such as household size and household income. The models were proposed by linear models with three variables to predict household solid waste generation of total waste, food waste, and plastic waste. It was shown that these correlations were weak and a relationship among variables existed. Comparisons of waste generation by physical compositions associated with different factors, such as seasonal and daily variation were conducted. Results presented that the significant average differences were found by the different seasons and by the different days in a week; although these correlations were weak. The greenhouse gas baseline emission was also calculated as 292.25 g (CO 2 eq.) per capita per day from biodegradable components.

Assessment of plastic waste generation and its potential recycling of household solid waste in Can Tho City, Vietnam

Plastic solid waste has become a serious problem when considering the disposal alternatives following the sequential hierarchy of sound solid waste management. This study was undertaken to assess the quantity and composition of household solid waste, especially plastic waste to identify opportunities for waste recycling. A 1-month survey of 130 households was carried out in Can Tho City, the capital city of the Mekong Delta region in southern Vietnam. Household solid waste was collected from each household and classified into ten physical categories; especially plastic waste was sorted into 22 subcategories. The average household solid waste generation rate was 281.27g/cap/day. The compostable and recyclable shares respectively accounted for high percentage as 80.74% and 11%. Regarding plastic waste, the average plastic waste generation rate was 17.24g/cap/day; plastic packaging and plastic containers dominated with the high percentage, 95.64% of plastic waste. Plastic shopping bags were especially identified as the major component, accounting for 45.72% of total plastic waste. Relevant factors such as household income and household size were found to have an existing correlation to plastic waste generation in detailed composition. The household habits and behaviors of plastic waste discharge and the aspects of environmental impacts and resource consumption for plastic waste disposal alternatives were also evaluated.

Environmental aspects of heavy-metal atmospheric pollution in disposal of household solid waste

The problem of disposal of refuse (household solid waste) has become especially important in the last decade. This is not only because of the increase in the quantity of refuse but also because o f the qualitative change in the composition of household solid waste: in recent years, the amount by weight of heavy metals and synthetic materials has increased. Considering the high toxicity of heavy metals and the strict standards for permissible emission of heavy metals, the problem of estimating the specific amount of emitted heavy metals when incinerating unsorted refuse in refuse incineration furnaces becomes an important problem. Such an estimate will make it possible to provide a scientific basis for the requirements for efficiency of collecting equipment. We know that in the Russian Federation in 1996, as a result of sanitation refuse removal in cities. 130 million cubic meters of household solid waste was generated, of which only 3 % was disposed of by commercial methods safeguarding the environment of the urbanized areas. Most of the household solid waste was stored in various types of dumps, occupying an area of about I0,000 hectares [I]. The amount and composition of household solid waste depend considerably on the geographic location of the population center and furthermore is continuously changing for the given locality over the course of a day, a week, or a month. The average breakdown Moscow (denominator) are [2]: