Household Registration Status Research Articles

Ambition or comparison? Socioeconomic status and wellbeing differences between local and migrant workers.

Pursuing wellbeing is an essential part of human life and plays a determining role in public health and social sustainability. Prior research identified objective socioeconomic status (O-SES), such as real income and homeownership, as facilitators of human subjective wellbeing (SWB). However, not all humans with better SES reported high SWB. This paper expects that subjective socioeconomic status (S-SES) is the key path through which O-SES shapes SWB and that this indirect relationship varies by household registration status, length of residentship, and type of migrant status. Based on a national representative survey dataset-China General Social Survey 2010 (CGSS), the results of generalized structural equation modeling (GSEM) show that household income and homeownership as O-SES are positively related to SWB. Self-evaluated household SES as an important indicator of S-SES not only has a positive relationship with SWB but also significantly mediates the relationship between O-SES and SWB, especially for the new-local residents (NLRs), urban-to-urban migrants (UUMs) and rural-to-urban migrants (RUMs). This study has substantial implications for targeting the comparative psychology and sustainable productivity of Chinese migrants and the local labor force since it is currently facing a growing aging society.

From quantity to quality: Effects of urban greenness on life satisfaction and social inequality

Although a burgeoning literature has focused on greenspace quantity and relevant contribution to life satisfaction, little effort has been devoted to greenspace quality and nuanced differences in shaping the nexus of urban greenness and life satisfaction across social groups. Taking Beijing as an example, this study attempts to (1) explore the effects of both the quantity (availability and accessibility) and the quality (attractiveness and natural aesthetics) of neighborhood greenspaces on residents’ subjective life satisfaction, and (2) examine the heterogeneity in these effects across different social groups defined by household registration and housing status. Combining geo-coded, street-level residential greenness exposure data and city-scale social survey data in a multilevel ordered logit model, the results reveal that greenness quality play more pronounced roles, while both quantity and quality features could contribute positively to life satisfaction. When interacting quantity dimensions with quality ones, evident complementary roles of greenspace quality are detected. The impacts of four greenspace dimensions on life satisfaction are stronger for residents with Beijing hukou than those without. While availability becomes insignificant for residents in private-housing, and natural aesthetics is insignificant for those in social-housing. This study enriches our understanding of the nexus between multi-dimensions of urban greenspaces and life satisfaction, and complements existing research on green inequality to how unequal greenness in terms of quantity and quality affects individuals’ life satisfaction across different social strata. Our findings offer useful insights for fleshing out urban greening as central to crafting livable cities that can improve population life satisfaction and narrow inequalities.

The effect of entrepreneurship education on the entrepreneurial intention of different college students: Gender, household registration, school type, and poverty status.

Entrepreneurship education (EE) is a crucial link to promoting college students' entrepreneurship, which reduces unemployment, economic development, and poverty. Based on a sample of Chinese college students, this study uses a logistic model to investigate the effect of EE on entrepreneurial intention (EI). It focuses on evaluating the impact of EE on the EI of different groups of college students from the perspectives of gender, household registration, school type, and poverty status. Benchmark regression results show that EE has a significant positive impact on the EI of students. The heterogeneity analysis has the following findings. First, EE has a more significant impact on women's EI, which can reduce the entrepreneurial gap between women and men. Second, EE is more effective in improving the EI of urban students, which will further widen the gap between urban and rural students in entrepreneurship. Third, EE has increased the EI of students from private universities, which represent application-oriented universities. This shows that public universities, which represent research-oriented universities, need to increase the training of talent in practical applications to narrow the gap with private universities in entrepreneurship. Fourth, after receiving EE, the EI of nonpoor students improved more than that of poor students. Equal EE increases the gap between poor and nonpoor students, which can easily lead to an intergenerational cycle of poverty in entrepreneurship. This study provides empirical evidence from college students' entrepreneurship in relatively underdeveloped western China, which supports the development of EE and entrepreneurial activities.

Analysis of 13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine among children born in Hangzhou from 2017 to 2021.

13-valent pneumococcal polysaccharide conjugate vaccine (PCV13) has been introduced in Hangzhou since 2017, whereas its current immunization state in children is not clear. Therefore, this study aims to describe the PCV13 vaccination distribution among children born in Hangzhou from 2017 to 2021 to provide data for reducing vaccination differences among different populations. Descriptive epidemiology was used for data analysis and PCV13 vaccination related information of children was collected from children vaccination management system of Zhejiang Province (ZJCVMS). Among the 649,949 children born in Hangzhou from 2017 to 2021, 169,230 were vaccinated with an average full course vaccination rate of 26.0%. The full course vaccination rates in 5 years were different (P = 0.000) with an increasing trend (P fortrend < 0.01). The first dose vaccination rates were different in 5 years (P = 0.000) with an increasing trend (P fortrend < 0.01). The distribution of age when first dose PCV13 was administered varied, most people at 2 months and least people at 5 months. The full course vaccination rate varied by areas, highest in central urban areas and lowest in remote areas respectively (all P-value < 0.05). Overall, the full course vaccination rate of PCV13 was higher in the registered residence population than the non-registered residence population, which was 136,693 (31.4%) and 32,537 (15.1%) respectively (P = 0.000). The full course vaccination rates were the same between men and women (P = 0.502), which was 87,844 for men (26.0%) and 81,386 for women (26.1%). Although the number of people who received PCV13 full course vaccination and received the first dose vaccination showed yearly increasing trends in Hangzhou, the full course vaccination rate for the whole population was relatively low. In addition, the PCV13 vaccination rates also differed by geography and household registration status. Measures such as expanding vaccination publicity or including national immunization should be taken to increase vaccination rates and reduce the differences in vaccination among groups with different characteristics.

Effects of Employment Training Program on the well-being of the disabled persons-Evidence from China

Increasing the employment opportunities and income for the disabled persons are both important to safeguard the economic and social rights of this vulnerable groups, and to build an inclusive society. The goals are challenging to achieve because of: 1) the mismatch between economic structure and the education and training system for the disabled persons; 2) incoherent designing and ineffective implementation of various welfare programs for the disabled persons (赖德胜等 2008); 3) discriminatory attitude and practices by employers; 5) ineffective design and delivery of employment training programs (England 2003; Kulkami and Kote 2013).&#x0D; Investigating the effects of government employment training programs enables us to identify the factors that contribute to the increase of the disabled persons’ income, and to provide evidence for policymakers to improve the training programs in order to realize the aforementioned goals.&#x0D; The study is based on a large size sample questionnaire survey conducted in June-October 2018. The questionnaire is disseminated through an online website to the disabled persons’ mobile app Wechat. The respondents are located in 31 provincial administrative areas, and received 11296 responses. The questionnaire collects information about the characteristics of employment training programs delivered by the agencies, the respondents’ employment training experiences and training needs, their attitude towards the content, facilities and effects of the programs, the status of their employment, and their personal characteristics such as age, gender, education, income level, household registration status, and types and degree of disability. We also collect statistics that reflect the differences in terms of economic development and public service expenditure across provinces and regions. We use the linear regression model to test the effects of all these factors on the capability of the respondents to use the skills learned from the training programs to increase their income. The study concludes that the respondents are more likely to increase their income through training programs when the training content fits their jobs more, when they aim to develop interests and hobbies through training, and when they are more masterful of the training content. Different from many studies on the effect of performance management on job training performance, the findings suggest that responsive design and effective performance management of the training programs matter for positive program performance (Gerrish 2016). The study will also link with and contribute to the literature on social equity and employment policy for disabled persons that are rarely researched in public administration (e.g. Lindsay, Adams, McDougall and Sanford 2012; Gooden 2015).

Neighborhood social capital and self-rated mental health: Disparities between migrants and native residents in Beijing.

Although the impact of neighborhood social capital on mental health has long been recognized, the extent to which the impact differs between immigrants and local residents remains a puzzle. This study aims to bridge the gap by comparing internal migrants who are restricted by their household registration (hukou) status, and urban natives in China. Using self-rated mental health and social capital survey data collected in 26 neighborhoods in Beijing, this study examines the mental health outcomes of three types of neighborhood social capital, including social networks, shared norms and mutual trust, and social support. The study finds that the hukou status of immigrants moderates the effect of neighborhood social capital on mental health, and that the internal migrants in China experience less mental health benefit of neighborhood social capital than urban natives. Compared with urban natives, neighborhood social networks have less positive effect on migrants' mental health than that of urban natives. The findings suggest that policy makers can improve the mental health of migrants through social capital building on the premise of eliminating the restrictions of hukou system on the migrants' right to participate in neighborhood activities and to access neighborhood services.

The Influence of Internet Usage on Gender Division of Labour Bias: Evidence from Chinese General Social Survey Data

Based on data from 18,741 respondents in the 2010 and 2017 Chinese General Social Survey, this paper empirically analyzes the influence of Internet usage on gender division of labour bias by using the propensity score matching model and tests the sensitivity of the estimated results. The results show that firstly, a series of personal characteristics such as gender, age, years of education, ethnicity, political status, health status, marital status, household registration status, labour income, mother’s years of education, and family economic status will have a significant impact on whether they frequently use the Internet. Secondly, frequent internet usage can significantly reduce respondents’ agreement of gender division of labour bias, indicating that frequent internet usage can significantly improve respondents’ gender division of labour bias, and the results of Rosenbaum’s bound test and H-L confidence interval test both support the above conclusions. Thirdly, frequent internet usage can significantly reduce the recognition degree of women respondents and men respondents to gender division of labour bias, which indicates that frequent internet usage can not only strengthen women’s self-identity to a great extent but also improve men’s exclusion bias to a certain extent. Therefore, this paper puts forward some suggestions from two aspects: improving the accessibility of internet usage and guiding and controlling the content and behavior of various online media.

A man-made divide: Investigating the effect of urban-rural household registration and subjective social status on mental health mediated by loneliness among a large sample of university students in China.

The urban-rural household registration system in China has been documented with profound social consequences in almost all areas of people's life. This study aims to investigate the underlying mechanism of the rural and urban discrepancies on mental health conditions among a large sample of college students in China. A survey was distributed among college students in China. A total of 96,218 college students from 63 colleges completed the survey, answering questions on their urban-rural household registration, disposable household income, subjective social status, feelings of loneliness, and anxiety and depression symptoms. Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA) and Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) analyses were conducted, testing the effect of urban-rural registration on one's mental health, mediated by subjective social status, and loneliness. Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) results revealed that the urban-rural household registration showed a direct effect on anxiety (B = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.038, -0.022], β = -0.03, p < 0.001) and depression (B = -0.03, 95% CI [-0.035, -0.023], β = -0.03, p < 0.001), indicating that rural household registration had a negative association with anxiety and depression symptoms, albeit the standardised estimate being very small. The indirect path from the urban-rural registration mediated through subjective social status and loneliness to anxiety and depression was both significant, with B = 0.01, 95% CI [0.010, 0.010], β = 0.01, p < 0.001, and B = 0.01, 95% CI [0.0090, 0.0090], β = 0.01, p < 0.001, respectively. The results of the indirect paths demonstrated that students of the rural household registration reported higher anxiety and depression symptoms through a lower subjective social status and higher level of loneliness. This study indicated that decreasing the disparity of social status and tackling loneliness is the key to improve the overall mental health of college students. The urban-rural household registration system may have a very small direct effect on the college students' mental health; but students of urban registration enjoyed higher subjective social status, which had a clear protective effect against anxiety and depression symptoms.

Educational divergence among urban residents and migrant workers: Evidence from China

While the Harris-Todaro model is a traditional approach used in researching the urban-rural dichotomy, it fails to explain families’ goals to maximize their current utility in terms of intertemporal decision-making conditions. To fill this gap, in this paper, an urban-rural dichotomy model involving labor migration and education is established, in which it is assumed that family utility derives from consumption and children’s educational achievement. The steady-state path derived through the Bellman equation suggests that increasing educational investment and family education intensity leads to a significant urban-rural difference in children’s educational achievement. Compared with the traditional Harris-Todaro model, the transversality condition is loosened in this model, while the unavailability of loans constrains migrant families. Four hypotheses are made and tested using an empirical study. An ordinary least squares regression was used in the analysis, but due to the endogeneity caused by missing variables, the instrumental variable method and two-stage least squares regression were used. The results demonstrate that the household registration system can explain 44.5% of the educational achievement difference, and the initial difference is inflated 4.73 times after nine years of compulsory education. This divergence could increase the differences caused by household registration status, resulting in larger income gaps and intergenerational heredity of identities.

Bidirectional relationship between cognitive function and loss hierarchy of activities of daily living among older adults with disabilities in urban China: a cross-lagged analysis

ObjectivesThe present study aimed to determine the bidirectional relationship between cognitive function and the loss hierarchy of activities of daily living (ADL) among older adults in China.DesignData were derived from...

Hui Muslims’ Endogamy and Intermarriages: Marriage Markets, Islamic Culture, and Economic Growth

This paper examines the spousal choice dynamics among China’s largest Muslim group, the Hui, in the post-1978 reform era. Using the 2005 Chinese Inter-Census Survey data, the competing risk models show a robust and striking regional divide between China’s northwestern provinces and other areas, accounting for aging, education, and household registration status. Compared with those living in non-northwestern regions, those who live in the northwest are much more likely to enter endogamies and to marry at younger ages. Regional differences—especially the reluctance to intermarry in the northwestern region—are mainly attributable to three factors: varying local conditions in the marriage market, the Islamic culture, and economic growth. Particularly, findings show that local economic growth, rather than impeding, serves as an enabling condition that encourages Hui men’s endogamous preferences. This paper provides a demographic assessment of Muslim–Han relations in China and contributes to the explanatory framework of homogamy and intermarriage by integrating aggregate-level demographic, cultural, and economic determinants.

Do Rural-Urban Identities Affect Individuals' Health? Evidence From China.

We study the relationship between household registration status (Hukou) and the state of individuals’ health to find out whether inequality in health between urban and rural population exists in China. We have used the probit model to regress the state of health on household registration using the individual-level data of the 2018 CFPS survey. We find that inequality in health between urban and rural population does exist in China. Individuals with rural Hukou have a higher probability by 1.4% to be admitted to hospital than individuals with urban Hukou. While, individuals with rural Hukou tend to over-estimate the state of their health as the probability for them to assess themselves healthy is higher by 1.7% than individuals with urban Hukou. The findings suggest that policy makers should recognize the issue of rural-urban health inequalities and take measures, such as controlling pollution in rural areas and providing high quality routine health checks for rural population to deal with the problem.

Exploring the degree of nicotine dependence and willingness to quit smoking in Chinese smoking patients with stroke: A cross-sectional survey.

Smoking is closely related to the occurrence of stroke. The degree of nicotine dependence and willingness to quit smoking are key factors that determine whether a smoker can successfully quit smoking. Few studies have been conducted on factors affecting the willingness to quit smoking among smokers who suffered from stroke.Although the smoking rate has declined, it is still the main changeable risk factor for cerebrovascular diseases. We aimed to investigate the current status of nicotine dependence and willingness to quit smoking among patients who suffered from stroke. We also clarified factors that affect the willingness to quit smoking among stroke patients and provide evidence for quitting smoking.Convenience sampling methods were used to conduct cross-sectional studies. A questionnaire survey was administered to 215 stroke patients who smoked. A general information questionnaire as well as patient smoking and cessation status questionnaire were used. Nicotine dependence test scale, smoking attitude factor score, and tobacco harm perception scale were applied for investigation. Logistic regression was used to analyze factors related to patients’ willingness to quit smoking.Statistically significant differences in willingness to quit smoking were found among stroke patients with different ages, household registration status, education levels, marital status, occupation, smoking attitude, and nicotine dependence (P < .05). About 34.4%, 39.1%, and 26.5% of smoking patients had low, moderate, and severe nicotine dependence, respectively. Logistic analysis showed that compared with other occupations, workers, retirees, farmers, and freelancers compared with other people (0.050, 0.081, 0.053, 0.048) had a negative impact on the willingness to quit smoking among stroke patients. Compared with positive attitudes, negative and neutral smoking attitudes (0.190, 0.048) had a negative impact on the willingness to quit smoking among stroke patients. Compared with high nicotine dependence, low and moderate nicotine dependence (4.628, 2.596) had a positive impact on willingness to quit smoking.Smoking patients in neurology department are more willing to quit smoking (67.9%). Factors such as occupation, smoking attitude, and nicotine dependence should be considered when establishing smoking cessation interventions for stroke smokers.

Changing Public Tolerance for Same-Sex Sexual Behaviors in China, 2010-2017: A Decomposition Analysis.

Although the majority of the Chinese general public remains unaccepting of same-sex sexual behaviors, results from multiple waves of the Chinese General Social Survey have shown a substantial change in the public tolerance for same-sex sexual behaviors between 2010 and 2017. Using logistic regression models and decomposition analysis, the current study revealed that while changes in the changes in the demographic predictors (e.g., cohort succession and improved education) contributed to some of the attitudinal change, changes in the predictor coefficients explained most of the attitudinal change. Specifically, the Internet historically played a critical role in shaping pro-LGBTQ consciousness in China, but its effect has diminished over time. Socioeconomic factors such as education and household registration status (i.e., urban versus rural origin) have gained statistical significance and effect size in their prediction of public tolerance. Policy and advocacy implications of the findings are also discussed.

Effect of Working After Retirement on the Mental Health of Older People: Evidence From China.

There is little empirical research on the effect of working after retirement on the mental health of the older adults in China. To fill this gap in the literature, this study examines the effects of working after retirement on the mental health of the older adults using data from the China Family Panel Studies. We employed the methods of ordinary least squares, ordered logit, and propensity score matching–difference in differences (PSM–DID). Results show that working after retirement is negatively related to mental health of the older adults in China. The deterioration effect of post-retirement work mainly impacts those aged over 60 years, women, and those with lower education background, urban household registration, higher pension, and higher social status. Working after retirement is negatively related to mental health through the mediating effects of deteriorating interpersonal relationships and lower positive attitude. It is necessary to consider mental health effects and their population differences to evaluate the impact and improve the quality of policies of active aging.

Hukou-based rural\u2013urban disparities in maternal health service utilization and delivery modes in two Chinese cities in Guangdong Province

BackgroundMost existing research on rural–urban health inequalities focuses on disparities in service access and health outcomes based on region. This paper examines rural–urban disparities in maternal healthcare utilization and delivery modes based on household registration (hukou) status to understand the role of state institutions in producing healthcare disparities in China.MethodsUtilizing administrative data from the Public Maternal Health Insurance scheme, we analyzed 54,733 live births in City A (2015–2019) and 25,849 live births in City B (2018–2019) in Guangdong Province in China. We constructed regression models using hukou status (rural versus urban) as the explanatory variable.ResultsWhile there is no statistically significant difference in rural and urban mothers’ probability of obtaining the minimum recommended number of prenatal care checkups in City A (OR = 0.990 [0.950, 1.032]), mothers with rural hukou status have a lower probability of obtaining the minimum recommended number of visits in City B than their counterparts with urban hukou (OR = 0.781 [0.740, 0.825]). The probability of delivering in tertiary hospital is lower among mothers with rural hukou than among those with urban hukou in both cities (City A: OR = 0.734 [0.701, 0.769]; City B: OR = 0.336 [0.319, 0.354]). Mothers with rural hukou are more likely to have a Cesarean section than those with urban hukou in both cities (City A: OR = 1.065 [1.027, 1.104]; City B: OR = 1.127 [1.069, 1.189]). Compared with mothers with urban hukou, mothers with rural hukou incurred 4 % (95 % CI [-0.046, -0.033]) and 9.4 % (95 % CI [-0.120, -0.068]) less in total medical costs for those who delivered via Cesarean section and 7.8 % (95 % CI [-0.085, -0.071]) and 19.9 % (95 % CI [-0.221, -0.177]) less for those who delivered via natural delivery in City A and City B, respectively.ConclusionsRural hukou status is associated with younger age, no difference or lower probability of having a minimum number of prenatal checkups, higher likelihood of delivering in nontertiary hospitals, increased Cesarean delivery rates, and lower medical cost for delivery in these two Chinese cities. Evaluating how hukou status influences maternal healthcare in Chinese cities is important for devising targeted public policies to promote more equitable maternal health services.

Risk Factors for Mortality Among Mid-Aged and Older Chinese: A Prospective Cohort Study Using 9-Year Follow-Up of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study

Background: To our knowledge, a comprehensive analysis of risk factors for mortality among mid-aged and older people in China based on a large nationally representative population study over an extended period has not yet been carried out. We investigated risk factors for mortality in the China Health and Retirement Study over 9 years. We aimed to investigate the associations between socioeconomic, demographic, psychosocial, behavioral, and health-related factors and all-cause mortality. Methods: Participants aged 45 and older were enrolled in the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS) from July 2011 to March 2012 following a multi-stage stratified sampling procedure to ensure national representativeness. The lower age limit of 45 was chosen so that CHARLS could evaluate the ageing process well before people become eligible for retirement Participants are followed up regularly, with the most recent assessments in 2020. The study is multi-disciplinary, including a wide-ranging set of 32 measures of health, health behavior, demographics, and socioeconomics. We used Cox proportional hazard modeling to study the independent and joint contribution of risk factors to 9-year all-cause mortality. Findings: Some 17,708 participants were included in the baseline sample; 586 were lost to follow-up, and we excluded 459 aged under 45 at the baseline, 24 whose dates of death were unknown, and 12 with missing marital status, education, or household registration status. Of the 16,627 (51.6% were women) included in this study, 2,352 (41.5% were women) died during a median follow-up of 4.9 years (IQR 2.67-6.83). In fully adjusted models, the following factors were independent risk factors for mortality: age (HR=13 .44 for 75+ relative to aged 45-49), male sex (HR=1.60), widowed or never married (HR=1.45), low education (HR=1.50 for illiterate relative to high school or above), below-median household per capita expenditure (HR=1.14), current (HR=1.32) and past smoking (HR=1.37), poor self-rated health (HR=1.48 relative to good health), any difficulty in basic activities of daily living (HR=1.26) or instrumental activities of daily living (HR=1.35), chronic lung disease (HR=1.22), hypertension (HR=1.34), diabetes (HR=1.37) and chronic kidney disease (HR=1.38), underweight (HR=1.45), all at the significance level of p<0.01. Doctor-diagnosed cancer (HR=1.61), asthma (HR=1.19), and general cognitive impairment (HR=1.16) were significant at p<0.05. The sex-stratified analysis indicated that doctor-diagnosed cancer was not significant for women and strengthened for men (HR=2.16, p<0.05), and that past smoking was a leading risk factor for men (HR=1.41, p<0.01) but not for women. When we excluded individuals with serious illness at baseline, the association with past smoking increased in magnitude (HR=1.55, p<0.01). Interpretation: Mortality in China is multi-faceted, and risk factors include demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, psychosocial, and health factors. An integrated analysis of risk factors is more useful for policy-making than analyses of separate factors that can inflate the magnitude of associations. To further reduce mortality, China should increase access to quality health care services, improve the prevention, diagnosis and management of chronic diseases, continue to invest in education, occupational health and healthier home environments, and devote more efforts to tobacco control and ensure adequate nutrition among older people. Funding Information: National Institute on Aging, the Natural Science Foundation of China, the China Medical Board, the World Bank, and Peking University. Declaration of Interests: We declare no competing interests. Ethics Approval Statement: The study protocol was approved by the ethical review committee (IRB) of Peking University. Written informed consent was obtained from all study participants. Ethics approval for the data collection in CHARLS was obtained from the Biomedical Ethics Review Committee of Peking University (IR1052–11015 for biomarkers and IR1052–11014 for the survey).

Rural China under the COVID‐19 pandemic: Differentiated impacts, rural–urban inequality and agro‐industrialization

AbstractWe use field data collected in a village in northern China to examine the impacts of the COVID‐19 pandemic on rural economy and livelihoods. The lockdown effectively protected the village from the pandemic, resulting in zero infection. The economic impacts were mostly negative but differentiated across economic sectors and livelihood strategies; some gained from the business opportunities arising from the pandemic. Wage loss for migrant workers was the most common negative impact but lasted less than 2 months. Overall, rural China has escaped the worst impacts of the pandemic found in other developing countries. We argue that the structure of inequalities in today's China, now primarily based on market differentiations, has become far more complex than the simplistic rural–urban dichotomy based on the household registration (hukou) status can possibly explain. Rather than exacerbating the hukou‐based rural–urban inequality, the true impacts of the pandemic on rural China are more likely to result from the reforms of the agri‐food system. The suspected link between the new pathogen and the food system has created a misinformed urgency for the government to accelerate the industrialization of the food system, which we think can backfire and increase the likelihood of the next outbreak.

Repeat induced abortion in 30 Chinese provinces: A cross‐sectional study

To report the proportion and determinants of repeat induced abortions in China. Cross-sectional data were collected of 79 954 women who received an induced abortion from 297 hospitals across 30 Chinese provinces in 2013, using a stratified cluster sampling design. Logistic and Poisson regression models were fitted to identify characteristics associated with repeat abortion. Putative factors included age, household registration (hukou) status, marital status, education, occupation, reproductive history, and current contraceptive practices. Of all abortions, 65.2% were repeat induced abortions. The proportion of repeat abortions varied substantially across provinces, from 36.9% in Qinghai to 85% in Hubei. The strongest factors associated with repeat induced abortion were being older than 40years (adjusted odds ratio [ORadj ] 7.0, 95% confidence interval [CI] 6.2-7.9), divorced or widowed (ORadj 2.1, 95% CI 1.6-2.7), and using oral contraceptives (ORadj 2.1, 95% CI 1.9-2.3). A high proportion of repeat induced abortion was observed across many Chinese provinces, highlighting the need to reduce the incidence of unwanted pregnancy. Several sociodemographic and clinical factors were found to be significantly associated with repeat abortions and should be considered in post-abortion family planning services.

Natural outdoor environments and subjective well-being in Guangzhou, China: Comparing different measures of access

Recent decades have witnessed rapid urban expansion in China and an associated reduction in people’s access to natural outdoor environments (NOE), but whether access to NOE increases people’s subjective well-being (SWB) remains inconclusive in the high-density urban setting. This study aims to examine the association of access to NOE (green and blue spaces) with each component of SWB (life satisfaction, positive affect, and negative affect), using cross-sectional study data collected in 23 neighbourhoods in Guangzhou, China. It particularly focuses on how different measures of access to NOE (streetscape metrics derived from Tencent street-view data and satellite-derived metrics derived from land cover data) matter to relationships between NOE and SWB and the extent to which these relationships vary by individual socioeconomic status. Results from seemingly unrelated regressions (SURs) show that green view index and the amount of surrounding greenness are related to a lower level of negative affect, and blue view index and the amount of surrounding blueness are associated with more satisfaction with life. The amount of surrounding blueness is linked to a higher level of positive affect. Results from stratified analyses indicate that NOE-SWB associations are heterogeneous depending on individuals’ housing tenure, educational attainment, household registration status, and income. Our findings demonstrate that streetscape metrics and satellite-derived metrics capture different aspects of access to NOE, which are related to different components of SWB.