Organic Household Waste Research Articles

Optimalisasi Budidaya Maggot oleh Bank Sampah Dadali melalui Program MELIMPAH : Sinergi Ekonomi dan Keberlanjutan Lingkungan

The waste problem is a serious issue that can have a major impact on the environment and human life, with around 24% of waste in Indonesia not being managed, including in the city of Bekasi. One of them is household organic waste which is often disposed of carelessly without being managed first, which can cause air pollution and environmental damage. Thus, effective organic waste management, such as through the cultivation of Black Soldier Fly (BSF) maggots, offers environmentally friendly and economical solutions, so that PT Pertamina EP Zone 7 Tambun Field, in collaboration with the surrounding community, initiated a maggot cultivation program through the Dadali Waste Bank, Kalibaru Village, Bekasi, to reduce the volume of waste and increase environmental and economic sustainability.

Study of temperature dynamics and influencing factors during composting process

Abstract This study investigated the most influential composting parameters (temperature, pH, humidity, C/N ratio, and CO2 emissions) on final compost quality. Composting bags (turned daily) containing prunings, lignocellulose material, cattle manure, and household organic waste were monitored for eight weeks across three batches. All the temperature data registered daily were statistically analyzed with one-way ANOVA to verify the consistency between batches. This study employs a first-order kinetic model to quantify the decomposition of organic matter in composting, revealing the influence of temperature on the decomposition rate. Principal component analysis was conducted for these factors and their interactions with respect to the final compost quality. Finished compost showed a significantly high nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium content compared with that in the feedstock of the initial compost mixture, while there was constant organic carbon content. In addition to the control of key parameters, a linear regression analysis allowed us to identify the factors that most influenced temperature. We identified two key models: one including pH, humidity, C/N ratio, and CO2 emissions, and another focusing only on CO2. This study emphasized the importance of monitoring and controlling the crucial parameters of the composting process in order to obtain quality compost suitable for application in soil use. Moreover, high temperatures possibly attained in the process of aerobic decomposition destroy the pathogens, making the end products safer for uses in agriculture.

Practising urban agriculture positively influences household organic waste management habits: A quantitative study from Florianópolis, Brazil.

Proper household organic waste management practices are crucial to limit the negative environmental and health impacts that can result from inappropriate municipal waste treatment. The environmental impacts of organic waste have previously been described in the literature, and the main treatment strategy for managing such waste relies on technical facilities such as biodigesters. However, such technologies require significant financial investments, which could hinder their application in areas with lower economic power. Among the several available organic waste treatment strategies, composting for urban agricultural (UA) use has become increasingly popular. Although the literature suggests that UA can contribute to organic waste management by encouraging self-treatment practices, investigations into how practising UA can influence household waste management behaviours have been limited thus far. To this end, we analyse the role of practising UA along with other demographic variables, such as age, gender, education, income and housing conditions, in influencing citizens' household organic waste management behaviours. The city of Florianópolis, Brazil was selected as a case study since that municipality recently passed a new organic waste regulation law that supports the use of organic compost in UA. We surveyed 206 individuals regarding their household organic waste management habits in four behavioural areas: (i) separation, (ii) use of public services, (iii) self-treatment and (iv) reduction. The dataset comprises 102 individuals who were actively engaged in UA activities and 104 who were not involved in UA to compare habits of the two groups. The results show that UA practitioners are more likely to separate and self-treat their organic waste and use the derived compost for gardening activities. The use of public facilities for organic waste management is influenced by people's housing conditions. Respondents who lived in an apartment with no access to a garden logically had a lower willingness than did those with garden access to self-treat the organic waste produced. On the other hand, the results show that UA practitioners compost their own organic waste regardless of their housing conditions. The results show a strong, positive influence of practising UA on self-composting and thereby highlight the role of such practices in sensitizing urban residents to waste management issues and supporting local organic waste management strategies. Although the debate over the role of UA in organic waste management is still open, we reveal that highlighting this role could support a shift towards a circular approach to organic waste treatment.

Microplastic Contamination in Field-Side Composting in Geneva, Switzerland (CH)

Plastic pollution has become a growing concern for environmental and human health in recent years. Currently, research suggests that soil compartments might be highly contaminated, with compost being one of the major sources for plastic contamination, especially at reduced sizes. In Geneva, microplastic contamination has already been evaluated in industrial compost but not yet in field-side compost. Therefore, this work focuses on the evaluation of concentrations and the characterization of microplastic particles (MPs) in field-side compost in Geneva. Four different field-side composts were sampled in Geneva and sieved with sizes ranging from >5 mm to 0.5 mm. The MPs were visually sorted when possible, and the smaller ones were treated by digestion and density separation processes. All of the MPs were analyzed with infrared spectroscopy. The results (sizes > 5 mm to 1.25 mm) reveal concentrations between 195 ± 64 and 1315 ± 375 plastic particles/kg of compost and the presence of conventional plastics in every compost. MPs were present in almost every size fraction for the four composts, and the origin of waste seemed to influence their concentrations. Indeed, composts free from organic household waste had lower concentrations than the ones accepting that kind of waste. Littering and waste still wrapped in plastic were also noticed for the composts with higher concentrations of MPs. The characterization results highlight the variety of plastic types among the composts, mostly represented by PE (polyethylene), PVA (polyvinyl alcohol), PP (polypropylene), and DAIP (polydiallyl iso-phthalate) in general but also specific contamination by PEMA (poly ethyl methacrylate) for only one of the composts. Further work is needed to evaluate the distribution of MPs according to their size or the types of waste used in composting, especially the potential degrading conditions of plastics, to mitigate their presence in composts.

Escherichia coli-based biorefining process yields optically pure lactic acid from fermented second-generation feedstocks

Within the circular bioeconomy the production of optically pure LA from 2nd generation feedstocks would be ideal but it is very challenging. In this paper genetically engineered Escherichia coli strains were created to resolve racemic LA solutions synthesised and produced from the fermentation of organic waste or ensiled grass. Refining LA racemic mixtures into either a D- or L-LA was achieved by cells being able to consume one LA isomer as a sole carbon and energy source while not being able to consume the other. A D-LA refining strain JSP0005 was grown on fermented source-sorted organic household waste and different grass silage leachates, which are 2nd generation feedstocks containing up to 33 g/L lactic acid racemate. In all growth experiments, L-LA was completely removed leaving D-LA as the only LA stereoisomer, i.e. resulting in optically pure D-LA, which also increased by as much as 248.6 % from its starting concentration, corresponding to 38 g/L. The strains resulting from this study are a promising first step towards a microbial based LA biorefining process.

Making A Multi Purpose Liquid (Eco-Enzyme) as An Alternative for Prosesing Household Organic Waste and Reviewing Its Benefits

<p><em>This activity was conducted to increase public awareness and knowledge in managing household organic waste into eco-enzymes. Eco-enzyme is a natural liquid from the fermentation process of organic kitchen waste such as fruit and vegetable peels, granulated sugar (white sugar, brown sugar, or cane sugar), and water. The training activity was held at the home of the head of Gentan Hamlet, Doplang Village, Bawen Subdistrict, Semarang Regency on Wednesday, October 25, 2023, with the training participants being women members of Dasawisma (Dawis). The activity was carried out using socialization and demonstration methods to facilitate participants' understanding of the material and the process of making eco-enzymes. Based on the evaluation results, the participants were very enthusiastic about learning new knowledge they did not know before. Participants learned about the technology of making eco-enzymes from household waste. In addition to creating a clean environment, the resulting eco-enzyme also provides various benefits for life.</em></p>

Eco Enzyme Sebagai Alternatif Pengolahan Limbah Lahan Pertanian dan Rumah Tangga Menjadi Pupuk Organik Bagi Petani di Desa Nian

Problems related to waste have become a hot issue in the community and have received serious attention from policymakers. One practical way to overcome this problem is to manufacture eco-enzyme products whose raw materials use organic waste. Eco enzyme is a fermented process from organic kitchen waste such as fruit and vegetable pulp, sugar, and water until it becomes the final product in liquid fertilizer. This service aims to describe community social activities to overcome waste problems using the eco enzyme concept. The activities carried out were providing counseling related to how to manage household organic waste into eco-enzyme products, introducing and training the use of composter technology to process household organic waste into eco-enzyme products, and motivating and encouraging people to manage household waste into products of economic value. This study uses several methods such as presentation, discussion, question and answer, training, and evaluation handled by lecturers of the Faculty of Agriculture, Timor University. The study results show that people can apply eco enzyme technology, know how to use it, and produce economic value from organic waste.

Utilization of Organic Waste as A Natural Detector of Formaldehyde on-Campus Snacks

The aim of this research is to reduce household organic waste through the use of organic waste as a natural detector of formaldehyde content in food snacks. The organic waste used in this study was red garlic skins, dragon fruit skins and purple sweet potato skins. This research is an experimental research. The stages of the research started with the extraction of anthocyanins from the three organic wastes, direct detection of formalin and detection of food ingredients. The formalin concentrations tested were 0.5%, 1%, 2%, 5% and 25%. Detection ability can be seen from the color change between control and formalin treatment. Garlic skin produces a red extract, dragon fruit skin produces an orange extract, and purple sweet potato skin produces a deep red extract. Test results on 20 samples of food snacks around the campus using the three organic waste extracts proved that all samples contained formaldehyde in varying concentrations. The highest 50% formalin content was found in yellow noodles and meatballs. The conclusion is that purple beetle skin, dragonfruit skin, and red garlic skin can be used as natural detectors for formalin in campus snacks.

Training on Household Organic Waste Management Training to Become Organic Fertilizer in Kelurahan Tiakar, Payakumbuh City

This activity aims to 1) Provide knowledge and training to Tiakar Village, Payakumbuh residents to use recycled waste as valuable compost. 2) Minimize environmental pollution by utilizing waste. Furthermore, 3) provide facilities for the community, especially residents of Tiakar Village, to participate in providing organic waste to be converted into organic fertilizer (compost). The training was carried out at the Tiakar Village Office, Payakumbuh. The training activity was attended by 20 women and fathers from the complex from representatives of each RT/RW in Tiakar Village, East Payakumbuh, West Sumatra. The method for this activity is a lecture method, which transfers knowledge regarding making organic compost fertilizer, discussions and questions and answers with participants, and direct practice in compost fertilizer using an aerobic system. After practice, participants produced 20 kg of compost, each taking home 1 kg. As a result of the activities after the training, compost bags were handed over to the Village Head's Office to collect organic waste around the village. With this program, it is hoped that the training participants will raise awareness to protect the environment and apply the principles of Reuse, Reduce, and Recycle (3R). With this training, participants who attend are expected to act as agents in composting so that organic waste can be used as compost.

Chemical composition and protein quality of BSF larvae reared with different media in Lombok

Abstract The black soldier fly larvae (BSFL), scientifically known as Hermetia illucens, possess a substantial protein and fat content, enhancing their viability for incorporation into poultry feed. This characteristic positions them as one of the most favorable insect species for commercial productio. Its protein and fat content, however, varied among rearing media. This study aims to evaluate and compare the chemical composition, protein quality, and Apparent metabolizable energy (AME) value of BSFL reared with different media in Lombok Island. Three fourteen-day-old BSFL samples were collected from three BSFL farms rearing BSFL with different media i.e., rejected bread and expired sweetened condensed milk (A), organic household waste (B), and broiler manure (C). The samples were analyzed for their proximate composition, amino acids, and gross energy contents using the standard method. The results showed that protein and fat contents of BSFL reared with media A, B and C were 40.11 and 20.29 %; 39.09 and 37.17%, 28.37 and 29.49 % respectively. All samples were good sources of lysine and threonine with a chemical score over 100, but deficient in sulfur-containing amino acids and tryptophan. The AME value ranged from 5447 to 6085 Kcal/kg, and protein digestibility was between 72.78 and 78.67%. It can be concluded that BSFL has a high AME value and is rich in lysine and threonine but deficient in methionine, cysteine, and tryptophan.

PELATIHAN PENGOLAHAN SAMPAH ORGANIK MENJADI KOMPOS DI DESA GILI TIMUR, KECAMATAN KAMAL, KABUPATEN BANGKALAN

Garbage consists of materials discarded as a result of human activity in their daily lives, which do not have economic value. There are two types of waste: organic and inorganic. Organic waste is easy to decompose, while inorganic waste is more challenging to break down. Most waste can be repurposed into something useful. For instance, organic waste can be processed through composting. In this community service initiative, participants were trained in converting household waste into compost. The training took place at the Gili Timur Village Hall in Kamal District, Bangkalan, on November 27, 2022. The target audience was the residents of Gili Timur Village, particularly housewives. Various types of waste, including husks, dry leaves, household organic waste, sugar solution, water, and EM4, were used to create compost. The composter was constructed from stacked buckets, yielding both solid and liquid compost. The training and subsequent assistance had a positive impact on the East Gili housewives’ community. Participants gained an understanding of how to process organic waste into compost. By using their own compost products, they can meet their fertilizer needs without relying on chemicals. Additionally, the utilization of organic waste has helped reduce waste volume around Gili Timur Village.

Design of experiments to evaluate pH and temperature parameters with different inoculums in domestic biodigester

The comprehensive management of organic urban solid waste is a concern due to its direct and indirect impact on the environment. Anaerobic Digestion (AD) has been recognized as an alternative and environmentally friendly technology for waste disposal, converting them into organic fertilizers and renewable energy. This research presents an experiment involving four reactors fed with household organic waste, three inoculated with canine, goat, and rabbit manure, and one without inoculum. The experiment was observed for 30 consecutive days to analyze the pH and temperature parameters involved in the AD process in domestic reactors. Statistical methodology, including one-way analysis of variance for assessing the effect of the type of inoculum, Tukey's simultaneous confidence intervals for mean differences, and 90 % confidence intervals for μ in temperature and manure, was utilized. Additionally, main effects analysis of the factors of average temperature and pH were conducted. The results of the one-factor experiment show that the type of inoculum does not significantly influence the variation in pH, while temperature remains relatively stable throughout the AD process. However, the analysis of main effects indicates that goat manure tends to stabilize the temperature with minimal variation, whereas variation is more heterogeneous in the other experiments.

Prediction of Biogas Production Volumes from Household Organic Waste Based on Machine Learning

The article proposes to use machine learning as one of the areas of artificial intelligence to forecast the volume of biogas production from household organic waste. The use of five regression algorithms (Linear Regression, Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression, Random Forest Regression, and Gradient Boosting Regression) to create an effective model for forecasting the volume of biogas production from household organic waste is considered. Based on the comparison of these algorithms by MSE and MAE indicators, the quality of training and their accuracy during forecasting are evaluated. The proposed algorithm for creating a model for forecasting biogas production volumes from household organic waste involves the implementation of 10 main and 3 auxiliary steps. Their advantage is that they aid in the performance of component data analysis, which is carried out based on the method of reducing the dimensionality of the data set, increasing interpretability, and minimizing the risk of data loss. An analysis of 2433 data is was carried out, which characterizes the formation of biogas from food (FW) and yard waste (YW) according to four features. Data preparation is performed using the Jupyter Notebook environment in Python. We select five machine learning algorithms to substantiate an effective model for forecasting volumes of biogas production from household organic waste. On the basis of the conducted research, the main advantages and disadvantages of the used algorithms for building forecasting models of biogas production volumes from household organic waste are determined. It is found that two models, “Random Forest Regressor” and “Gradient Boosting Regressor”, show the best accuracy indicators. The other three models (Linear Regression, Ridge Regression, Lasso Regression) are inferior in accuracy and were not considered further. To determine the accuracy of the “Random Forest Regressor” and “Gradient Boosting Regressor” models, we choose the MSE and MAE indicators. The Random Forest Regressor model is found to be a more accurate model compared to the Gradient Boosting Regressor. This is confirmed by the fact that the MSE of the “Random Forest Regressor” model on the training data set is 7.14 times smaller than that of the “Gradient Boosting Regressor” model. At the same time, MAE is 2.67 times smaller in the “Random Forest Regressor” model than in the “Gradient Boosting Regressor” model. The MSE and MAE of both models are worse on the test data set, which indicates overtraining tendencies. The Gradient Boosting Regressor model has worse MSE and MAE than the Random Forest Regressor model on both the training and test data sets. It is established that the model based on the “Random Forest Regressor” algorithm is the most effective for forecasting the volume of biogas production from household organic waste. It provides MAE = 0.088 on test data and the smallest absolute errors in predictions. Further systematic improvement of the “Random Forest Regressor” model for forecasting biogas production volumes from household organic waste based on new data will ensure its accuracy and maintain competitive advantages.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Ekoenzim dari Limbah Organik Rumah Tangga di Gampong Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh

Ecoenzyme is the result of fermentation of organic kitchen waste such as fruit and vegetable pulp, sugar and water. Ecoenzyme acts as various purposes such as pesticide and disinfectant. Therefore, we conducted community service activities aimed at providing a training in making ecoenzymes from household organic waste. Ecoenzyme-making training was given to the Family Welfare Development Group (PKK) in Gampong Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh. The participants were lectured about ecoenzyme and its benefits and followed by discussion. It was then followed by a practical session on ecoenzymen-making activity. From this activity, the PKK group in Gampong Kopelma Darussalam, Banda Aceh, gained knowledge about a method to manage household organic waste become useful products. Furthermore, these skills can also be a source of additional income for local residents. During the training, the service team brought ready-made ecoenzymes and plants so they could provide examples of how to apply ecoenzymes to plants. The ecoenzyme and plants were given as souvenirs to the training participants.

Effective Microorganisms 4 (EM-4) Application in The Process of Making Compost from Household Organic Waste to Increase Skills of PKK Members

Handling the problem of household waste is getting more complicated by the day. Some people do not have a new perspective on dealing with waste. For this reason, serious handling is needed when utilizing household waste as a resource. Household waste is the largest contributor to creating organic waste, so to turn organic waste into resources, it is necessary to work on piles of organic waste from household waste by utilizing waste in compost. The benefits of compost are many in terms of fertilizing plants, so through community service, training activities for making compost with EM 4 were carried out for Baturetno PKK members, where 35 participants attended the training. The aim is to train PKK members skills in handling household organic waste by giving them EM4. In this activity, the methods used were socialization, training, and monitoring. In the training, a questionnaire was distributed to determine the participants' insight and response to the activity. The results of the questionnaire show that there is an increase in understanding and skills as seen from the average answer "YES" before the training of 58.53% with a sufficient category, and after the training to 93% with a very good category, thus indicating that the knowledge and skills of PKK members in Baturetno, Tuban district after training in processing waste from household organic waste into compost with EM 4, has increased.

Utilization of banana and cassava peel as local microorganism materials in household organic waste composting by takakura method

This research compares household organic waste compost results with the addition of local microorganism activators from banana peel and cassava peel waste with Effective Microorganisms (EM4). The composting method used is aerobic composting with the Takakura composting technique. This composting is carried out in 5 variations consisting of variation 1 (50% organic waste: 50% finished compost), variation 2 (50% organic waste: 50% finished compost: EM4), variation 3 (50% organic waste: 50% finished compost: local microorganism banana peel), variation 4 (50% organic waste: 50% compost made: local microorganism cassava peel), variation 5 (50% organic waste: 50% finished compost: local microorganism banana peel and cassava peel). The results showed that all variations of composting had met the maturity standard for parameters of temperature, pH, material reduction, texture, color, and smell and had met the SNI 19-7030-2004 standards. Analysis of all compost quality, including C-organic, nitrogen, C / N ratio, phosphorus, and potassium, has met SNI 19-7030-2004 standards. From 4 kg of raw material produced, solid compost ranges at 2.7-3 kg. The use of activators in the composting process can speed up the composting time by 8-12 days. Compost variations by scoring results in the compost consisting of 50% organic waste and 50% finished compost with 5 ml of local microorganism activator banana peel, and cassava peel is the best variation in compost maturity quality.

Optimizing household organic waste management in support of sustainable household waste management in Bekasi City, Indonesia

Household waste that is not properly managed has the potential to pollute the environment and disrupt health. Providing information and knowledge to the public on proper household waste management is one of the efforts to preserve the environment and improve independent household waste control. The daily amount of organic waste generated from households reaches up to 40% of the total waste generated. Hence, household waste control heavily contributes to reducing the amount of waste transported to the Final Processing Site. Such a program can be carried out by identifying and analyzing an appropriate and beneficial household waste control plan at the household level. Data collecting in this study was conducted online, towards 548 respondents in Bekasi City, Indonesia. Laboratory tests were also carried out on the results of fermentation of household waste samples to analyze the content of organic waste components produced from households. The results showed that the community is still not optimal in managing household waste as only 33% of respondents are known to have utilized organic waste generated from households. The results of laboratory analysis showed that organic waste generated from households has components similar to commercial fertilizers. Considering the similar components of organic waste generated from households with commercial fertilizer, show the potential benefit from organic waste utilization. Further research regarding the benefits of fertilizer from household organic waste, and the benefit comparison with commercial fertilizers would be able to increase public trust and awareness to manage their household waste. Proper waste management on the household level would significantly reduce the volume of waste transported to the Final Processing Site.

Sosialisasi Dan Pemahaman Masyarakat Tentang Pembuatan Eco Enzyme Serta Pemanfaatannya Dalam Rumah Tangga

This service activity aims to ensure that participants understand the importance of managing household organic waste to overcome environmental problems, increase participants' understanding regarding eco-enzymes and their use in the household; increase participants' understanding regarding the materials used to make eco-enzymes in the household. This counseling was carried out at the Church of HKBP Nommensen Resort Pulu Brayan Medan, to 50 parompuan community (Church Women's Community) of the HKBP Pulu Brayan as participants, then an evaluation was carried out on the 25 participants. The method of this service activity is; socialization by resource persons; discussion and direct practice in making eco-enzymes and evaluation processes. Based on the outreach activities carried out, it was concluded; a) there was an increase in participants' understanding regarding eco-enzymes and their use in the household; b) there was an increase in participants' understanding regarding the materials used to make eco-enzymes in the household; c) socialization and training on making eco enzymes for parompuan community in church of the HKBP Nommensen Pulu Brayan plays a role in increasing participants' knowledge about eco-enzymes and the process of making them, good environmental management, and the use of waste into environmentally friendly products. Based on the conclusions, it is recommended that ongoing outreach activities be carried out and include all members of the church congregation, so that they can utilize organic waste into environmentally friendly products.

Evaluación del compostaje a diferentes composiciones para aprovechar los residuos orgánicos domiciliarios de la ciudad de puno para contribuir en contrarrestar el cambio climático

Compost piles were evaluated at different compositions to take advantage of household organic waste from the city of Puno in the period from June to September 2015. Three compost piles were evaluated at different composition and one cell vermiculture without worms, in order to determine what conditions produce an organic fertilizer higher quality, using organic waste Domiciliarios (ROD), Poda of Parks and Gardens of the city (PPJ) and sheep Dung (EGO), the three compost piles with a volume of 4.5 m3; P4 has 100% of 0.8 m3 ROD placed in a cell vermiculture and P5 has 100% ROD 2.6 m3 which was located on the outside of the plant. To accelerate decomposition, an infrastructure greenhouse conditions. After three months, three samples of P1, P2, P3 and P4 was removed and taken to the laboratory. The parameters were compared with the analysis of variance, the pile contains more Nitrogen, %Organic Matter and Solido Totals is P4. P4, sulfur is added to 1% weight, to neutralize the pH. As for the %humidity, no significant difference of the four piles. For agriculture, will have to be used in large quantities for example for request of N of 160Kg/Ha, you have to use 4.38tons/ha of compost to cover this need, which it is feasible, since, in the city of Puno, it is generated 50 tons/day of ROD, which is 37.5 tons/day of compost and a year is 13687.5 tons of compost, enough to cover 3125 ha/year of farmland.

Efficacy of solid and liquid Biolistics in improving the nutrients in latosol soil from Bali, Indonesia

The increase in household organic waste during the COVID-19 pandemic was a source of pollution, especially in soil. The high pollution intensity in various sectors causes the soil to degrade and lose nutrients. This study aimed to analyze the efficacy of solid and liquid biolistics for improving the nutritional status of latosol soil collected from Bali, Indonesia. The experimental design was a completely randomized design. Efficacy testing by providing solid and liquid biolistics to latosol soils in polybags at different concentrations was performed five times. Macro- and micronutrient testing was carried out three months after the application of the treatments. One-way ANOVA and the LSD test (p<0.05) were used to assess the results. The results revealed significant differences between the treatment groups in terms of N, P, K, the C/N ratio, water content, and pH, with a probability value of 0.000 (p<0.05). Thus, solid and liquid biolistics are efficacious at increasing the fertility of latosol soils. The contents of N, P, K, moisture content, pH, macronutrients (P2O5, K2O, C-Organic, N-Total, and C/N ratio) and micronutrients (Fe, Mg, Mn, Na, Zn) contribute significantly to improving soil aggregates and structures; improving the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soil; and improving the bioavailability of nutrients and soil quality. The presence of microorganisms is involved in accelerating the process of biodegradation and decomposition in soil. Thus, solid and liquid biolistics deserve to be developed as natural soil repairers.