Household Mobility Research Articles

Does enforcing dispersal policies prevent ethnic spatial concentration? Quasi-experimental evidence from Denmark

ABSTRACT Since the 1980s, policymakers have implemented dispersal policies to prevent ethnic spatial concentration. However, the effectiveness of these policies is questionable. For this reason, and to enforce the dispersal policy, the Danish government introduced the Danish Integration Act in 1999, which required newly arrived refugees to remain in the placement municipality for three years to remain eligible for social assistance. Leveraging Danish register data, we provide quasi-experimental evidence by evaluating the effects of the 1999 Danish Integration Act on the mobility of refugee households and ethnic concentration. Our results suggest that this policy had a retaining effect for up to 5 years. However, we find that the estimates are no longer significant after 6–7 years, suggesting that resettlement decisions were mainly delayed by the enforcement policy. In addition, ties (in terms of employment, education, and school enrolment) play an important role, as the constraining effect of the policy is greater for households with stronger ties to the placement municipality. Once sanctions were lifted, households that moved opted for neighbourhoods with lower ethnic concentration.

Model of Sustainable Household Mobility in Multi-Modal Transportation Networks

Nowadays, urban and suburban areas face increasing environmental pressures, and encouraging sustainable transportation behaviors at the household level has become crucial. This paper presents a model of a decision support system (DSS) for promoting sustainable household mobility choices in multi-modal transport networks. The system was modeled using an enhanced Petri Net approach, allowing for the dynamic representation of complex transport networks and multi-modal journey options. The model incorporated various sustainability factors. These were combined into a single environmental impact score, which was considered alongside travel time and cost in the route optimization process. Simulation results demonstrated the DSS’s capability to guide users toward more sustainable mobility choices. The model also showed potential as a tool for policymakers to assess the impact of various sustainable transportation initiatives and infrastructure investments. This paper discussed the versatile applications of the system. It also addressed the limitations of Petri Net models in transportation systems and suggested future research directions.

Mobility ideation due to water problems during historic 2022 drought associated with livestock wealth, water and food insecurity, and fingernail cortisol concentration in northern Kenya

Climate change is triggering environmental mobility through chronic water problems and punctuated events. Thinking about moving locations, or “mobility ideation”, is the precursor to migration intentionality and actual migration. Drawing on the embodiment construct, this study examines how the worst drought in recent history in the Horn of Africa affected water-related mobility ideation and, in turn, fingernail cortisol concentration (FCC), a chronic stress biomarker, among Daasanach semi-nomadic pastoralists in northern Kenya. To address these questions, we primarily draw on survey, anthropometric, water quality, and biomarker data among 175 adults living in seven communities in 2022. We used mixed-effects ordered logistic regression to test how livestock wealth, water insecurity, food insecurity, and anxiety/depression symptom scores were associated with household mobility ideation. We then used generalized linear models to test the association between mobility ideation on FCC. Thinking about moving at least once due to water problems increased from pre-drought in 2019 (55%) to during the drought in 2022 (92%), while actual mobility declined. Livestock wealth, while associated with actual mobility in the prior year, was protective against increased mobility ideation, while water insecurity, food insecurity, and anxiety/depression symptoms were associated with greater odds of thinking of leaving in 2022. Compared to adults who did not consider moving, those who considered moving rarely, sometimes, and often had FCC levels 18.1% higher (95% CI, 1.01–1.38; p = 0.039), 19.4% higher (1.01–1.41; p = 0.040), and 32.3% higher (1.01–1.73; p = 0.039), respectively, with results consistent in sensitivity analyses. Extreme climatic events in water scarce regions may increase mobility ideation through worsened experiential indicators of well-being and resource insecurity. Mobility ideation may capture measures of adversity suffered by pastoralists and signify climate distress. This research broadens understanding of how droughts get under the skin by leading to resource insecurity and triggering thoughts of moving, which increases chronic stress.

Household income mobility and adolescent subjective well-being in China: Analyzing the mechanisms of influence

BackgroundThe relationship between adult happiness and income has been a topic of extensive discussion. However, among children and adolescents, who are not directly engaged in economic activities, the relationship between household income over time and happiness is more complex and remains less explored. MethodsWe used nationally representative data from the China Family Panel Study (CFPS) from 2012 to 2018. The analytic sample consisted of 3,607 Chinese adolescents aged 10 to 19 years in 2018. Using an ordinary least squares model, we investigated the associations of 2-year (2016–2018), 4-year (2014–2018), and 6-year (2012–2018) household income mobility (i.e., upward mobility and downward mobility) with adolescents’ subjective well-being (i.e., happiness and depression) in 2018. We further explored the potential mediating effects of parental care on these associations and whether they were moderated by adolescent age, adolescent sex, and initial household economic status. ResultsWe found that upward mobility in household income was associated with decreased subjective well-being and parental care mediated this association. Furthermore, we found that the effects of upward mobility on adolescent subjective well-being varied by age, sex, and initial household economic status. Additionally, downward income mobility did not significantly impact adolescents’ subjective well-being. ConclusionOur findings emphasized that economic progress and upward mobility should not come at the expense of parental care, as this would decrease adolescents’ subjective well-being. Collaboration between the government and families is crucial to address the conflicts between work and family responsibilities, ensuring that parents are available and supportive to their children.

Impact of Male Migration on the Empowerment of Left-behind Muslim Women in Malappuram, Kerala

Migration has been projected as a force capable of developing economies of the labour exporting nations. In the past, religious orthodoxy among the Muslims in Malabar especially in the Malappuram district prevented women from obtaining higher education and finding employment which restricted their freedom and well-being. However, there have been changes in women's perspectives in reaction to changing needs and situations, for which migration and remittances made by migrants abroad have been the important contributing factors. When the male migrates, the left-behind women have to assume increased responsibilities which increases their control over household resources, mobility and decision-making power and the foreign remittances are utilised by the left-behind women to improve their quality of living, education and information. This article explores the effects of male migration and foreign remittances on the left-behind Muslim women in the Malappuram district through the lens of the Capability approach by constructing the Women’s Capability Index based on a sample survey in the Malappuram district using a Stratified Multi-stage random Sampling method. The study identifies a set of capabilities that are appropriate to the context of male migration and the consequent effect on the left behind women’s living arrangement, provides a framework for efficiently evaluating these capabilities, aggregates the capabilities into a single index, and then validates and tests the index. The Ordinal Logistic Regression, used to analyse the role of migration in the capability expansion of left-behind Muslim women shows that the foreign remittances sent by the husbands from abroad have a positive statistically significant effect on the left-behind Muslim women in the study area, implying that with the increase in the foreign remittances received by the left behind women, their capability also increases, whereas the husband's migrant duration does not have a statistically significant effect on the left-behind Muslim women’s capability

Exploring the association between household compositional change and mobility of subsidized householders in the United States: A life course perspective

ABSTRACT This study examines the relationship between household compositional change and residential mobility of subsidized householders. Data from the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development Annual Longitudinal Files 2005–2018 is used to measure household compositional change and mobility for subsidized householders in the Public Housing and Housing Choice Voucher programs. Householders are 67% more likely to move when a change in household composition occurs. Members entering the household induce larger estimated mobility effects than members exiting the household. Although the odds that a householder move are associated with a household compositional change is greatest in the Housing Choice Voucher program for tenant-based vouchers, there is still a strong association with household compositional changes and mobility in Public Housing and for project-based voucher units where options for mobility are limited. The results have implications for future research on program design factors such as occupancy standards in subsidized housing in the United States.

Diffusion-driven height readout analytical device based on gold nanobipyramid-doped supramolecular hydrogel for point-of-care bioanalysis

Point-of-care (POC) diagnostics is crucial for rapid on-site detection in resource-limited settings. However, there are still some challenges in the development of quantitative POC bioassays. Herein, we propose a simple, visual, and instrument-free height readout analytical device injected with target-responsive gold nanobipyramid (AuNBP)-doped guanosine-quartet (G4) supramolecular hydrogel for the quantitative detection of glucose. This sensing platform relies on H2O2 generated by glucose oxidation to induce iodide-mediated etching of AuNBPs, resulting in visualized color-changed hydrogel bar-chart driven by molecular diffusion in a polycarbonate tube. The visual height of the color-changed hydrogel is correlated with the concentration of glucose, and the quantitative determination was achieved simply by using a household ruler or mobile software as a readout. More importantly, this method has been successfully used to detect glucose in human serum samples with high accuracy and reliability. In addition, the AuNBPs are utilized as plasmonic probes to construct two-input logic gates, providing an intelligent strategy to simultaneously detect multiple biomolecules. This height-readout sensing platform demonstrates great promise for applications in POC and intelligent bioanalysis.

An application of LASSO and multiple imputation techniques to income dynamics with cross‐sectional data

This paper introduces, validates, and applies a Least Absolute Shrinkage and Selection Operator with multiple imputation by Predictive Mean Matching (LASSO‐PMM) method to estimate intra‐generational income dynamics from cross‐sectional data. We validate the method using 36 harmonized panel data sets in four Latin American countries and apply it to cross‐section data from 43 countries across the world. Results show that LASSO‐PMM predictions are statistically indistinguishable from actual household poverty rates, mobility indicators, and income or consumption changes. These findings suggest that estimating economic mobility using a LASSO‐PMM approach may accurately approximate actual income dynamics when panel data are unavailable.

Changes in daily mobility and new public transport supply in Dakar (2000 – 2015)

In Dakar, the capital of Senegal, the urban transport policy aims to restructure and modernize the supply of public transport. The implementation of this policy since the years 2000 has led to the creation of the public bus company Dakar Dem Dikk and the replacement and reorganization of a number of minibuses owned by informal operators, which locally go under the name of Tata. However, this new supply still coexists with older, more or less informal, transport modes, mainly “Cars Rapides” and “Ndiaga Ndiaye” minibuses, collective clandestine taxis, and “yellow and black” taxis. The question then arises as to the impact of the new public transport supply on the mobility practices of the city’s residents. Data from two household mobility surveys, undertaken respectively in 2000 and 2015, in the Region of Dakar is used to conduct a diachronic analysis of mobility behavior. The results highlight the extent to which changes in public transport supply have modified flows and mode use for different categories of urban residents, in a context where daily mobility is highly dependent on public transport.

Impact of information and communication technology on mobility of urban and rural households: a comparative study from Nigeria

ABSTRACT There has been a growing concern regarding the potential impact of technology on travel patterns, with limited attention given to its effects on both urban and rural households. To address this gap, our study focuses on the influence of Information and Communication Technologies (ICT) on rural-urban mobility. We conducted this research using primary data collected through a multi-stage sampling method, where 50% of the wards were selected randomly. Subsequently, a total of 510 questionnaires in urban areas and 492 questionnaires in rural areas was administered using a systematic sampling approach. The results of this investigation revealed significant variations in the socio-demographic and travel characteristics of respondents within the study areas. Notably, our findings indicate that ICT usage has not entirely replaced traditional trips in urban and rural settings. Instead, it has played a pivotal role in complementing travel activities. The implications of these findings are substantial. As tele-density improves and expands in rural areas, it is foreseeable that more cost-effective travel planning will be achievable.

Household Mobility Between Formal and Informal Credit Channels and Its Relationship to Economic and Social Status: An Empirical Analysis Based on Micro Data in China

Household Mobility Between Formal and Informal Credit Channels and Its Relationship to Economic and Social Status: An Empirical Analysis Based on Micro Data in China

Household Mobility, Networks, and Gentrification of Minority Neighborhoods in the United States

Household Mobility, Networks, and Gentrification of Minority Neighborhoods in the United States

Household mobility and the political economy and welfare effects of local tax limits

I apply a Tiebout model of multiple local jurisdictions to study the political economy and welfare effects of state limitations on the taxing powers of local governments, investigating the effects of such restrictions on housing markets, community composition, and the types of expenditures undertaken by local governments. The Tiebout model in this paper is distinguished by voters choosing values of multiple local policy (tax and expenditure) instruments, a mixture of renters and owners residing in each community, and different degrees of household mobility. I characterize and provide sufficient conditions for voting equilibrium even with multiple policy instruments and varying housing tenure by developing a novel application of the Besley and Coate (1997) model of representative democracy. The different degrees of household mobility following the introduction of tax limits have significant impacts on equilibrium values, the predicted level of political support, and the welfare effects associated with these tax limits. In addition, almost none of the tax limits increase overall welfare, even though many gain majority support. The only case that is predicted to have majority support and increases welfare is when all households are mobile, head and income taxes have previously been constrained, and property taxes are then limited. These results accord well with the hypothesis of Vigdor (2001)—that much political support for tax limits comes from a desire by individuals to limit taxes in localities other than their own.

Household income mobility in metropolitan and non-metropolitan areas in Korea

ABSTRACT This study examines the effects of residential areas and regional characteristics on household income mobility in Korea using a dynamic ordered probit model. The results demonstrate that households located in metropolitan areas are more likely to belong to the higher income quintile compared with households located in non-metropolitan areas. However, population growth in non-metropolitan areas was confirmed to have a positive effect on upward mobility associated with household income, while population growth in the metropolitan area negatively affected upward mobility. The findings support the legitimacy of the population distribution policy, which implies the need for the government to pursue a regionally balanced development policy more vigorously.

KONUT İŞLEM HACİMLERİ ARACILIĞIYLA KONUT PİYASASININ MEKANSAL ANALİZİ: MENTEŞE, MUĞLA

As there is a reciprocal relationship between the patterns of investor decisions, local and central government strategies, household mobility, and housing transactions have repercussions on both macro and micro scales. Housing transactions within a metropolitan region can alter certain neighbourhood dynamics through the cycle of housing sales regarding urban development patterns, socio-economic characteristics of the residents, tenure type, neighbourhood, and housing quality. Even though the connection between neighbourhood dynamics and housing transactions is undeniable for spatial disci-plines, there are very limited studies for that matter. This study aims to explore the housing market dynamics of Menteşe via housing transactions. It employs three different datasets (Open Street Map (i), Household, housing and office data collected by the Turkish Statistical Institute (ii), Title deed transaction statistics by The Directorate of Land Registry and Cadastre (iii)). For spatial heterogeneity, Moran’s I, and spatial randomness, a local indicator of spatial association (LISA) has been applied. The findings revealed the role of centrality and the importance of mixed land use in housing markets even though all the neighborhoods on the periphery are very close to the city center in terms of distance.

Imagine the financial barrier to public transport use disappears. The impact of the 9-Euro-Ticket on the mobility and social participation of low-income households with children

From June to August 2022, the financial barrier to public transport use almost completely disappeared in Germany due to the 9-Euro-Ticket. It enabled anyone with access to public transport infrastructure across Germany to use public transport for 9 euros per person per month. As this completely changed the conditions for public transport use, especially for low-income households with children, the following research questions arise: (1) what effect does the 9-Euro-Ticket have on the travel practices and social participation of low-income households with children? (2) how and by what were the travel practices shaped by the 9-Euro-Ticket? and (3) what happened to the interviewees’ travel practices after the measure expired? To answer these questions, twelve qualitative interviews were conducted with low-income households with children in the Hanover region.This study found that the 9-Euro-Ticket removed the financial constraint of public transport use, changed the travel practices of most interviewees and had a wide range of positive meanings. The respondents associate the 9-Euro-Ticket with freedom, joy at being able to offer their children something, along with financial and psychological relief. Additionally, the 9-Euro-Ticket enabled the interviewees to engage in leisure activities, to visit relatives, contributed to integration, had an empowering effect, especially for women and children, and thus represents a measure to increase social participation. After the three months of the 9-Euro-Ticket, financing public transport use challenges low-income households again and financial constraints prevent them from reaching certain places and engaging in out-of-home activities.

Comparison of One-Year Postinjury Mobility Outcomes Between Locomotor Training and Usual Care After Motor Incomplete Spinal Cord Injury.

To compare 1-year mobility outcomes of individuals with traumatic motor incomplete spinal cord injury (miSCI) who participated in standardized locomotor training (LT) within the first year of injury to those who did not. This retrospective case-control analysis conducted with six US rehabilitation hospitals used SCI Model Systems (SCIMS) data comparing 1-year postinjury outcomes between individuals with miSCI who participated in standardized LT to those who received usual care (UC). Participants were matched on age, gender, injury year, mode of mobility, and rehabilitation center. The primary outcome is the FIM Total Motor score. Other outcomes include the FIM Transfer Index, FIM Stairs, and self-reported independence with household mobility, community mobility, and stairs. LT participants reported significantly better FIM Total Motor (difference = 2.812, 95% confidence interval [CI] = 5.896, 17.282) and FIM Transfer Index scores (difference = 0.958, 95% CI = 0.993, 4.866). No significant between-group differences were found for FIM Stairs (difference = 0.713, 95% CI = -0.104, 1.530) or self-reported household mobility (odds ratio [OR] = 5.065, CI = 1.435, 17.884), community mobility (OR = 2.933, 95% CI = 0.868, 9.910), and stairs (OR = 5.817, 95% CI = 1.424, 23.756) after controlling for multiple comparisons. LT participants reported significantly greater improvements in primary and secondary measures of mobility and independence (FIM Total Motor score; FIM Transfer Index) compared to UC participants. Self-reported mobility outcomes were not significant between groups.

Household Mobility and Mortgage Rate Lock

Household Mobility and Mortgage Rate Lock

Measuring Income Mobility, Income Inequality, and Social Welfare for Households of the People's Republic of China

Measuring Income Mobility, Income Inequality, and Social Welfare for Households of the People's Republic of China

Stamping out stamp duty: Housing mismatch and welfare

Property transaction taxes—also known as stamp duty—are widely viewed as an inefficient form of taxation. In this paper, we examine the welfare implications of removing stamp duty in a general equilibrium overlapping generation model with heterogeneous agents. Our model features an idiosyncratic shock to housing preferences, which may create mismatch or induce households to move. We calibrate the model to the Australian housing market, and conduct counterfactual policy experiments where stamp duty is replaced with recurrent property or consumption taxes. We find that removing stamp duty raises household mobility and reduces the degree of housing mismatch substantially. When examining steady states, we find that newborn households prefer entering an economy with a recurring property tax rather than one with stamp duty. In contrast, when examining the transition we find that existing households prefer replacing stamp duty with a consumption tax.