Household Facilities Research Articles

DYULA MESA ROSH AND HIS BASHKIR COLLECTION AT THE HUNGARIAN ETHNOGRAPHIC MUSEUM

In 1909, the Hungarian scientist Gyula Meszaros visited the Bashkirs and collected a unique ethnographic collection. His research took place on the actual territory of the districts Baymak, Abzelilovsky of the Republic of Bashkortostan, the Kurgan region, and the Perm region. The trip, which was initially organized to collect information confirming the Bashkir-Hungarian kinship, did not achieve its goal, since Meszaros, after three months of work, came to the conclusion that there were no ethnic ties between the two nations. However, his collection which is now kept in the Ethnographic Museum of Budapest is one of the most valuable sources in the study of the ethnography of the Bashkirs. It consists of household items, household facilities, clothing of the Bashkirs, as well as unique photographs illustrating the life of the Bashkir nomads of the early 20th century.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТИ РОЗРОБКИ ТА ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ ТЕХНОЛОГІЇ АВТОМАТИЗОВАНОГО ЕНЕРГОЕФЕКТИВНОГО КЕРУВАННЯ ТЕПЛОНАСОСНИМИ СИСТЕМАМИ МЕТОДАМИ КОМП’ЮТЕРНОГО ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТУ

The development of energy-efficient indoor management systems, involving the current engineering and technical solutions to control and optimize energy consumption, is both relevant and promising area. This allows addressing the issues of saving energy resources; improving energy efficiency; and strengthening energy independence. The use of geothermal heat pumps and air conditioning systems with heat utilization are the advanced areas for the development of energy-efficient technologies in the construction sector. The paper concerns the study of technical-functional and energy characteristics, and parameters of a residential building heat supply system with integrated automated control means by synthesizing computer-oriented and computer-integrated models of heating and air conditioning systems using a geothermal heat pump and a thermal accumulator which will increase the energy efficiency of the building and optimize the use of thermal energy throughout the year. The object of study is the processes of accumulation, distribution and utilization of thermal energy in heating and air conditioning systems. The subject of the study is computer-aided models of indoor heat supply including a geothermal heat pump, a thermal accumulator and a radiator heating system as well as an air conditioning system with the possibility of heat utilization. The main scientific and practical effect of the obtained results is the development of computer-oriented models of indoor heating and air conditioning systems which, unlike the previously known ones, implement adaptive heat utilization to the heat accumulator for hot water supply needs. Further promising research in the areas will expand and deepen the scientific substantiation of software and hardware solutions aimed at improving the energy efficiency of heat engineering industrial and household facilities and processes.

Strengthening the Blue Economy through Marine, Coastal Resources and the Social Environment

The fisheries sector is a sector which supports Indonesia’s development, because the waters in Indonesia are wider than the land. Central Java is a region that has a long coastline stretching along the north coast and the south coast of Java. This supports the development of fisheries potential in Indonesia. Research on the blue economy theme for the fisheries sector is being promoted. The method used is an analysis of economic aspects in Central Java, especially people engaged in fisheries (GRDP and income per capita), potential fisheries resources, human resource potential (number of fish fishermen and cultivators), fisheries households, as well as aspects of production and value fisheries production. The results of this research can provide an overview of the potential of fisheries in Central Java to facilitate their management. The research results show that GRDP in the fields of fisheries, forestry, and agriculture during the 2018-2022 period was 3.23%-7.33%; the highest per capita expenditure in the food sector is used to purchase food, and non-food cost is for housing and household facilities. The highest fish resource potential is a small pelagic fish. The most increased fisheries production in 2022 in the Central Java region will be in Rembang and Pati Regencies which have coastlines and are coastal areas.
 Keywords: fisheries, blue economy, coastal resources, marine resources

Changes in the structure of household expenditure in urban and rural China

ABSTRACT In the last two decades, China has witnessed a remarkable change in household expenditure structure following the rapid growth of household income. Using provincial-level panel data from 2001 to 2019 and the Quadratic Almost Ideal Demand System model, we derive the expenditure elasticities, as well as uncompensated and compensated price elasticities, for urban and rural households. Our results suggest that food and clothing are ‘necessity’ goods, whereas residence, education, and transportation are ‘luxury’ goods for both urban and rural households. Household facilities and medical services are necessities for urban households, while they are luxuries for rural households. All own-price elasticity estimates are negative, indicating that no Giffen goods exist. We also observe temporal changes in the household expenditure structure over China’s Five-Year Plan cycles. Finally, we find significant differences in the own-price elasticity across the eastern, central, and western regions with varying levels of economic development.

Determining the influential factors of postnatal care in Bangladesh using multilevel logistic regression.

Postnatal care (PNC) is the care of a newborn and mother for up to six weeks from one hour of placenta birth. The postnatal period is one of the most hazardous stages for mothers and their baby's health. The PNC is influenced by several maternal, family, biological, and socio-economic factors and it is necessary to identify the most significant factors of PNC. Therefore, the authors focus on determining the significant determinants of postnatal care in Bangladesh. This study is based on a secondary dataset extracted from the Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS)-2017/18. Descriptive statistics, chi-square test, and multilevel logistic regression have been used to determine the contributing factors of PNC. The rate of postnatal care was highest in Sylhet (73.7%) and lowest in Dhaka (57.1%). Female babies had 10.1% less odds of having postnatal care than male babies. Findings depict that the children with 1-3 siblings have 1. 82 times more odds (odds ratio (OR):1.82, 95% confidence interval (CI):0.03-3.21) of PNC than babies without any siblings. Children who suffered from fever recently had 1.25 times (OR = 1.25, 95% CI:1.09-1.45) more odds of taking PNC than their counterparts. Children of working mothers had 1.33 times (OR:1.33, 95% CI:1.14-1.56) more odds of having PNC than children of non-working mothers. The sex of a child, birth order number, place of residence, region, receiving Bacillus Calmette-Guérin (BCG) vaccine, number of antenatal care visits, having fever recently, number of household members, media exposure, and household facilities are significantly linked with PNC in Bangladesh. To ensure the good health of a child, it is necessary to focus on the targeted groups and put emphasis on the identified variables. The authors believe that the findings will be helpful to the policymakers of Bangladesh to lessen childhood morbidities which will be helpful in achieving the target of the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs) for reducing preventable maternal and under-five deaths by 2030.

МОДЕЛЮВАННЯ ЕВАКУАЦІЇ ЛЮДЕЙ ПРИ ПОЖЕЖІ ЗА ДОПОМОГОЮ ПРОГРАМНОГО ЗАБЕЗПЕЧЕННЯ PATHFINDER

This research analyses scientific publications that highlight the problems of evacuation of people during emergencies and the latest methods, techniques and strategies. It is determined that the PATHFINDER software complex gives a more accurate calculation compared to the simplified analytical model. The PATHFINDER software complex allows to simulate evacuation in various buildings and areas. Moreover it gives a wider range of possibilities, such as: simulation of evacuation of people with disabilities; ability to set and adjust the speed of agents in different sections of the escape route; the presence of a function that regulates the onset of movement of agents in a given behaviour. In this work the computer simulation of the actual time of evacuation of people from the integral property complex of industrial and household facilities was carried out. The duration of the evacuation of people from the rooms of buildings and structures bases on the model of the movement of people to the exit in one of the following ways: based on a simplified analytical model of human flow; based on a mathematical model of the individual-flowing movement of people from a building or structure; based on a simulation-stochastic model of human flows. These calculations were performed in accordance with the recommendations and instructions using the PATHFINDER software for the two most likely fire scenarios. According to the scenario, the fire occurred in the room with the highest fire-hazardous load or in the room with the smallest volume: scenario 1 - fire occurs in the hot shop; scenario 2 - a fire occurs in the administrative room. The software provides an opportunity to quickly calculate various ways of evacuating people from the rooms. The use of PATHFINDER software gives more accurate results than the calculation given in regulatory document, due to the greater detalization of the evacuation calculation, and also helps to avoid possible errors and reduce calculation errors.

The influence of household disadvantage on educational achievement inequality in Pakistan: Evidence from Annual Status of Education Report data

Inequity in education is a worldwide concern and there is a growing need to investigate educational achievement inequality in a nuanced and contextual manner. This study aims to elucidate the growing educational achievement inequality within Pakistan by addressing two key questions: What can be revealed about the influence of family socioeconomic condition and household characteristics on children’s disparate educational achievement in Pakistan? And what role do private schools and paid tuition play in exacerbating disparity in learning outcomes? In this study, we applied the concept of Equity in Education, particularly the impartiality approach, to consider disadvantaged conditions among children. We have analyzed the Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) Pakistan household-based survey data ( N = 247,978) conducted in 2021. Our analysis involved both descriptive and logistic regression techniques. Students’ achievement in the local language, arithmetic, and English language served as a dependent variable, while household factors remained a predictable variable. The results revealed that family socioeconomic factors including parents’ education and income, household facilities, and school types have a significant influence on children’s learning achievement and contribute to educational inequality. This study provides further insights for researchers and policymakers to better understand and address educational inequality in its specific context.

Investigating the effect of inflation on the consumption pattern of Iranian households

The big data sources of National Statistical Offices (NSOs) are provided to make a superior platform for decision-making. The household income and expenditure survey is one of the economically important surveys especially when the inflation rate varies to assess the changes in households’ consumption patterns. In this case, big data can be beneficial and help to accurately measure consumption patterns of urban and rural households at every geographical level. This analysis is an exploratory study for the extraction of the size of injustice and imparity of household income and facilities implemented by classifying and clustering all Iranian households. Through this study, classification and soft clustering (Fuzzy clustering) techniques are employed to characterize the Iranian household types from 2011 to 2021, which are supervised and unsupervised approaches, respectively. Moreover, association rule mining techniques are employed to discover and extract consumption patterns for each cluster. Obtained results showed that there was a significant gap between purchasing power/receiving energy between lowest and highest income households from 2011 to 2021, and this gap is increasing day by day.

ANALISIS HASIL PENGELOLAAN TANAMAN JAGUNG UNTUK MENINGKATKAN KESEJAHTERAAN MASYARAKAT KECAMATAN SUELA

This study aims to determine how the maize crop management results can improve the welfare of the community in Suela District, and to determine the impact of the maize crop management pattern to improve the community welfare in Suela District. The results of the study show: first, in the results of corn crop management several management activities are carried out, namely preparation, implementation of supervision, harvest and post-harvest. Management of corn plants is carried out to minimize the occurrence of a loss to corn production. Second, the impact of corn management patterns to improve people's welfare seen from the level of welfare according to BPS includes household income, expenditure or consumption, living conditions, household facilities, health of family members, ease of obtaining health services, and ease of entering children into education levels. Based on the results of the analysis of the management results of corn plants, it is known that the level of community welfare in Suela District is at a high level of 90% and a medium level of 10%.

The energy rebound effect in households: Evidence from urban and rural areas in Beijing

With Beijing facing greater pressure for energy conservation, improving energy efficiency becomes more necessary. However, the energy rebound effect may weaken this energy-saving effect. Using the LA-AIDS (Linear Approximation of the Almost Ideal Demand System) model and simulation analysis, this paper evaluates the energy rebound effects of different commodity groups in Beijing’s urban and rural households during 2000–2019. Then, the Slutsky decomposition equation is introduced to decompose the energy rebound caused by the substitution and income effects. Results suggest that: (1) The energy consumption of urban and rural residents shows a partial rebound in most years, and the energy rebound effect of rural residents exceeded that of urban residents after 2010. (2) The income effect from commodity price changes is the main source of the energy rebound effect both in urban and rural households. (3) The commodity groups Residence, Household facilities & Services, Transportation & Communication and Health care & Medical services have the same influencing direction on the energy rebound effect in urban and rural residents, while the commodity groups Food, Tobacco & Alcohol, Clothing and Culture, Education & Entertainment have different influencing direction. Finally, suggestions are provided for alleviating the energy rebound effect of households in Beijing.

Особенности трансформации микроэлементного состава почв города Ставрополя под влиянием урбогенеза

The article discusses the features of changes in the microelement composition of urban soils of the Stavropol agglomeration under the influence of urban genesis. Urban genesis, as a combination of technogenesis and landscape genesis on the territory of urban development, affects many aspects of soil functioning. Their physical properties, chemical composition, structure and mutual arrangement of genetic horizons change. Of particular relevance is the establishment of the specifics of the transformation of the microelement composition of urban soils in connection with the environmental hazard of a significant amount of trace elements classified as heavy metals. The city of Stavropol is characterized by a complex type of development, which combines one-story and multistory buildings, industrial infrastructure, and household facilities. This leads to the formation of multidirectional flows of pollutants, most of which enters the soil or subsoils. The presence of a clearly defined slope relief in the central part of the city causes the redistribution of silty fractions with water and air flows in an easterly direction. At the same time, differences in the nature of soil-forming rocks for different parts of the city largely change the pattern of differentiation of microelements in the soils of the city, associated with the peculiarities of their fixation in the composition of soil compounds. For the northwestern and central regions of the city, where Sarmatian limestone-shell rocks are exposed to the surface, calcium carbonates play a decisive role in the binding of trace elements in soils. In the soils of the southwestern and southern districts of the city, formed on loess-like loams, organomineral complexes of humic acids are of great importance in fixing microelements. In the bottoms of river valleys and gullies, formed by erosion products of Sarmatian clays, microelements in soils are present in silty fractions. Under the forest parks of the city, several dominant phases - carriers of microelements in soils are formed, depending on the predominance of one or another type of soil-forming deposits in different parts of the forest. In general, the features of the fixation of microelements in the soils of the Stavropol urban agglomeration are determined both by the natural characteristics of the territory and the specifics of the anthropogenic impact on the soil cover of pollutant flows.

Expenditure Patterns of The Poor In Central Sulawesi

Eradication of poverty is one of the SDG's Goals. Increase in regional income and economic growth of Central Sulawesi has continued to occur in the last 5 years. However, Central Sulawesi still has poverty rates above the national average and relatively higher than other regions. Permendagri No. 53 of 2020 notes that one of the strategies related to poverty reduction is reducing the burden of spending on the poor. This study aims to explain how poor people allocate their expenditures. So it is hoped that it can add alternative regional poverty reduction policies. The data used is household expenditure data with the criteria below the Central Sulawesi Poverty Line. The database is sourced from raw data Susenas 2020. This study analyzes spending patterns, both food and non-food consumption components of the poor. The results showed that the consumption pattern of the poor was relatively larger for food consumption, namely 64 percent compared to non-food consumption at 36 percent. As for the details of the 5 largest food and non-food expenditure components, there are the Housing and Household Facilities component, the Grain component, the Prepared Food and Beverage component, the Miscellaneous Goods and Services component and the Cigarette and Tobacco component. This study recommends the interventions to reduce regional poverty through assistance in reducing the expenditure burden of the poor based on their needs according to the results of the study.

Expenditure Patterns of The Poor In Central Sulawesi

Eradication of poverty is one of the SDG's Goals. Increase in regional income and economic growth of Central Sulawesi has continued to occur in the last 5 years. However, Central Sulawesi still has poverty rates above the national average and relatively higher than other regions. Permendagri No. 53 of 2020 notes that one of the strategies related to poverty reduction is reducing the burden of spending on the poor. This study aims to explain how poor people allocate their expenditures. So it is hoped that it can add alternative regional poverty reduction policies. The data used is household expenditure data with the criteria below the Central Sulawesi Poverty Line. The database is sourced from raw data Susenas 2020. This study analyzes spending patterns, both food and non-food consumption components of the poor. The results showed that the consumption pattern of the poor was relatively larger for food consumption, namely 64 percent compared to non-food consumption at 36 percent. As for the details of the 5 largest food and non-food expenditure components, there are the Housing and Household Facilities component, the Grain component, the Prepared Food and Beverage component, the Miscellaneous Goods and Services component and the Cigarette and Tobacco component. This study recommends the interventions to reduce regional poverty through assistance in reducing the expenditure burden of the poor based on their needs according to the results of the study.

The Impact of Economic Pressure and Macroprudential Policies on Consumption Patterns between Household Groups

In a pandemic situation, the role of financial inclusion and macroprudential policies are very important for mitigating household vulnerabilities. This study analyzes the role of financial inclusion on household consumption during the pandemic using Indonesian household data at the micro-level and analyzing differences in consumption during a pandemic and macroprudential policies loosening period. This study uses descriptive analysis and logistic regression. The study shows that households who receive formal financial services, especially access to household credit, reduce the chances of being vulnerable during a pandemic. Furthermore, increases in GDP, education, and social assistance also reduce households' chances of vulnerability. Meanwhile, the decrease in the share of consumption of housing and household facilities to total expenditure occurred after implementing the Loan to Value (LTV) tightening. The increase in the share of housing and household facilities consumption also occurred after implementing the LTV loosening. This study recommends strengthening financial inclusion to mitigate the potential vulnerability of households during economic pressure. In addition, the LTV policy can be used as one of a countercyclical instrument.

Drinking water behavior and willingness to use filters by middle-aged and elderly residents in rural areas: A cross-sectional study in Tengchong, China.

Access to safe drinking water is critical to health and development issues, and residents' drinking behavior reflects their awareness of health and water hygiene. Random sampling and face-to-face questionnaires were used to investigate the drinking water behavior, sanitation and perceptions of drinking water among middle-aged and elderly residents in Tengchong, southwest Yunnan from July 1 to July 28, 2021. Differences between groups were assessed using the Chi-square test and t-test. Two binary logistic regression analyses were conducted to explore the influencing factors of drinking unboiled tap water and willingness to use filters. Results show that 35% of residents drink unboiled tap water, and 29.8% of respondents indicated a willingness to use filters. The model results showed a strong correlation between 60 and 79 years old (OR: 0.510, 95% CI: 0.303–0.858), 80 and above years old (OR: 0.118, 95% CI: 0.038–0.365), drinking water at a regular interval (OR: 0.397, 95% CI: 0.257–0.612), wanting to gain knowledge about drinking water (OR: 0.198, 95% CI: 0.099–0.395), Perceived health risks (PHR) (OR: 0.847, 95% CI: 0.771–0.929), having kidney stones (OR: 2.975, 95% CI: 1.708–5.253) and drinking unboiled tap water (p < 0.05). 60–79 years old (OR: 0.446, 95% CI: 0.244–0.815), 80 and above years old (OR: 0.228, 95% CI: 0.064–0.812), water storage (OR: 0.088, 95% CI: 0.026–0.300), middle school and above (OR: 2.238, 95% CI: 1.289–3.883), household water treatment (HWT) (OR: 33.704, 95% CI: 9.726–116.791), Perceived health risks (PHR) (OR:1.106, 95% CI: 1.009–1.213), water authority satisfaction (WAT) (OR:0.857, 95% CI: 0.769–0.956) and willingness to use filters were correlated (p < 0.05). Our findings suggested that a certain proportion of permanent middle-aged and elderly residents in rural areas still drink unboiled tap water, and residents are less willing to use filters. Residents' perception of drinking water can reflect residents' drinking water behavior and willingness to a certain extent. It is recommended that the government and Centers for Disease Control (CDC) should strengthen relevant measures such as knowledge popularization and health education, and regulate the water use behavior of middle-aged and elderly residents. Promote safe, economical and effective household water filtration facilities to ensure public health safety.

Study of scaling problem in the region of tata (Morocco): Analysis of the elemental composition, crystalline phases, and morphologies of scale deposition in water installations

In the region of Tata (southeast of Morocco), groundwater is the only resource for drinking and agriculture. However, the formation of mineral deposits, known as scaling, inside groundwater distribution networks and household facilities is significantly observed in this oasis area. This phenomenon leads to technical problems and substantial economic losses. The present study aims to perform a complete analysis of the natural scale extracted from the obstructed pipes in Tata city. Physicochemical analyses of water are first carried out. The elemental composition, crystalline phases, and morphologies of the extracted scale are then characterized by X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF), thermal gravimetric analysis (TGA), differential thermal analysis (DTA), X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) combined with an EDXS (Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy) analytical techniques.The results of physicochemical analyses reveal that Tata's groundwater is a very hard-brackish type of water and mainly dominated by Ca2+, Mg2+, SO42−, and HCO3− ion content. This strong hardness and slightly high mineralization are mainly affected by the nature of the geology of the region, which is composed essentially of CaO, MgO, and SiO2 elements. The XRF, EDXS, TGA, and TDA analyses show that calcium carbonate (CaCO3) is the major element in the studied scale sample with a percentage of 94.51%. The XRD, FTIR, and SEM techniques show that the crystalline structure of the studied scale is a mixture of 32% of Mg-calcite (Ca5·40Mg0·60C6·0O18.0) and 68% of aragonite (CaCO3) with rhombohedral and needle morphologies, respectively. The obtained results have provided data that can be used to highlight a new anti-scaling process in the Tata area.

CLUSTER STRUCTURES IN DEVELOPMENT EMPLOYMENT OF RURAL TERRITORY OF THE REGION

The article outlines the current state of socio-economic development of the region in the direction of the social sphere. It was established that the current state of the socio-economic infrastructure of the village confirms the presence of a deep crisis. The difficult situation of the village economy, long-term underfunding of the social sphere led to the threat of physical destruction of its material and technical potential. The existing material base of cultural and household facilities does not meet the standards. In rural areas, educational facilities in most cases do not have modern technical equipment for teaching, there is a shortage of teaching staff, and the level of their professional education is lower than in the city. The problems of employment in the rural areas of the region are analyzed. It was found that the employed population, which is released from agriculture for various reasons, can engage in non-agricultural activities, which will positively affect the growth of the income of the rural population. Therefore, it is possible to use not only agricultural land, but also natural and recreational resources, as well as a favorable habitat. However, local authorities do not pay due attention to the development of agricultural activities in the countryside, livestock farms and agricultural processing enterprises are shrinking. It is proposed to form an agricultural-tourist cluster to ensure uninterrupted supply of ecologically clean agricultural products and to solve the issue of employment of the region’s population. Thus, as an example of such formation, the agricultural and touristic potential of the Berezan district was used, within which there are 4 recreation areas: “Koblevo”, “Lugove”, “Morske”, “Rybakivka”. About 170 recreation centers offer their services to tourists from Ukraine and near abroad. About 180,000 people visit the Koblevo-Rybakiv recreation area every year. In order to provide 180,000 tourists with environmentally friendly food during the 5 months of the holiday season, it is necessary to allocate 6.4 hectares of arable land for the production of leafy vegetables, early cabbage, early potatoes, seasonal vegetables, melons and sweet corn; 28.6 hectares of perennial plantations for the production of berries and grapes; 856 hectares of agricultural land for the production of food products of animal origin. For the production of fresh baked goods, the peasants must purchase high-quality flour of industrial production. When forming the production zone, it is necessary to take into account the need to minimize transport costs. It was emphasized that the cluster should include rural areas located along the M14 highway and no further than 20-25 km from the Koblevo-Rybakiv recreation area. These are rural settlements that are under the jurisdiction of the Koblev Rural United Territorial Community. The number of able-bodied population within its borders is 5,514 people.

Analysis of income level and welfare of fishing gear fishers in Barombong Village, Makassar City South Sulawesi Province

This study aimed to analyze the income level of fishing gear fishers and analyze the welfare level of fishing gear fishers in Barombong Village, Makassar City, South Sulawesi Province. Techniques data collection is done using observation, interviews using questionnaires and documentation. The type of data collected is data that is by the prosperous family indicators based on the 2019 BPS, namely; income data, household consumption or expenditure data, living conditions, household facilities, the health of family members, ease of obtaining health services, ease of entering children into education level and ease of securing transportation facilities. This research was carried out in Barombong Kacan Tamalate Village, Makassar City, in February - April 2021. The results showed that fishing gear fishermen respondents' average income per year was Rp. 36,905,833/year or Rp. 3,075,486/month and fall into the category of low-income level. Based on the 2019 BPS indicators, it is known that 24 respondents from 10 groups of fishing gear fishermen in the Barombong Village, Makassar City belong to the high welfare level as many as 8 respondents (33%) with a total indicator score of 20. As many as 16 respondents (67%) belong to the moderate welfare level with total indicator scores ranging from 18-19. Based on these results, it can be seen that the standard of living of fishing gear fishers in the Barombong Village, Makassar City, is classified as prosperous, with the fact that the income of respondents is low. Still, most of the life support has been provided by the government, especially in the health and education sectors, so that it does not burden household expenses. The addition of new jobs needs to be done as another source of income to increase welfare from a moderate level of interest to a high level of welfare.

Flexible Wood-Based Triboelectric Self-Powered Smart Home System.

With the rapid development of the Internet of Things, artificial intelligence, and big data, the smart home has played a critical role in human life and smart cities, where large amounts of distributed sensors should be applied. Here, we report a natural wood-based triboelectric self-powered sensor (WTSS) for building the smart home system. Based on an effective and simple treatment strategy for natural wood, the WTSS shows superior sensitivity, flexibility, stability, and thinness. Owing to the extensive use of wood materials in home construction, the WTSS is integrated with household facilities and applied in three real-time human-machine interfaces, including a smart home control system, a smart password gate control system, and a smart floor monitoring system, with advantages of low cost, easy operation, and eco-friendliness. This work promotes the development of wood-based flexible electronics and shows potential applications in the construction of smart homes and future cities.

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells with a Thin Film Electrolyte: A Review on Manufacturing Technologies and Electrochemical Characteristicses

Solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) are electrochemical systems converting the energy released during fuel oxidation into electrical energy. SOFCs are considered as a promising clean energy technology due to the high efficiency of fuel-to-power conversion and environmental friendliness. The potential applications of SOFCs extend from stationary power generation units for industrial and household facilities to auxiliary power units in vehicles and portable power sources. One of the main elements of SOFCs is a solid oxide electrolyte possessing ionic conductivity at high temperatures (above 700 °C). The main challenge in the SOFC commercialization is related to their high operating temperature, which entails materials degradation, short life-time, long start-up and shut-down times, and high cost. One of the most effective ways to reduce the SOFC operating temperature is to minimize the electrolyte thickness. In this regard, fabrication of SOFCs with a thin film electrolyte has been attracting high research activity over the past few decades. Different fabrication techniques were reported to be applicable for manufacturing thin film SOFCs, and the fuel cell performance was found to be highly dependent on the appropriate selection of materials and processing technologies. The present review is focused on state-of-the-art fabrication technologies of the thin film SOFCs. A brief survey of configurations and geometries of the thin film SOFCs and methods of deposition of solid-oxide films is given. Special attention is focused on the electrical generation performance of the thin film SOFCs.