Household Cleaning Products Research Articles

Decolorization of Acid Yellow 17 by ozonation and Peroxone (O3/H2O2) Process

In this study, the decolorization of Acid Yellow 17, a mono azo dye with a wide range of applications such as in food, textiles, personal care products, and household cleaning products, was investigated in aqueous solutions using ozonation and peroxone processes. The effects of ozone gas flow rate (150, 200, and 250 L/h), ozone gas concentration (5.5, 11, and 16.5 g/m3), initial dye concentration (100, 200, and 300 mg/L), and hydrogen peroxide concentration (25, 50 and 62.5 mg/L) on decolorization in the batch bubble reactor were investigated. When the ozone gas flow rate was increased from 150 L/h to 200 L/h in the ozonation process, the removal efficiency increased from 70% to 80.2%. At gas flow rates above 200 L/h, removal was negatively affected. The removal efficiency increased with increasing ozone gas concentration, and at the end of the 45-minute reaction time, a removal efficiency of 98% was achieved at an ozone gas concentration of 16 g/m3. The increase in initial dye concentrations decreases the removal efficiency due to the increase in the amount of pollutant per unit ozone molecule. In the peroxane process, the effect of hydrogen peroxide on color removal was limited. It was determined that the ozonation process was more effective for the removal of Acid Yellow 17 from aqueous solutions.

The mitochondrial genome of Lavandula angustifolia Mill. (Lamiaceae) sheds light on its genome structure and gene transfer between organelles

BackgroundLavandula angustifolia holds importance as an aromatic plant with extensive applications spanning the fragrance, perfume, cosmetics, aromatherapy, and spa sectors. Beyond its aesthetic and sensory applications, this plant offers medicinal benefits as a natural herbal remedy and finds use in household cleaning products. While extensive genomic data, inclusive of plastid and nuclear genomes, are available for this species, researchers have yet to characterize its mitochondrial genome. This gap in knowledge hampers deeper understanding of the genome organization and its evolutionary significance.ResultsThrough the course of this study, we successfully assembled and annotated the mitochondrial genome of L. angustifolia, marking a first in this domain. This assembled genome encompasses 61 genes, which comprise 34 protein-coding genes, 24 transfer RNA genes, and three ribosomal RNA genes. We identified a chloroplast sequence insertion into the mitogenome, which spans a length of 10,645 bp, accounting for 2.94% of the mitogenome size. Within these inserted sequences, there are seven intact tRNA genes (trnH-GUG, trnW-CCA, trnD-GUC, trnS-GGA, trnN-GUU, trnT-GGU, trnP-UGG) and four complete protein-coding genes (psbA, rps15, petL, petG) of chloroplast derivation. Additional discoveries include 88 microsatellites, 15 tandem repeats, 74 palindromic repeats, and 87 forward long repeats. An RNA editing analysis highlighted an elevated count of editing sites in the cytochrome c oxidase genes, notably ccmB with 34 editing sites, ccmFN with 32, and ccmC with 29. All protein-coding genes showed evidence of cytidine-to-uracil conversion. A phylogenetic analysis, utilizing common protein-coding genes from 23 Lamiales species, yielded a tree with consistent topology, supported by high confidence values.ConclusionsAnalysis of the current mitogenome resource revealed its typical circular genome structure. Notably, sequences originally from the chloroplast genome were found within the mitogenome, pointing to the occurrence of horizontal gene transfer between organelles. This assembled mitogenome stands as a valuable resource for subsequent studies on mitogenome structures, their evolution, and molecular biology.

Changes in household use of disinfectant and cleaning products during the first lockdown period in France

BackgroundFew studies evaluated the use of Household Disinfectant and Cleaning Products (HDCPs) during the COVID-19 pandemic, but no population-based cohorts used longitudinal data. We studied changes in HDCPs during the first lockdown, based on longitudinal data from the French population-based NutriNet-Santé and CONSTANCES cohorts.MethodsBased on standardized questionnaires on household cleaning tasks in 2018–2019 and around the first lockdown in France (March17-May3 2020), we compared the duration of weekly use of HDCPs (< 1 day/week, < 10 min/week; 10-30 min/week; > 30 min/week) and the household cleaning help (yes/no) before and during the lockdown period by Bhapkar and McNemar’s tests. Moreover, we assessed self-reported changes in the frequency of HDCPs during the lockdown from before (unchanged/increased).ResultsAnalyses were carried on 31,105 participants of NutriNet-Santé (48 years, 75% women, 81% ≥ high school diploma) and 49,491 of CONSTANCES (47 years, 51% women, 87% ≥ high school diploma). During the lockdown, compared with 2018–2019, duration of HDCPs use increased (> 30 min; NutriNet-Santé: 44% versus 18%; CONSTANCES: 63% versus 16%) and household help decreased (NutriNet-Santé: 5% versus 40%; CONSTANCES: 3% versus 56%). Regarding the frequency of HDCPs use, 55% of participants of NutriNet-Santé (57% women/49% men) and 83% of CONSTANCES (86% women/81% men) reported an increased use since the beginning of the lockdown, significantly higher among women (p < 0.0001).ConclusionsThe frequency and duration of weekly use of HDCPs has significantly increased since the pandemic. As the use of HDCPs is associated with health issues, further studies are now needed to evaluate the potential health impacts of these changes.

Assessment of acute poisoning in children using poisoning severity scores: A cross-sectional study at Damietta General Hospital Egypt

Acute poisoning is a prevalent health issue, particularly among children, due to their natural curiosity and tendency to explore. This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the characteristics, causes, clinical presentation, and outcomes of acute intoxication in children at Damietta General Hospital, Egypt. We included 106 pediatric patients (aged under 18 years) with a clear history or clinical signs of acute poisoning. Data collection encompassed sociodemographic information, type of poison, mode of poisoning, and clinical outcomes. Poison Severity Score (PSS) was employed to assess the severity. The most affected age group was preschool children (3–6 years), accounting for 41.5 % of cases, with males representing 52.8 %. Accidental poisoning constituted 83 % of cases, with household cleaning products (34 %) and petroleum products (18.9 %) being the most common toxic agents. Clinical outcomes revealed that 33 % of patients experienced morbidity, with electrolyte imbalances being the most prevalent complication. The overall cure rate was 94.3 %, while the mortality rate was 5.7 %. This study highlights the significance of parental education and preventive measures, especially in rural areas, to reduce the risk of pediatric poisoning. The PSS proved useful in guiding clinical care, supporting its further use in pediatric toxicology settings.

Quantification of linear alkylbenzene sulphonates in complex sludge samples: Influence of matrix effects in calibration methods

Linear Alkylbenzene Sulfonates (LAS) are among the priority organic pollutants in sludge owing to their high concentrations, due to its use as a major cleaning agent (surfactant) in laundry detergents and household cleaning products, and to the concentration limits of 2,600 mg/kg outlined in the EU directive draft for land application of sludge. In this work, a method has been optimized and validated for the accurate quantification of LAS homologues C10-C13 in different types of samples in the sludge treatment and disposal process including primary, secondary, and digested sludge, compost, and soil. The type of matrix had a significant impact on the method’s validation process, resulting in the need of the use of distinct dilution factors for each matrix. Overall, the procedure propose involves a cost-effective and user-friendly technique that combines both extraction and clean-up in a single step (ultrasound-assisted extraction and dispersive solid phase extraction). Analytical determination is conducted using liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. The method demonstrated excellent accuracy (relative recoveries exceeding 84.5 % across all types of sludge samples) and the limit of quantification enables the measurement of LAS concentrations up to 1000 times lower than the concentration limits stipulated in the EU directive draft. For an accurate quantification, three calibration approaches were tested (external calibration, standard addition, and matrix-matched calibration). Standard addition was the preferred method for quantitative analysis. It helps mitigate matrix effects that could otherwise distort the accuracy of analyte measurements, making it crucial for quality control, especially in monitoring applications where matrix effects may introduce bias into concentration calculations.

Synthesis of narrow-distributed Guerbet dodecyl alcohol ethoxylates on Ca(OAc)2 catalyst and theirs surface properties

Despite significant breakthroughs that have been made in the application performance of traditionally distributed Guerbet alcohol ethoxylates (GAEO), research on the characteristics of their narrow distribution products remains relatively limited. Herein, a series of hydrophilic and hydrophobic nonionic surfactants have been synthesized via the ethoxylation of 2-butyl-octanol with ethylene oxide. Ca(OAc)2 was employed as a narrow distribution (NRD) catalyst, while KOH served as a broad distribution (BRD) catalyst. The synthesized products were characterized using Fourier-transform infrared (FT-IR), 1H and 13C nuclear magnetic resonance (1H, 13C NMR) spectroscopy. In addition, a comprehensive assessment of the physicochemical and surface properties of the NRD GAEO surfactants was conducted through systematic investigations. The results were then compared to conventionally distributed GAEO surfactants. The study has demonstrated that NRD GAEO surfactants exhibited lower critical micelle concentration (CMC) values, which have the higher efficiency of the surfactant application. In addition, the NRD products have superior wettability performance, reduced foaming capacity in foam properties, and improved rapid defoaming capacities. In regarding their other properties, they closely mirrored the performance of BRD products. These findings will contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the properties of NRD ethoxylates and have substantial practical implications in optimizing personal care and household cleaning products.

The Effect of Gestational PFOS Exposure on Metabolism in the F344 Rat

Perfluorooctanesulfonate (or PFOS) is a type of PFOA known as (per-and poly-fluorinated alkylated substance) which is a manufactured compound chemical made of a strong carbon-fluorine and sulfonic acid. Due to its hydrophobic and lipophobic properties, industries use it in food wrappers, fire-fighting foam, sweat-proof clothing, and household cleaning products. PFOS exposure is an endocrine disruptor that may induce Metabolic Syndrome (MetS), an association of disorders that increases the risk of significant health issues like heart disease, diabetes, and stroke. Gestational and lactational exposure to Perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) in F344/Stm rats was hypothesized to induce metabolic dysfunction in both female and male offspring. Pregnant F344 rats were given a control diet or diet containing 15mg/kg or 30mg/kg of PFOS; measures of body weight and body composition through nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were performed, and tissue was measured at the euthanasia of the dams. Both female and male offspring exposed during pregnancy and lactation were subject to the same protocol with tissue collection at three ages. On both low and high doses of PFOS, the pregnant females showed a decreased body weight gain compared to the control group; males and females also showed decreased body weight at three weeks of age when weaned from the exposed female. At 16 weeks of age, the same patterns were not revealed. The results from NMR suggested a 21% decrease in fat percentage and a 23% decrease in fat for the high exposure in the dams. The offspring at three weeks old showed a reduction in fat mass, fat mass %, and fat-free % in both high and low-dose groups compared to the control group; on the other hand, at 16 weeks old, this trend is not shown. The results suggest that PFOS had a short-term metabolic effect on the offspring at the younger; however, at the adult age, they seem to recover their initial phenotypes. For future studies, it suggested the focus on underlying mechanisms responsible for the rodent's recovery. ASPIRE Program (R25HL168782) Medical College of Wisconsin. This is the full abstract presented at the American Physiology Summit 2024 meeting and is only available in HTML format. There are no additional versions or additional content available for this abstract. Physiology was not involved in the peer review process.

A PROFILE OF POISONING CASES IN MALAYSIA CAUSED BY HOUSEHOLD CHEMICAL PRODUCTS: 14 YEARS OF REPORTED CASES TO THE NATIONAL POISON CENTRE

The increase in chemical product manufacturing in Malaysia contributed to an expanding array of commercialised household chemical products (HCP). These products, after pesticides and pharmaceuticals, rank among the top three poison reagents listed by the Malaysia National Poison Centre. This study conducts a retrospective review of HCP poisoning admissions to the NPC over a 14-year period, aiming to evaluate the HCP poisoning rates in Malaysia. The database of HCP poisoning exposure calls received by the NPC from 2006 to 2020 was analysed and discussed. State profiles and populationbased incidence rates revealed 15,381 HCP poisoning cases. Household cleaning products emerged as the predominant poison reagent (53%) during the study period, followed by solvents and cosmetic/personal care items. The increase in poisoning cases by these products coincided with the spread of the COVID-19 disease. West Coast states (Selangor and Perak) reported higher poisoning exposures compared with East Coast states (Kelantan and Terengganu), with urbanisation appearing to play a role in the disparity of HCP poisoning cases among states. The study recommends intensified prevention efforts and enforcement of HCP poisoning regulations as a fundamental step towards developing national poisoning preventive strategies.

Exogenous intoxication in patients treated at the Toxicological Information and Assistance Center during the COVID-19 pandemic

Poisoning is defined as an adverse event resulting from the action of chemical substances that induces a pathology in an individual. The World Health Organization (WHO) has reported three million hospital admissions occurring annually due to toxic exposure worldwide. The growth of SARS-CoV-2 infection cases in 2020 also significantly increased calls to Poison Centers due to exposure to cleaning products, hand sanitizers, and disinfectants in early March 2020 in the United States. Based on this scenario, it was hypothesized that the pattern of exogenous intoxication has changed. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the epidemiological profile of exogenous intoxications recorded by CIATOX-DF from March 2020 to February 2021, during the COVID-19 pandemic. At that time, there was an increase in accidental, environmental, venomous, and non-venomous animal cases, especially in babies, pre-adolescents, adolescents (11 to 15 years old), and women, due to the greater exposure of this age group and gender who have spent more time in rural environments. Most poisonings were accidental. It was observed that there was a decrease in suicide cases, but within these cases, there was a trend increase in poisoning in pre-adolescents and adolescents (11 to 15 years old) compared to other ages, which can be related to an increase in anxiety within this age group. The main toxic agents were venomous and non-venomous animals. The pattern of high frequency in cases involving medicines, pesticides, and household cleaning products was maintained, with a significant increase in cases involving 70% alcohol. It was found that patients living in towns further away from the Pilot Plan in Brasilia suffer accidents involving venomous animals. Accidental and attempted suicide cases occurred more frequently in cities closer to the Pilot Plan region. We concluded that these changes were explained by the new pattern of social behavior during the pandemic.

Pengaruh Persepsi Kualitas, Persepsi Nilai, Persepsi Kepuasan dan Persepsi Diferensiasi terhadap Kesetiaan Merek yang Dimediasi oleh Kepercayaan Merek pada Merek Polki

&lt;p align="center"&gt;&lt;em&gt;Abstract&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;The development of household cleaning products continues to expand from year to year creating a potential for companies to increase the number of consumers through quality perception, value perceptions, satisfaction perceptions and differentiation perceptions. The study aims to examine the influence of quality perceptions, value perceptions and satisfaction perceptions on brand loyalty mediated by brand trust in the POLKI brand. The sample in this study had 181 respondents who met the criteria. In this study, data is being processed using Smart PLS 3.0. The results of this study show that brand trust has a significant influence on brand loyalty. There is a significant impact between quality perception, value perception and satisfaction perception on brand trust. There are insignificant influences between the perception of quality, appreciation of value, satisfaction and differentiation perceptions of brand loyality. And there is a minor influence between differential perceptions and brand confidence. In addition, there are significant influences among quality perceptions, appreciations of value and satisfactions perceptions on brand faith mediated by brand trusts. &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Examining the effect of consumption values on green FMCG purchase behaviour: a focus on the theory of consumption values

PurposeThis study investigates the influence of consumption values on green Fast-Moving Consumer Goods (FMCG) purchase behaviour in the context of green household cleaning products in the Western Province of Sri Lanka.Design/methodology/approachWe used the survey strategy and 326 effective responses as the sample of this study.FindingsOur findings reveal that specific consumption values, specifically functional, conditional and epistemic values, significantly impact green FMCG purchase behavior towards green household cleaning products. However, social and emotional values did not substantially influence this behavior.Practical implicationsThe results of our study suggest practical implications for green FMCG marketers aiming to boost consumer adoption of green household cleaning products in Sri Lanka. To achieve this, marketers should focus on enhancing consumer value perceptions and strategically emphasize the consumption values consumers prioritize. Green FMCG marketers have a competitive advantage in the Sri Lankan market by doing so.Originality/valueThis research addresses a notable gap in the literature concerning green FMCG purchase behavior related to green household cleaning products within international and local contexts. Furthermore, this study distinguishes itself by adopting the Theory of Consumption Values as its foundational theory, offering fresh insights compared to previous research employing alternate theories, such as the Theory of Planned Behavior and the Theory of Reasoned Action, to examine similar phenomena.

Invisible Threats in Daily Life: Evaluating VOCs, Metals, and Hazards of Household Cleaning Products by Type

Household cleaning products (HCPs) are widely used; however, their airborne emissions and hazards have not been thoroughly studied. This study is aimed at evaluating the concentrations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) and metals present in HCPs and the hazards associated with them. A total of 23 VOCs and 19 metals from 75 HCPs (four spray types and 14 intended usage categories) were analyzed using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and inductively coupled plasma‐mass spectrometry/optical emission spectroscopy. The largest number of VOCs (21 of 23 ingredients) were detected in spray‐type and had the highest frequency (176). d‐Limonene was found in almost all products (69 of 75) and had the highest concentration. Benzene, a carcinogen, was detected in six spray‐type products. Only three of the 23 VOCs—d‐limonene, ethyl acetate, and heptane—appeared in three, one, and one product labels, respectively. Eight of 19 metals were primarily detected in spray‐type and spray foam‐type products, with sodium, magnesium, and calcium as the main components. Nickel, another carcinogen, was detected in both spray‐type and trigger‐type products. Caution is required when using spray‐type products, especially sticker/glue/tar/oil removers containing benzene and nickel. The study discovered that the VOCs and metals varied by their spray type and lacked sufficient harmful information.

Ecotoxicological Effects of Sodium Metasilicate on Two Hydra Species, Hydra viridissima Pallas, 1766 and Hydra oligactis Pallas, 1766

Sodium metasilicate (SM) is a synthetic hazardous water-soluble salt used in industry as an active ingredient in household cleaning products. The impact of SM on the aquatic environment has been discussed worldwide, but its toxicity has not been well documented and researched. Studies have only been performed on a handful of aquatic organisms: algae, plants, blackworms, water fleas, dipteran larvae, and two fish species. Hydra is a simple freshwater cnidarian with diploblastic organisation, where all the cells are in permanent contact with the surrounding aqueous media, and represents a sensitive model organism for environmental toxicity assessments. This research aimed to determine and compare the effect of SM on the morphology, excitability, and behaviour of green and brown hydra and endosymbiotic microalgae as a microbiome of green hydra. The hydras were treated with four sublethal SM concentrations (0.050, 0.365, 0.380, and 0.390 g/L) for 72 h. Standard preparations were made for the cyto-histological analysis of green hydra, and damaged cellular layers and mesoglea and a changed distribution of microalgae were recorded. The SM caused muted responses to mechanical stimuli and damage to the tentacles in both hydra species. The changes were more pronounced in brown hydra, while green hydra showed better adaptability to unfavourable environmental conditions.

Mutagenicity Assessment of Homologous Series of Methyl Ester Sulphonates (MES) Using the Bacterial Reverse Mutation (Ames) Test.

Methyl ester sulphonate (MES) is an anionic surfactant that is suitable to be used as an active ingredient in household products. Four palm-based MES compounds with various carbon chains, namely C12, C14, C16 and C16/18 MES, were assayed by the in vitro bacterial reverse mutation (Ames) test in the Salmonella typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 and the Escherichia coli strain WP2 uvrA, with the aim of establishing the safety data of the compounds, specifically their mutagenicity. The test was also carried out on linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) for comparison. The plate incorporation method was conducted according to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) Test Guideline 471. All compounds were tested at five analysable non-cytotoxic concentrations, varying from .001mg/plate to 5mg/plate, with and without S-9 metabolic activation. All tested concentrations showed no significant increase in the number of revertant colonies compared to revertant colonies of the negative control. The Ames test indicated that each concentration of C12, C14, C16, C16/18 MES, and LAS used in this study induced neither base-pair substitutions nor frame-shift mutations in the S. typhimurium strains TA98, TA100, TA1535, and TA1537 and the E. coli strain WP2 uvrA. The results showed that C12, C14, C16 and C16/18 MES have no potential mutagenic properties in the presence and absence of S-9 metabolic activation, similarly to LAS. Therefore, the MES is safe to be used as an alternative to petroleum-based surfactants for household cleaning products.

CLEANING PRODUCTS REGULATION IN THREE WORLD MARKETS

The cleansers technological sophistication accompanied scientific, technological and market developments to meet the criteria for cleaning the environments. In addition to specific safety criteria for users, such products need to be safe for the environment, which requires appropriate regulations for society effective protection. This work aimed to identify the strengths and improvement points of the Brazilian regulatory procedures regarding household cleaning products compared to those applied in the US and Europe, based on the regulations imposed on such products and the administrative organization of the responsible agencies in each location. It was raised the Brazilian legislation referring to cleaning products and producers and their regulatory agency. It was searched the regulations for items similar to cleansers, which are pesticides and hazardous substances for the US and chemical substances for Europe. The collected information was analyzed through the comparative law method. The Brazilian regulatory procedures have the same technical and scientific rigor and regulatory practices to the USA and the European Union, in aspects such as the regulations curating and the issuing operation authorizations for companies. The lack of translation of the standards and an environment labeling program are improvement points.

Exposures to Bleach, Peroxide, Disinfectants, Antimalarials, and Ivermectin Reported to the California Poison Control System Before and During the COVID-19 Pandemic, 2015-2021.

The COVID-19 pandemic led to widespread fear of infection, with many people expanding their use of cleaning products and trying unproven prevention and treatment strategies. We described shifts in reported exposures related to COVID-19 home interventions. This study considered suspected toxicity exposures involving household cleaning products (bleach, peroxide, disinfectants), antimalarials (hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine), and ivermectin reported to the California Poison Control System from 2015 through 2021 and assessed trends in exposures by using interrupted time-series analyses. We found a significant increase in exposures reported to the California Poison Control System related to household cleaning products and ivermectin during the COVID-19 pandemic. As of January 1, 2015, the baseline level of reported exposures to household cleaning products was 707.33 per month and was declining at a rate of 1.71 (95% CI, -2.87 to -0.56) per month through February 29, 2020. In March 2020, an increase of 466.57 (95% CI, 328.08-605.07) reported exposures above baseline occurred, after which exposures to cleaning products decreased at a rate of 23.40 (95% CI, -32.48 to -14.32) per month. The number of reported exposures to antimalarials did not change significantly before or during the pandemic. The number of reported ivermectin exposures before December 2020 was initially stable at 14.50 per month and then increased by 2.05 per month through December 2021. Our observations suggest that while some dangerous home prevention and treatment efforts resolve over time, further interventions may be needed to reduce the public health effects related to attempts to self-treat COVID-19 with ivermectin.

Association between household cleaning product exposure in infancy and development of recurrent wheeze and asthma.

Household chemicals may act as irritants in the lungs; however, their association with recurrent wheeze and asthma in children remains controversial. We aimed to investigate if household cleaning product exposure in infancy is associated with recurrent wheezing and asthma development in children. We analyzed data from two cohorts: MARC-35 consisting of 815 children with history of severe bronchiolitis in infancy, and MARC-43 consisting of 525 healthy children in infancy. Frequency of use of cleaning product at the child's home during infancy was collected via telephone interview with parents. Outcomes were recurrent wheezing by age 3years and asthma diagnosis at age 6years. In MARC-35, there was no association between cleaning product exposure in infancy and recurrent wheeze (adjusted HR = 1.01 [95% CI 0.66-1.54] for 4-7days/week exposure frequency), nor asthma (adjusted OR = 0.91 [95% CI 0.51-1.63]). In MARC-43, there was also no association between cleaning product exposure in infancy and recurrent wheeze (adjusted HR = 0.69 [95% CI 0.29-1.67] for 4-7days/week exposure frequency). We found no association between household cleaning product exposure in infancy and later development of recurrent wheeze or asthma, even among children who are at high risk for asthma due to history of severe bronchiolitis.

Pelatihan Pembuatan Eco-Enzyme dari Sampah Buah dan Sayur di Kelompok Wanita Tani (KWT) Kota Bandar Lampung

Organic waste is still a problem that needs to be resolved. Piles of organic waste can cause the emergence of methane gas (CH4), giving rise to an unpleasant odor and can even potentially cause disease. The aim of this community service is to provide understanding, knowledge and skills to the community regarding how to utilize household organic waste in the form of fruit and vegetable waste into eco-enzymes by fermentation. eco-enzyme is a multi-purpose liquid that can be used to purify waste water, as a household cleaning product, as a detergent, as a pest control product, to remove pesticide residues, and also as an organic fertilizer for plants. The method used is Participatory Action Research (PAR) where the service team is integrated into the community and works with the community to increase the knowledge and abilities of the people who are members of the Women Farming Group (KWT) in understanding and changing the community to become better, more empowered and knowledgeable. The results of this activity were able to increase the understanding, knowledge and skills of Women Farmer Groups in 4 Districts of Bandar Lampung city both conceptually and practically, and have the awareness not to just throw away organic waste, but to use it because it not only protects the environment but also provides benefits to the community. This activity was considered successful and sustainable for future programs.&#x0D;

Facile determination of surfactant critical micelle concentration through dried drop “coffee-ring” image analysis

Surfactants serve a myriad uses as key components of household cleaning, personal care, and cosmetics products, and they are important too in the food, textiles, plastics, oil, agrochemical, and pharmaceutical industries. The majority of those currently in use, however, are fossil fuel-derived and are environmentally unfriendly and/or bio-incompatibly toxic/irritant. There are significant efforts thus now expended in the search for alternatives that are generally “greener”. The concentration at which such compounds self-assemble to form micelles – their so-called critical micelle concentration – is one of their key physicochemical characteristics, and the experimental determination of this is central to their development both as analytical tools and as commercial materials. In the following report a methodology is presented that provides for a fast, non-expensive, and potentially high throughput means to determine surfactant critical micelle concentration, utilizing a simple dried drop “coffee-ring” image analysis.

Application of hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid as a depressant for efficient pyrite separation from serpentine: a performance and mechanistic study

Hydroxyethylidene diphosphonic acid (HEDP) is an industrial environmental reagent, often used as a chemical raw material in industrial water treatment, household cleaning products and personal care products. In this work, the effort to use HEDP to the flotation of pyrite containing fine-grained serpentine was conducted, and the selective separation of serpentine and pyrite was accomplished. During the flotation process, the introduction of 30 mg/L HEDP resulted in a rapid increase and recovery of 89% pyrite recovery at pH 9 under deteriorated conditions. The results of the micro-flotation method showed how well HEDP was selectively inhibited in the pyrite-serpentine flotation separation process. On the basis of a number of measures, including ICP-OES tests, Zeta potential testing, Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) characterization, and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) analysis, it was discovered that a substantial amount of HEDP was selectively adsorbed on the serpentine surface by chemically chelating with the Mg active site. In contrast, the adsorption of HEDP on the surface of pyrite was almost negligible. HEDP prefers to adsorb on the positively charged serpentine surface in the form of H5C2P2O73- negative charge, while accelerating the release of Mg from the serpentine surface into the solution by forming Mg3[H5C2P2O7]2 hydrophilic chelate. Both of these effects remarkably contribute to the reversal of the serpentine surface potential to a negative potential. Due to electrostatic repulsion, the hetero-coagulation of negatively charged serpentine and negatively charged pyrite was broken, and the selective collecting capability of the PBX collector on the surface of pyrite was regained, allowing for the selective separation of pyrite and serpentine minerals. The application of HEDP in the actual ore (Peru copper ore BM1-type sample) sorting further demonstrated its good selective inhibition effect, and HEDP was able to enhance the grade and recovery of Cu and S in the concentrate while ensuring the reduction of Mg grade and recovery.