House Garden Research Articles

Zonal Reconstruction of Daylighting in Historic Built Environments: A Workflow to Model and Evaluate Light in Spatial and Temporal Domains

Computer simulation allows to study daylight conditions in the past that afforded activities in antique buildings. The Python module phos4dtools implements the efficient computation of zonal daylight metrics that are considered to indicate affordances. It was employed to solve horizontal and vertical illuminance for different orientations and elevations in the House of the Priestesses, a unit of the Hadrianic Garden Houses complex in Ostia. A reconstruction model of the unit was produced by collating an existing, detailed 3D documentation with other sources and our own survey data. The spatially and temporally resolved results of daylight simulation employing phos4dtools were imported into a GIS database. Assuming typical reflectance properties, illuminance thresholds were determined that are required for the perception of contrast detail and colour differences. Integration over temporal periods and spatial zones that are eligible for residential activities was implemented by queries to the database. First, preliminary results indicated different distributions of affordances by daylight, depending on the characteristics of the considered visual tasks. Horizontal illuminance decreases quickly with increasing distance to the aperture, suggesting that activities bound to a horizontal work plane were constraint to the immediate adjacency of windows and potentially open doors. Vertical illuminance, on the other hand, reaches deep into the building when the receiving surface is oriented to a window, particularly in the absence of exterior obstructions. The exemplary application of phos4dtools shows its potential in the interdisciplinary research on daylight and its implications on living practice in antique buildings.

The Effects of Green Spaces and Noise Exposure on the Risk of Ischemic Stroke: A Case–Control Study in Lebanon

Background: Environmental surroundings reduce the rate of several diseases, especially those related to stressful events. Ischemic stroke can be affected by such events, either directly or through its risk factors. Therefore, the present study evaluates the effects of green spaces and noise exposure on the risk of ischemic stroke. Methods: A case–control study was carried out, including 200 ischemic stroke cases within the first 48 h of diagnosis and 200 controls, divided equally into hospitalized and non-hospitalized participants. Controls were matched to cases based on age and gender. Socio-demographic characteristics were assessed, in addition to environmental surroundings and noise exposure at home and at workplaces. Results: Living in a house, having a house garden, and taking care of the garden were associated with a lower risk of suffering an ischemic stroke (p < 0.001, p < 0.001, and p = 0.009, respectively). However, having buildings as the view from home led to a higher stroke rate (p < 0.001). Working in an urban area, the workplace being surrounded by buildings, and the workplace not being surrounded by green spaces were also associated with a higher risk of suffering an ischemic stroke (p = 0.002, p = 0.001, and p = 0.03, respectively). As for noise exposure, being exposed to traffic noise, human noise, and other types of noise was significantly associated with a higher risk of ischemic stroke, while being exposed to higher levels of natural noise was significantly associated with a lower risk of ischemic stroke. Higher levels of noise were also associated with higher risks of ischemic stroke in homes and workplaces (p < 0.001 and p = 0.008, respectively). Conclusions: Environmental surroundings and noise exposure were found to affect the risk of ischemic stroke. Greater green spaces and lower noise exposure play a protective role against ischemic stroke, suggesting a possible prevention strategy through environmental modifications at home and workplaces.

Pembangunan Rumah TOGA dan Kebun TOGA sebagai Kawasan Konservasi TOGA di Desa Rambipuji

Rambipuji Village is a village in Rambipuji District, Jember Regency, which has the potential for family medicinal plants (TOGA). However, based on the survey conducted, the potential of TOGA in Rambipuji Village has not been optimized, both in terms of cultivation and utilization. To address these problems, the Ormawa BEM Faculty of Pharmacy PPK Team built a TOGA conservation area in the form of a TOGA House and TOGA Garden. The research method used in this community service activity is the Asset Based Community Development (ABCD) approach, which prioritizes the utilization of assets and potential that exist within and are owned by the community in Rambipuji Village. The construction of the TOGA House and TOGA Garden was carried out in July 2024. The result of this program is the establishment of a conservation area in the form of a TOGA House and TOGA Garden in Rambipuji Village. These two conservation areas have become TOGA cultivation centers that can later be managed by the community. It is hoped that, with the existence of this conservation area, the potential of TOGA in Rambipuji can be further optimized.

Estimating the Concentration of Heavy Metals in Oleander/Pink and white Oleander Plants

Oleander is a large ornamental evergreen shrub that may grow 20–25 ft in height. During the summer months’ large clusters of white, pink, red, or yellow (yellow oleander) flowers appear at the ends of the branches. All parts of the plant contain cardiac glycosides. Oleander is a common source of serious plant poisoning. In South Asia, particularly Sri Lanka, also present in Libya desert and some house gardens with white and pink types, oleander has become a notorious method of suicide. Toxicity is largely characterized by gastrointestinal symptoms and cardiac abnormalities. Tachy or bradydysthythmias may be present in addition to slowed conduction and heart block. Hyperkalemia is common and correlates with severity of poisoning. A specific antidote—digoxin-specific fragment antigen-binding region (Fab region)- is available. In Mediterranean climates oleanders can be expected to bloom from April through October, with the heaviest bloom usually occurring between May and June. Free-flowering varieties like 'Petite Salmon' or 'Mont Blanc' require no period of rest and can flower continuously throughout the year if the weather remains warm. The exact nature of plant poisoning varies from region to region, but certain plants are almost ubiquitous in distribution and among these, Oleander is a garden plant that features in many homes. Incidents of poisoning from these plants are therefore not uncommon and may be the result of accidental exposure or deliberate, suicidal ingestion of the toxic parts. An attempt has been made to review the management principles with regard to toxicity of these plants and survey the literature in order to highlight current concepts in the treatment of poisoning resulting from both plants. Ingestion of its seeds results in a clinical picture similar to digoxin toxicity. It contains cardiac glycosides that are toxic to cardiac myocytes and autonomic system. Cardiac glycosides of oleander cause poisoning by inhibiting plasmalemmal Na+/K+-ATPase. Results: The poisoning effects of plant or their active alkaloids induced infiltration of cells with hemorrhage and sever negative changes in the lung, induce lesions, and infiltration of inflammatory cells into the portal spaces with scattered necrosis of hepatocytes in the liver, cardiac toxicity of the plant in the heart were included, induced varying degrees of hemorrhage, myocardial degeneration, and necrosis. It also induced arrhythmia, sinus bradycardia, and prolonged P-R interval in electrocardiographic records. Conclusions: The toxic effects of N. oleander are mostly related to its inhibitory effects on the Naþ-Kþ ATPase pump in the cellular membrane. However, the exact molecular mechanism involved in the toxicity of N. oleander is not clear.

Mapping the past with historical geographic information systems: layered characteristics of the historic urban landscape of Nanjing, China, since the Ming Dynasty (1368–2024)

The layering process of the historic urban landscape (HUL) has spatial and temporal characteristics. With the help of digital technology, building a database to collect and manage spatial information on HUL is an effective research method. Taking Nanjing since the Ming Dynasty (1368–2024) as an example, our paper proposes a framework for constructing a historical geographic information system (HGIS) for HUL. The results show that (1) ancient Chinese historical archives have good potential for use in the construction of historical landscape databases. The HGIS can visualize the evolution of HUL and realize the storage, expression, querying, and analysis of information in different formats. (2) The Republic of China is a turning point in the evolution of Nanjing’s HUL. In terms of spatial evolution, the main distribution areas of urban form and characteristic places, as well as the NACH (normalized angular choice) and NAIN (normalized angular integration) cores of the road network, all moved from the south to the north of the city. In terms of typological evolution, the urban form changes from a predominantly residential area to one that emphasizes residential, administrative, educational and industrial areas. The main types of characteristic places shifted from house gardens, temples and ancestral halls to scenic buildings and public gardens. (3) Political factors, urban planning, commercial ports, and land prices influence the layering process of the HUL. The constructed database guides the preservation of HUL from the digital heritage perspective and the construction of other historical databases with spatial characteristics.

First record of Retithrips syriacus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) in Algeria: damage observed on two Vitaceae species in Khenchela province

AbstractThis paper is the first record of Retithrips syriacus (Thysanoptera: Thripidae) for Algeria. This thrips pest is reported for the first time from Khenchela Province, north‐eastern Algeria, on two Vitaceae species (Vitis vinifera and Parthenocissus quinquefolia). The observations were made in several gardens of different houses within the same neighbourhood.

Pendampingan Pemberdayaan Tanaman Aquaponik Masyarakat Perum Emerald Garden Bumiayu

The aquaponic plant empowerment mentoring program at Emerald Garden Housing, Bumiayu, aims to improve community skills and welfare through environmentally friendly cultivation technology. Aquaponics is a system that combines the cultivation of fish (aquaculture) and plants (hydroponics) in a mutually beneficial environment. This activity includes several stages, namely socialization, training, technical assistance and evaluation. The methods used include outreach, direct demonstrations, and field practice involving all residents. The program results show an increase in community knowledge and skills in managing aquaponic systems, as well as a significant increase in plant and fish production. Apart from that, this program also has a positive impact on improving the household economy and local food security. From the evaluation results, it can be seen that there is high enthusiasm from the community to continue developing and utilizing this aquaponic technology. This program has succeeded in creating a sustainable community empowerment model that can be replicated in other areas. The challenges faced include limited land and the need for technical adjustments that require further attention

239 Promoting Health Equity in South Los Angeles: A Place-Based Initiative in the Nickerson Gardens Housing Development

OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Partnering with the Housing Authority of Los Angeles, we launched a place-based initiative in the Nickerson Gardens housing development in South Los Angeles, where we apply our community engagement approach of listening and learning, and trust and relationship building, to deliver public health interventions in a discrete community. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: Nickerson Gardens is the largest housing development in Los Angeles, with 1,066 units and over 3,000 residents. 58% and 40% of the residents are Hispanic and Black/African American respectively with an average yearly income of less than $30,000. To build trust and establish relationships, our team began attending community events, holding weekly educational workshops, and participating in the summer program for youth. We also held listening sessions in English and Spanish that asked aboutthe overall health of the Nickerson Gardens community, environment and public space, access and barriers to care, needed healthcare services, and the lived experience within Nickerson Gardens. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: To date, we have held eight 90-minute listening sessions in English and Spanish with 59 participants. The sessions provided insight into theneeded health and educational resources and services, the organizational structure of the housing development and how that impacts access to information and services, as well as the nuanced and area-specific transportation issues and the connection to safety concerns. These findings will inform the next phase of this initiative which includes convening a Coordinating Council composed of service providers and Nickerson Gardens residents. This council will oversee the coordination and implementation of needed services, help maintain accountability of the providers, and offer residents the opportunity to take ownership of the process. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE: Academic-community partnerships are an effective strategy to deliver public health interventions and promote health equity in under-resourced communities. We tested and measured impact in a distinct community to reinforce a widely-applicable place-based model.

Ethnomedical uses of Cananga odorata (Lam.) Hook. f. and Thomson in indigenous traditional medicine among Indonesia ethnic groups

Cananga odorata, commonly known as ylang-ylang, is an evergreen perennial tropical tree belonging to the Annonaceae family, which is traditionally and scientifically reported to have various pharmacological activities. This indigenous medicine study was carried out to document the traditional usage of C. odorata for medicinal reasons by Indonesian ethnic groups. This is one of numerous initiatives aimed at preserving indigenous knowledge and medical practices maintained by the community. Data were acquired during 2015 and 2017 through in-depth interviews with selected traditional healers from each ethnic group throughout 34 Indonesian provinces, who were chosen using a purposive sampling approach based on inclusion criteria. The information gathered includes the demographic data of healers, medicinal plants used, potions, and their applications for health purposes. Following the completion of the interview with the informant, specimens of medicinal plants were collected. Data quantification was accomplished by examining the value of plant parts and doing a simple ranking analysis for multihealth purposes. This study revealed 42 traditional applications of C. odorata by 36 traditional healers from 28 ethnic groups in 16 provinces to overcome 18 diseases. Cananga odorata was primarily obtained from the woodland instead of the house garden and other environments. Skin disease was identified as the most prevalent indication of C. odorata, in agreement with the most commonly employed administration method, the external route. Leaves became the foremost prominent plant part utilized by healers. This study emphasized the significant role of traditional healers in healing various illnesses with C. odorata and the variations in C. odorata ethnomedical usage as a traditional remedy in Indonesia. Nonetheless, cultivating initiatives should be started as more than 60% of identified C. odorata has yet to be grown. The study’s findings are likely to benefit various stakeholders, serve as baseline data for further studies on the efficacy and safety of C. odorata, and contribute to efforts for developing health products that employ C. odorata.

Contamination of Agricultural Soils in Some Baghdad Areas with Antibiotics Resistant Pathogenic Fecal Bacteria

Background: Early studies have shown that agricultural soil contains various types of microorganisms, especially bacteria, including coliform bacteria (Salmonella, Shigella, Klebsiella, Escherichia coli, and Enterobacter) with fecal Gram-positive bacteria like Enterococcus faecalis. Therefore, the current study aimed to investigate the contamination of Iraqi agricultural soils with pathogenic fecal bacteria (Escherichia coli and Enterococcus faecalis) and study the antibiotic sensitivity patterns of soil-isolated bacteria because it is a dangerous indicator when transmitted to humans. Methods: Soil samples were collected from six locations (farms) in the capital, Baghdad, which were AL-Jadria, AL-Latifia, Diyala River, AL-Jazera, and AL-Zafraniya (block 1 and block 2) during the study period from the end of November 2021 to August 2022; then were compared with the control samples (house garden). These bacteria were isolated by selective culture media and identified using the VITEK® 2 Compact system, and antibiotic sensitivity tests were carried out against 18 different antibiotics by the Kirby Power method. The t-test was used for the statistical analysis. Results: The bacteriological study of agricultural soil showed the presence of fecal bacteria, and this is evidence of contamination of agricultural soil samples with these bacteria. The highest E. coli count was in the AL-Latifia farm (1. 48× 103), while the highest E. faecalis count was in the Diyala River farm (2.63 × 103). The antibiotic sensitivity profile illustrated that E. coli was resistant to ampicillin, ceftriaxone, cefoxitin, piperacillin, ceftazidime, and Teicoplanin but was sensitive to the rest of the antibiotics used, while E. faecalis was only resistant to levofloxacin and linezolid and highly sensitive to the other tested antibiotics. Conclusion: The current study documented the presence of fecal coliform bacteria in studied soil samples, with markedly high resistance rates toward used antibiotics. These facts might be the result of irrigation with sewage water and the use of organic fertilizers Received:March 2023 Accepted: May 2023 Published: Oct. 2023

Residential relocation and financial wellbeing: Findings from Golden Gardens housing development in Gauteng, South Africa

ABSTRACT With mega state housing projects needing large land parcels and that are often located in the periphery, this paper investigates what impact relocating residents to Golden Gardens housing development has had on the quality of life and their financial wellbeing. Using primary data obtained from residents living in the Golden Gardens housing development, the findings show that respondents’ access to and quality of physical and social facilities, such as refuse services, water, and electricity, has improved. Respondents were also unanimous that staying in their Golden Gardens homes has significantly improved their security. However, many residents currently living in Golden Gardens used to live closer to work and social activities than they do now, which means that they used to spend less each month on transport than they do now. The high-commuting cost has increased household expenses, meaning that the respondents’ financial wellbeing has been negatively impacted. These results imply yet unmet long-term objectives of human settlements as envisaged in various government policies and programmes.

Status of yam (Dioscorea spp.) in the Democratic Republic of Congo

AbstractYam is an important tuber crop with enormous potential to enhance rural sustenance and livelihood in DRC. However, studies to enhance its genetic improvement are very far from sufficient with only a handful of information available on the crop. Yam has been treated as an orphan crop compared to contemporary crops such as cassava and sweet potato which have adapted to different cropping systems and become widespread in production. The lack of research attention to address the major production challenges has further decreased the value and potential of the crop compared to its contemporaries. These production constraints include lack of adequate quality planting materials, low yield potential, poor resistance/tolerance to yam mosaic and anthracnose diseases and ultimately poor tuber quality attributes focusing on tuber taste, flesh oxidation and dry matter contents of the majority of the farmers preferred varieties. In this review, we evaluated the status of yam in DRC and presented the needful activities to be incorporated for its improvement. Diversity has however been maintained mainly through ennoblement efforts in house gardens and small farmlands using traditional farming methods. Studies from other nations where yam has been successful with prominence in characterization and genetic improvement brought to light the need for DRC to consider yam as a staple carbohydrate food source, even to the extent of modifications in food public policy. Reversal of the yam's current stigma is a challenge to the scientific community and the population in general.

Historic gardens and parks in Southeast Asia: typologies and common characteristics

ABSTRACT Since the Florence Charter was issued by the International Council on Monuments and Sites in 1982, there has been an increasing research interest in the historic gardens of several continents including North America, Europe and Oceania. This has given rise to further research in conservation and management strategies for historic gardens. However, in Southeast Asia historic gardens do not receive as much recognition from scholars when compared with art, architecture and archaeology. This article is a first attempt at listing and analysing the historic gardens of Southeast Asia, focusing on secular gardens dated from the eighth to early twentieth century for which archaeological remains still exist. The analysis aims at identifying typologies and common characteristics among these gardens. This study can provide a database for future research and conservation plans. The list herein consists of sixty-five gardens divided into eight categories by their function: royal pleasure gardens, royal tomb gardens, parks, town squares, garden houses, institution gardens, botanical gardens and zoological gardens. Although the gardens vary in design, they share common characteristics suggesting integration between local culture and external influence.

Landscape Design of Mutiara Garden Housing Park as a Source of Infiltration in Residential Areas

Green Open Space (RTH) plays an important role in the ecosystem and balance for both living things and the surrounding environment. The condition of the planning site that extends north to south is in the middle of a housing complex. The planned facilities include a playground, watersplash plaza, children's pool, seating corner, gazebo, community garden, tropical pocket park and tropical striping park, veranda walkway. With the concept of "Tropical Community Escape" certainly helps strengthen the function of the design as an area that accommodates recreational, sports, social and cultural activities. From the design that has been made in general it has filled about 60% more of the area that can absorb water with the selection of the right material and reducing water-resistant materials and the use of trees and shrubs in the design which can fulfill as catchment areas.

First Report of Powdery Mildew Caused by Golovinomyces latisporus on Helianthus annuus in the Arizona.

Helianthus annuus, known as the common sunflower, is an annual plant indigenous to the United States. The crop is grown for its edible oil, seeds, and as an ornamental. In November 2021, powdery mildew-like signs and symptoms were observed on sunflower in a house garden located at Fortuna Foothills, Yuma County, AZ (32.6725°N, 114.4329°W). Signs of powdery mildew included white blotches of amphigenous and caulicolous mycelia. Initially, signs appeared as circular spots that expanded over the entire leaf and were also observed later on petioles and stems. Fungal hyphae were branched, septate, and with nipple-shaped appressoria. Foot cells of conidiophores were erect, cylindrical, and followed by one to three short cells bearing conidia. The conidiophores were hyaline, straight, cylindrical and produced short chains of up to four immature conidia. Conidia were ovoid to ellipsoid, seldom cylindrical, without-fibrosin bodies and measured 25 to 40 μm in length (mean= 34 μm) and 16 to 24 μm in width (mean= 18.6 μm) (n = 10), with an average length: width ratio of 1.8. The germination of conidia was Euoidium type with short germ tube. Chasmothecium formation was not detected. As the disease progressed, the infected leaves became wilted and senesced. The morphological characteristics of this fungus were in accordance with those described for G. latisporus (Braun and Cook, 2012; Qiu et al., 2020). For molecular identification, genomic DNA was isolated from fungal colonies using the DNeasy Plant kit (Qiagen). The internal transcribed spacer (ITS), large ribosomal subunit (28S), intergenic spacer (IGS), beta- tubulin (TUB2) and chitin synthase 1 (CHS1) regions were amplified using the primer sets, ITS5/ITS4 (White et al., 1990), LSU1/LSU2 (Scholin et al., 1994), IGS-12a/NS1R (Carbone and Kohn, 1999), TubF1/TubR1 and gCS1a1/gCS1b (Qiu et al., 2020). Sequences were submitted in the GenBank under accession numbers OP160535 (ITS), OP153874 (28S rDNA), OP160534 (IGS), OP168959 (TUB2) and OP168960 (CHS1). A BLAST search revealed 98.7 to 100-% identity to G. latisporus sequences (MK452603, NG_068877, MK452520, MK452476, and MK452428). Phylogenetic analysis based on the combined sequence datasets of ITS+28S rDNA+IGS+TUB2+CHS1 also grouped Yuma isolate in a monophyletic clade with G. latisporus accessions from Qiu et al. (2020). A pathogenicity test was carried out by inoculating four sunflower varieties (Velvet queen, Evening sun, Skyscraper and Mammoth). Conidia from infected leaves were dusted on the leaves of 10 individually potted, five-week-old seedlings of each variety. Four seedlings of each variety were not inoculated and served as controls. The inoculated and control plants were then kept in two separate greenhouses at 25-28°C at the Yuma Agricultural Center, Yuma, AZ. Inoculated plants started showing symptoms of powdery mildew within 7 days of inoculation, while the control plants stayed healthy and disease-free. The morphological characteristics of powdery mildew fungus on the inoculated plants were identical to the isolate collected from the garden, with the same sequence following PCR as above, thus fulfilling Koch's postulates. G. latisporus has been previously reported on common sunflower from Washington and California states (Qiu et al., 2020), however, this is a first report from Arizona. Although sunflower is not a major crop in Arizona, the wild sunflower population could serve as reservoir for the spread of the disease.

“Tur pilnīgi cita pasaule”: vides jautājumi Lucavsalas dārzkopju stāstos

The article focuses on experience stories of Lucavsala (an island in the river Daugava close to the Riga city centre) gardeners collected during the fieldwork in 2021. Sixteen semi-structured interviews were taken with gardeners and locals; historical transition, life and gardening in Lucavsala were fixed in observations, audio recordings and photography. As a result of the industrial development in the first half of the 19th century in Europe, allotment gardens were established for low-income urban citizens. The first colony of allotment gardens in Riga was established in 1909 near the area of Klijānu street, whereas gardens in Lucavsala appeared much later – in 1947. The total area devoted to gardening on the island has been both expanded and reduced over time. Lucavsala has also become a place for various cultural and artistic events and an object for research during the past ten years. Lucavsala informants’ experience stories cover a wide range of environmental issues reflected in a multifaceted manner. Environmental awareness is disclosed through stories about the geography of the city and the island, and gardening and stories about the quality of the environment and the landscape elements. The topic emerging in almost every interview is acquiring, settling in and managing a garden. There are rather detailed narratives covering their own garden and the close neighbourhood, while gardeners have hardly ever been to more distant places in Lucavsala and do not know them well. The garden houses are signifying objects in the overall landscape of the island, mostly self-built from recycled materials. A self-built house requires a lot of inventive skills as well as a creative approach to living in the garden. That is why the stories on the intentional burning of the houses are especially emotional. One of the reasons why urban people rent an allotment garden in Lucavsala is the desire to feel the presence of nature. However, the island is encircled by water and combines the elements of the rural environment, wildlife and urban world. While longing for nature, gardeners are also concerned with the quality of the environment. Even though waste on the island is mentioned in almost every interview, the environmental quality is judged to be relatively high. Fresh air, peace and quiet of Lucavsala seem to be important indicators of the environment’s cleanliness in the informants’ view.

Botanical origin and seasonal variation in pollen collected by Tetragonisca weyrauchi (Apidae: Meliponini) in an urban area of Rio Branco, State of Acre, Brazil

The botanical origin and seasonal variation of pollen collected by Tetragonisca weyrauchi were studied by means of palynology (pollen identification). The study was carried out between August 2016 and July 2017 with a hive introduced in a house garden in an urban area (09° 56′ 38.7″ S; 67° 52′ 42.9″ W) near the campus of the Federal University of Acre (UFAC). In total, we identified 87 pollen types from 31 botanical families, with the most representative ones being: Alismataceae, Amaranthaceae, Arecaceae, Boraginaceae, Cyperaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Fabaceae and Urticaceae, all displaying percentages above 10%. The pollen types Alternanthera (Amaranthaceae), Cecropia (Urticaceae) and Cordia sellowiana (Boraginaceae) obtained relative abundances above 90% and are therefore considered events of temporary specialization. The lowest diversity and evenness values were found for July (H′ = 0.127; J′ = 0.071) and August (H′ = 0.070; J′ = 0.043), and the highest values for October (H′ = 2.025; J′ = 0.715) and April (H′ = 1.941; J′ = 0.611), thus not suggesting relationships with the rainy (November–April) or dry (May–October) periods. Furthermore, there was no preference by the bees for morphological characteristics of the pollen such as size, exine texture or aperture number. However, the most representative grains are among the small and medium size, reinforcing the hypothesis that this bee species prefers small flowers available in dense inflorescences.

Rancang Bangun Penerapan Smart Relay Berbasis Mikrokontroller

Lights are not just lighting at night, but have also developed into an addition to the aesthetic value of the garden. We can choose various models and styles according to our needs, as is the case with fashion developments which are always up to date and changing fashions, lighting trends or lights also experience the same thing. This is the same as the function of decorative lights in general which can be adapted to the design and size of the garden, not only that the garden house will never be separated from lighting. The shape of a garden with a broad and minimalist tropical style will be very meaningful if the lighting equipment is fulfilled and fits.

Measurement of the radiation pollution of radon in selected locations from Saladin Governorate by using the nuclear track detector

The aim of present paper to find the contamination selected area in Salahdin governorate where the radon gas concentration elevated and they are :Al-Qadasaia quarter ,Hamad Shahab village (communication center in past),Al-douloyea town –Youths center, Dijala town ,samara city (in house garden) and finally in Beji city (communication tower) .In this study ,we had employed the trace detector of CR-39, the obtained results shows the radon concentration exceeds the permissible limits which issues by ICRP which is about 200 – 800 Bq/m3 while the concentration in Salah din governorate is - which refers to the high ratio of depleted Uranium all over the gubernator

Legal Legality Ir. Soekarno in the City of Ende and the History of the Birth of Pancasila

In Indonesian history, there are many heroes known. National history proves that every time and age gave birth to Indonesian heroes. One of them was Ir Soekarno, who the Indonesian people called the father of the proclaimer. The history of Ir Soekarno's struggle to liberate the Indonesian state from Dutch colonialism was also inseparable from periods of exile in various places. The implementation method used is observation or direct observation at the Bung Karno historical site. The method of carrying out the research was carried out by direct observation, interviews with historical sources and actors, documentation at the Bung Karno exile house and Bung Karno's Pancasila contemplation garden. This research is actually dedicated to remembering the history of Bung Karno's struggle in formulating and sparking the basis and philosophy of life for the Indonesian nation, namely formulating the noble values of Pancasila under the breadfruit tree, and reflecting deeply on the foundations of the unitary state of the Republic of Indonesia which is called Pancasila.