Hours Of Television Programming Research Articles

Amicus Brief in Fox News v. TVEyes

The district court’s holdings dramatically expanded the fair use doctrine contrary to the express intent of Congress and inconsistent with existing precedent. TVEyes copies thousands of hours of entertainment, news, sports and other television programming twenty-four hours a day, seven days a week without permission or payment to authors and sells it to business subscribers for further copying and distribution at a fee of $500 per month. TVEyes and its amici attempt to excuse this copyright infringement by falsely characterizing the service as “media monitoring.” (Id.) That characterization is wrong and does not justify the holdings below. Congress thrice rejected requests to add media monitoring to the preamble of Section 107 of the Copyright Act. Instead, Congress enacted a limited alternative in Section 108, allowing libraries and nonprofit archives to engage in certain copying and archiving of works. By choosing not to include media monitoring among the enumerated examples in section 107, Congress struck the important balance between copyright holders’ interests and the general public’s interests in section 107. It is not the courts’ role to legislate or bypass Congressional intent. For this reason alone, the district court’s holdings that considered content-delivery features of TVEyes’ service fair use must be reversed. Moreover, any definition of TVEyes as a “media monitor” is a misnomer. TVEyes goes far beyond the media monitoring that was contemplated and rejected by Congress as potentially eligible for the fair use defense. At that time, a media monitoring service would give a client a short analog VHS tape that was hard to reproduce. Now, TVEyes provides subscribers unlimited digital content and encourages further distribution of works by its clients. TVEyes likewise does not qualify for the more limited non-profit archival protections in Section 108 of the Copyright Act. TVEyes is an expensive, for profit, business-to-business service that copies and digitally distributes copyrighted content from every cable channel around the clock and therefore does not meet the either the threshold requirements of Section 108 or the specific requirements of the exceptions contained therein. In addition, TVEyes’ wholesale copying of thousands of hours of television programming does not fall within the contours of the fair use doctrine as consistently applied by this Court and others to media monitoring services. Nor do this Court’s decisions in Author’s Guild v. Google, Inc. (Google Books) and Author’s Guild v. HathiTrust (Hathitrust) support the result reached below. Setting aside amici’s views on those cases, TVEyes’ service is wholly different from the services at issue in those cases. The service at issue in Google Books was a free service provided to the public for research purposes that incorporated measures intended to ensure that users could not obtain the full value from a work (whether that be the entire work or a key portion of a work like a travel guide or recipe book) via the search function. Likewise, Hathitrust involved a service displaying mere word search term results of copyrighted works. By contrast, TVEyes’ service is designed to replace the original source of the work or licensed distributors of the work. The district court erred in determining otherwise and should be reversed.

The measure of culture in cultural sections

We live in a time when our lives are saturated with information. We daily receive numerous messages through various media outlets. For example, in the US, during one year, about 200 000 books are published, approximately 70 million hours of programs are broadcast by radio stations and about 58 million hours of television programs are produced. 'From the day of your birth until today more information was produced than during all recorded history before you, while half the total number of all scientists in history lives and produces information today.' Every year we publish more books. If you decided to read everything that has been published in one year, you would have to read one book every three minutes, which is about five hundred books a day. This, of course, only refers to the latest world production, and not the classics. Question is how many of the newly published books are read, how and how much the books and culture in general are covered in commentaries, how well the journalists are trained and if they are at all capable of selecting, clarifying and structuring such a horrific amount of information for us at a time of world crisis which has devastated Serbia as well in material, cultural and also media-related sense. A year ago results were published in Serbia of a study conducted by master student of the Faculty of political sciences in Belgrade who investigated the treatment of the book in Serbian media. These results were far from encouraging - apart from Radio Belgrade 2 and special weekend newspaper additions dedicated to book reviews, the book is generally neglected in the Serbian printed media, while the book reports themselves lack the necessary serious approach and deeper pondering. Focus of this paper is monitoring and analysis of cultural contributions in three daily newspapers, the Politika, the Večernje novosti and the Danas over a period 29.09.2012 - 2.10.2012. Its purpose was to show the content of these cultural sections , to make a comparative analysis of their content and quality of content, as well as to pinpoint the basic topics covered and pursue the question if the printed media create contents that raise public attention. The analysis had an empirical and conceptual approach, and covered quantity and quality baselines.

Television and Demographic Diversity: A Case Study of Public Participation in Televised Debate Programmes during the 2007 French Presidential Election

In the context of a crisis in institutionalised politics, media treatment of the 2007 French presidential election saw the débat participatif become a key feature of the campaign. This article explores the range of representations of le peupk souverain as provided in 33.25 hours of television programming on one private and three public-sector channels from January to March 2007. Beginning with symbolic representations through set design and the selection and presentation of the public, it goes on to investigate to what extent public participants mirror the diversity of French society in terms of geographic distribution, gender, ethnic diversity, professional activity, age, marital status and parenthood. The article concludes that pre-existing discrepancies in geographic distribution are exaggerated, whereas, for other socio-cultural variables, numerically smaller groups are over-represented. This includes politically salient groups such as farmers and ethnic minorities but not, interestingly, women, who continue to be in a minority as active participants.

Television, Experience, and Knowledge: A Deweyan Critique of TV in the Lives of American Youth

A recent study by The Kaiser Family Foundation revealed that more than eighty percent of young people between the ages of eight and eighteen watch more than three hours of television programming each day.2 The same study revealed that sixty-eight percent of those young people have televisions in their bedrooms. Further, a television industry report from 2006 indicates that TV viewership was at an all-time high during the 2005-2006 television season.3 This report also revealed that the highest increase in television viewing was amongst teenage females. Douglas Kellner has argued that most adolescents will have spent more time watching television before starting elementary school than they will in a classroom during their entire school career.4 As television continues to be a prominent feature in the lives of most young Americans, it warrants ongoing inquiry as to how it impacts their intellectual and moral development. In this paper I will use a Deweyan framework to examine television viewing. I will briefly examine the history of television programming in the United States with a focus on programming directed at children and adolescents. Later, I cite Dewey in arguing that television watching by young people is devoid of educative experience and may lead to passivity, while also limiting interaction and growth. Further, I argue that by the time many young people begin their college careers, television has eroded their sense of democratic community and "taught" them to be materialistic consumers.

Media and Child Health

Media and Child Health

Suitability of written supplemental materials available on the Internet for nonprescription medications

The suitability, readability, and cultural appropriateness of written supplemental materials available on the Internet for nonprescription medications were examined. We videotaped 48 hours of television programming, recording a total of 152 advertisements highlighting 37 unique nonprescription medications. The supplemental materials corresponding to each advertised medication were downloaded and printed in their entirety from each product-specific Web site. These materials were assessed using the Suitability Assessment of Materials (SAM) instrument. Total SAM scores were grouped as follows: not suitable (0-39%), adequate (40-69%), and superior (70-100%). The Fry readability formula was used to determine the reading grade level for the materials assessed with the SAM instrument. The mean +/- S.D. SAM score of all materials was 54.9% +/- 0.1% (range, 38-76%). Materials for the majority of drugs (86.5%, n = 32) were rated adequate. Materials for four drugs (10.8%) were rated superior, and the material for one drug was not suitable. While the total SAM scores were adequate for most of the materials evaluated, the majority of materials scored particularly poorly for their reading level (the materials for 81.1% of drugs were not suitable). The materials for 40.9% of drugs used uncommon words. Evaluation of the suitability, readability, and cultural appropriateness of written supplemental materials for nonprescription medications available on manufacturer-sponsored Web sites and intended for consumers or patients revealed that SAM scores were adequate for most of the materials; however, many scored poorly in the areas of reading level and used uncommon words.

Indirect aggression in the media: A content analysis of british television programs

AbstractThe purpose of this study is to determine how much indirect aggression occurs in television programs popular among British adolescents. Previous research has mainly focused on violence in the media rather than examining this more manipulative and subtle type of aggression. A content analysis of 228 hours of television programming revealed that indirect aggression was portrayed in 92.04% of all episodes analyzed. It was portrayed more frequently than physical and verbal aggression. Females were more likely to be shown as indirect aggressors than were males, while males were more likely to be portrayed as physical aggressors. Attractive aggressors were more likely to use indirect than other types of aggression. Indirect aggression was often found to be justified, realistic, and rewarded. We conclude that programs that are not considered violent may still contain a large amount of other types of aggression. Aggr. Behav. 30:254–271, 2004. © 2004 Wiley‐Liss, Inc.

Nutrition-Specific TV Ads Presented During After-School Programming: Junk Food for the Mind?

studies indicate that watching TV is the #1 after-school activity among children ages 6-17. Television viewing is associated with obesity in children. While a number of studies have examined TV ads during Saturday morning programming, the purpose of this study is to quantify the number and describe the type of nutrition-specific messages presented during after-school programming to children. Four television channels (a local, cable, independent and major network) were selected for inclusion in this study. Programming was videotaped for five consecutive weekdays from 2:30-5:00 p.m. Each commercial featuring a food and/or beverage was coded in 9 areas: product name, manufacturer, type of commercial, type of food, use of incentives, presence of children, eating occurring, meal vs. snack, and type of message delivered. During 50 hours of television programming, 1305 commercials were noted. Food-specific advertising occurred in 60% of the ads. The most frequently advertised foods were breakfast cereals (26%), fast food (14%), pizza (8%) and fruit snacks (8%). Following close behind was TV ads for chips, desserts and candy (∼7% respectively). Messages presented to children during these commercials emphasized food taste and whether it was run/cool/hip to eat the foods. TV ads presented during afternoon programming were similar to those targeting children during Saturday morning cartoons and featured foods high in sugar, fat, and/or sodium. Dietitians should counsel parents on the potential influence of television on children's food choices and physical activity levels. In addition to continued national advocacy and policy efforts, dietitians should help parents and teachers educate children to become responsible and informed consumers.

Association of obesity with physical activity, television programs and other forms of video viewing among children in Mexico city.

To assess the association of physical activity, television program viewing and other forms of video viewing with the prevalence of obesity among school children. Cross-sectional study. 712 children, 9-16 y old, from a low- and a middle-income town in the Mexico City area. Children completed a self administered questionnaire to assess time spent in physical activity and television viewing, and diet. Height weight and triceps skinfolds were measured. The outcome variable was obesity, and the covariates were hours of television programs and other video viewing, physical activity, energy intake, percentage of energy from fat, town of location of school, age, gender and perception of mother's weight status. Among 461 children with complete information, 24% were classified as obese. Children reported an average of 4.1 +/- 2.2 h/d watching television (2.4 +/- 1.5 h/d for TV programs and 1.7 +/- 1.5 h/d for video cassette recorder (VCR) or videogames), and 1.8 +/- 1.3 h/d in moderate and vigorous physical activities. Odds ratios (OR) of obesity were 12% higher for each hour of television program viewing per day (OR = 1.12, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.02,-1.22), and 10% lower for each hour of moderate/vigorous physical activity per day (OR = 0.90, 95% CI 0.83-0.98), controlling for age, gender, town and perception of mother's weight status. Children in the middle-income town had higher adjusted odds of obesity (OR = 2.58, 95% CI 1.47-4.54). Physical activity and television viewing, but not VCR/videogames use, were related to obesity prevalence in Mexican children 9-16 y old.

Television news magazine crime stories: A functionalist perspective

More than a century ago, Emile Durkheim argued that the rituals of processing and punishing crime are functional in constructing a society's morality, teaching its members to abide by certain rules, and promoting cohesion among members by making it public when individuals have violated shared moral values. This content analysis investigates network and syndicated news magazine crime stories for their potential to promote these three social Junctions. Programs were exhaustively sampled over a six month period (October 1, 1994 to March 31, 1995). Three coders content analyzed 272 hours of television programs. Results indicate patterns in the data set to support the Durkheimian notion that social systems ritualize crime events with functional implications for the maintenance of social order.

Effects of Scheduling on Retention of Advertising Messages

Abstract The effects of varying the scheduling of message exposures on memory for advertisements was investigated. Four levels of concentration/spacing were used, with 10 advertisement exposures (embedded in 2½ hours of television programming) presented in 1 day, 1 week, 3 weeks, or 5 weeks. The results showed that the 1-week and 3-week advertising schedules gave higher levels of brand recall and recognition. The inferior performance with 1-day and 5-week schedules is explained in terms of a two-factor conceptual model of processes affecting attention to and memory for advertisements. Implications of these findings for marketing and marketing research are discussed.

The Distribution of Average Picture Levels in Television Programs — A Technical Note

An analysis of measurements made over 14½ hours of television programs is presented to show the distribution of average picture levels as a percentage of total time. It has been found that for 90% of the time the average picture level is between 20 and 70% and that the mean value of the distribution is close to 40%.