Hours Of Research Research Articles

Physical and Psychological Well Being among Full Time Research Scholars

In today's globalized world, the role of research in an academic institution is critical for its long-term viability and development, and knowledge-driven growth based on innovation is essential. The core concept of research is the pursuit of knowledge. Research scholars play a crucial role in advancing knowledge and contributing to the academic community. However, the demanding nature of their work, including long hours of study, research, and academic responsibilities, can potentially impact their physical and psychological well-being. In Bharathiar University, at present 106 affiliated colleges including 93 Arts and science colleges, 1 Air Force administrative college, 12 Institutions of Information science and management and 30 Research Institutions. The researcher selected 10 Arts and science colleges for this study. The main aim of the study is to know about the perspectives of the research scholars from different disciplines or academic institutions regarding their physical and psychological well-being. Descriptive research design was used in the present study. 40 PhD research scholars were selected from the different disciplines of Arts and Sciences colleges in Coimbatore district. The tool which was developed for the collection of data was a self-structure questionnaire and has been constructed by the researcher based on the key objectives of the study.

Barriers to Graduate Applications: Perspectives of Undergraduate Students From Underrepresented Backgrounds in Communication Science and Disorders

Purpose: The purpose of this preliminary study was to examine the perspectives of students from underrepresented backgrounds on the graduate school application process and identify ways to improve diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility in communication science and disorders. Method: A novel 15-item survey was used to solicit information about the experiences and perspectives of the graduate application process from 39 senior undergraduate students in a communication science and disorders program. Semistructured interviews were then conducted with seven students from underrepresented backgrounds to further explore perceived barriers to graduate applications and potential resources and supports. Results: Results demonstrated a variety of factors, including financial demands, Graduate Record Examinations requirements, and program location and prestige, that influenced student decision making during the application process. Students from underrepresented backgrounds reported applying to more programs on average but engaged in numerically fewer hours of research and practicum experiences than peers from majority backgrounds. The most significant barriers to the graduate application process included learning and mentorship challenges during COVID-19, limited experiential learning opportunities, and difficulties forming social connections. Departmental support, application assistance, and mentorship initiatives were highlighted as potential levers of change. Conclusions: Based on reported barriers to the graduate application process, more research is necessary to further investigate the extent these factors influence achievement, retention, and overall success of students from underrepresented backgrounds. Additional resources and supports, especially those recommended by students in this study, may serve as potential action steps to improve diversity, equity, inclusion, and accessibility in communication science and disorders programs. Supplemental Material: https://doi.org/10.23641/asha.23519058

An Exploratory Study of Factors Affecting Research Productivity in Higher Educational Institutes Using Regression and Deep Learning Techniques

Higher education is grappling with challenges from globalization. The competition between worldwide universities depends not only on the availability of infrastructure and faculty members' teaching quality, but also on their research performance. The research produced by faculty members has a significant impact on a university's standing, ability to acquire funds, and ability to enroll both domestic and international students. The objective of this paper is to identify factors affecting scientific research productivity in selected higher educational institutes. The paper reports the views of academic staff from different educational institutes on such issues as the determinants of research performance. A quantitative analysis approach, including correlation and regression, in addition to deep learning, was utilized to achieve the aim of the paper. The findings of this research demonstrate that the support of academic institutes for enhancing research and providing facilities and funds for such purpose has a great impact on research performance. The allocation of hours of scientific research to the faculty member also had a positive impact on the improvement of scientific research. Linking career promotion and scientific research encourages faculty members to publish more papers. Moreover, the level of qualification for faculty members has a great impact on their rate of publishing papers.

DEGRADATION OF QUALITY AND CONTAMINANTS IN LUBRICANTS OF DIESEL ENGINE FUELED BY B100 OF TRAIN POWER GENERATOR IN LONG-TERM OPERATION

The use of biodiesel as an alternative fuel to replace diesel has a positive impact on reducing environmental damage, but on the other hand also has an impact on decreasing engine performance in the long-term operation, one of which is the degradation of lubricant quality. This degradation of lubricant quality can be characterized by a decrease in the value of kinematic viscosity and total base number (TBN) and the presence of contaminants in the lubricant. This study aimed to determine the impact of using biodiesel B100 on the quality of lubricants on train power generator diesel engine. The diesel engine used in this research was water cooled SCANIA DC16 093A with an engine capacity of 16.4 liters. The engine was directly connected to an electric generator monitored by Deep Sea and worked at a constant speed of 1500 rpm for a total of 218 operation hours of research. The lubricant samples were taken in the range of 0 (fresh lubricant), 82, 164, and 218 hours. Based on the results of the study, it was observed that the kinematic viscosity values were 40°C and 100°C, where TBN values decreased throughout the operation time. The contaminant laboratory test results showed an increase in Fe, Cu, and Pb content accompanied by a decrease in Mg and Zn content with increasing operation time. Laboratory test for other contaminants in the form of Na and Si also showed an increase in an insignificant amount and tended to be constant during the experimental.

Understanding the pedagogical gap between the educational research and the reality of teachers: an analisis of the difficulties and proposals

Unlike other fields of knowledge in which research is synonymous of progress, in the educational field, research is not seen as a pillar to improve teaching practice. Taking this problem as a starting point, open responses of 264 Spanish teachers from all educational stages were analysed on the reasons why teachers do not give importance to educational research, as well as the possible proposals to improve this situation. After an inductive analysis, the findings suggest that there was a total of 19 reasons why teachers do not give importance to educational research, and 15 proposals to improve their involvement, being these categories accepted unanimously regardless the educational stage of the teachers. On the one hand, the main reasons why educational research does not impact on teaching practice were 4: lack of training, lack of time, teachers’ comfort zone and difficulty of transference of the results to the classroom. On the other hand, the main proposals to improve this situation were also 4: training throughout the university degree and throughout working life, changing the distribution of time (fewer hours of teaching and more hours of research), distribution of incentives (economic, merits ...), and proposal of practical and real topics of what the teachers need in class.

Systems Thinking for Effective Interventions in Global Environmental Health.

Environmental health risks such as household air pollution due to burning solid fuels, inadequate water, sanitation, and hygiene, and chemical pollution disproportionately affect the poorest and most marginalized populations. While billions of dollars and countless hours of research have been applied toward addressing these issues in both development and humanitarian contexts, many interventions fail to achieve or sustain desired outcomes over time. This pattern points to the perpetuation of linear thinking, despite the complex nature of environmental health within these contexts. There is a need and an opportunity to engage in critical reflection of the dominant paradigms in the global environmental health community, including how they affect decision-making and collective learning. These paradigms should be adapted as needed toward the integration of diverse perspectives and the uptake of systems thinking. Participatory modeling, complexity-aware monitoring, and virtual simulation modeling can help achieve this. Additionally, virtual simulation modeling is relatively inexpensive and can provide a low-stakes environment for testing interventions before implementation.

Contract Cheating in Canada: How it Started and How it’s Going

Join us for an in-depth account of the history and development of contract cheating in Canada over the past 50+ years. Learn about the one and only (failed) attempt at legislation to make ghostwritten essays and exams illegal in Canada. Get the details on a criminal case in the 1980s, noted as being the first of its kind in Canada, and possibly the Commonwealth, that made history when an essay mill owner and his wife were charged with fraud and conspiracy. The case was dismissed by the judge, leaving the contract cheating industry to flourish in Canada, which it has done with a vengeance. Then learn about an exposé in a major US magazine in the 1990s that presented in-details about the experiences of writers who supplied services to the contact cheating industry. Now that we are in the 21st century, find out what’s being done across the country today to take action against contract cheating. I will share previously undiscovered evidence and insights that shows how the contract cheating industry has been proliferating in Canada for at least half a century. Even if you thought you knew about contract cheating in Canada, you’ll almost certainly learn something new in this session. The content of this session is drawn from Eaton’s book chapter on contract cheating in the forthcoming edited volume, Academic Integrity in Canada: An Enduring and Essential Challenge (Eaton & Christensen Hughes) that involved over a thousand hours of historical research and digging into archival material to uncover that the contract cheating industry in Canada has been operating successfully for longer than most of us ever realized. I conclude with strong calls to action for educators, advocates, and policy makers.

Traversing Excitonic and Ionic Landscapes: Reduced-Dimensionality-Inspired Design of Organometal Halide Semiconductors for Energy Applications.

At the very heart of the global semiconductor industry lies the omnipresent push for new materials discovery. New materials constantly rise and fall out of fashion in the scientific literature, with those passing an initial phase of research scrutiny becoming hotbeds of characterization and optimization efforts. Yet, innumerable hours of painstaking research have been devoted to materials that have ultimately fallen by the wayside after crossing over an indefinable threshold, whereupon historical optimism is met with newfound skepticism. Materials have to perform well, and they have to do it quickly. In the past decade, metal-halide perovskites (MHPs) have garnered widespread attention. The hegemonic view in both academic and industrial circles is that these materials could be engineered to meet the demands of the semiconductor industry. Their promise as inexpensive solar cell devices is highly attractive, and it has been nothing short of remarkable that efficiencies have risen from 3.8% in 2009 to more than 25.5% in 2021. Moreover, MHPs are poised to be revolutionary materials in more ways than one. The highest MHP LED efficiency was recently reported (23.4%), and MHPs have demonstrated promise in photodetectors, memristors, and transistors. However, the many excellent properties of MHPs are contrasted by longstanding stability and reproducibility limitations that have hindered their commercialization. Overcoming the limitations of MHPs is ultimately a materials engineering problem, which should be solved by mapping more precise relationships between structure, composition, and device performance. In 1958, Francis Crick famously developed the central dogma of molecular biology which describes the unidirectional flow of information in biological systems. In the words of Crick, "nature has devised a unique instrument in which an underlying simplicity is used to express great subtlety and versatility." In this Account, taking inspiration from the hierarchical organization of nature, we describe a hierarchical approach to materials engineering of organic metal-halide semiconductors. We demonstrate that organo-metal halide semiconductors' dimensionality, composition, and morphology dictate their optoelectronic properties and can be exploited in defining more explicit relationships between structure and function. Here, we traverse three-dimensional (3D), two-dimensional (2D), and one-dimensional (1D) organo-metal halide semiconductors, detailing the morphological and compositional differences in each and the implications that can be drawn within each domain on the engineering process. Control over ion migration pathways via morphology engineering as well as control over charge formation in organic-inorganic semiconductors is demonstrated. Fundamental insights into the amount of static and dynamic disorder in the MHP lattice are provided, which can be continuously tuned as a function of composition and morphology. Using electroabsorption spectroscopy on 2D MHPs, a disorder-induced dipole moment in the exciton proportional to the summed value of static and dynamic disorder is measured. Spectroscopic isolation of exciton features in 2D MHP electroabsorption spectra allows us to obtain precise, model-independent measurements of exciton binding energies to study the effect of chemical substitutions, such as Sn2+ → Pb2+, on the value of the exciton binding energy. Finally, we conclude that this multidimensional platform, with the aid of machine learning and robotics, will be foundational in accurately predicting structure-property-device relationships in organo-metal halide semiconductors in the future.

Literature Counts: The Feelings of Overwhelmed

Literature Counts: The Feelings of <i>Overwhelmed</i>

Plagiarismand its paradoxes

Dealing with plagiarism can be seen as a track race where the speed is infinitely increasing. Participants in the race are students and faculty, but also software developers, university administrators, academic developers and libraries – with authors as passive bystanders. In this setting, the technological opportunities for manipulating other people’s work are always miles ahead of the available tools for detecting plagiarism. Moreover, with the introduction of AI in the academic world, plagiarism itself is becoming a muddled category. Consider for example software like Keenious that is being promoted to and via university libraries. This software is introduced with the following teaser: “Writing a paper? Planning an essay? Searching for references can waste hours of your time”. But as Keenious “analyses your entire text and browses through millions of articles, papers, and studies on the web to find the most relevant information in seconds”, you can “say goodbye to hours of manual research.”With programs like this the need to search, read and not least engage with difficult text material disappears. Using algorithms, the most “relevant” references can be produced and sprinkled across the text like cake decoration. In contrast to classical plagiarism, however, the problem is not the absence of references but rather the opposite. As an effect, papers will be produced that are difficult to grade and even more difficult to provide with meaningful feedback. Indeed, it could be argued that for many digital tools the amount of work that is saved in the short term often returns in more complicated forms; in this case for the teacher who is expected to offer meaningful feedback to products that are half-way machine-generated. Inside this landscape, offering moral pep-talks for students where plagiarism is presented as a kind of theft arguably misses the target. In this roundtable we will discuss these developments from various professional perspectives, including a reconsideration of the notion of plagiarism itself.

Book Review: Drafting Copyright Exceptions: From the Law in Books to the Law in Action

Drafting Copyright Exceptions: From the Law in Books to the Law in Action by Emily Hudson is essential reading for anyone responsible for managing copyright in libraries and educational and research institutions. Hudson’s monograph presents insights from thousands of hours of empirical research with hundreds of copyright practitioners in the cultural heritage sector. It reveals important findings about the way that copyright exceptions are interpreted in practice and the implications this has for the formation of norms and the drafting of copyright exceptions.

A dataset on trophic modes of aquatic protists.

BackgroundAn important functional trait of organisms is their trophic mode. It determines their position within food webs, as well as their function within an ecosystem. For the better part of the 20th century, aquatic protist communities were thought to consist mainly of producers (phytoplankton) and consumers (protozooplankton). Phytoplankton cover their energy requirements through photosynthesis (phototrophy), while protozooplankton graze on prey and organic particles (phagotrophy). However, over the past decades, it was shown that another trophic group (mixoplankton) comprise a notable part of aquatic protist communities. Mixoplankton employ a third trophic mode by combining phototrophy and phagotrophy (mixotrophy). Due to the historical dichotomy, it is not straightforward to gain adequate and correct information on the trophic mode of aquatic protists. Long hours of literature research or expert knowledge are needed to correctly assign trophic modes. Additionally, aquatic protists also have a long history of undergoing taxonomic changes which make it difficult to compare past and present literature. While WoRMS, the World Register of Marine Species, keeps track of the taxonomic changes and assigns each species a unique AphiaID that can be linked to its various historic and present taxonomic hierarchy, there is currently no machine-readable database to query aquatic protists for their trophic modes.New informationThis paper describes a dataset that was submitted to WoRMS and links aquatic protist taxa, with a focus on marine taxa, to their AphiaID and their trophic mode. The bulk of the data used for this dataset stems from (routine) monitoring stations in the North Sea and the Baltic Sea. The data were augmented and checked against state-of-the-art knowledge on mixoplankton taxa by consulting literature and experts. Thus, this dataset provides a first attempt to make the trophic mode of aquatic protists easily accessible in both a human- and machine-readable format.

Gendering the Boy Scouts: Examining Hegemonic Masculinity at a Co-Ed Backpacking Camp

Masculinity has been studied in various outdoor settings, including the industries of ecotourism, outdoor education, and forestry. However, few studies have examined how physical space contributes to the construction of hegemonic masculinity in organizations associated with nature and the outdoors. This study relies on nine in-depth interviews conducted with outdoor educators and sixteen hours of ethnographic research completed at Mountain View Scout Camp, a backpacking program for youth operated by the Boy Scouts of America. Findings indicate that Mountain View is gendered both through its organizational aesthetics, which valorize a hegemonically masculine ideal, and via sta members’ conception of nature as feminine and forestry work and tools as masculine. Results also suggest that men employed at Mountain View will occasionally embody a hybrid masculine gender performance by utilizing non-hegemonic traits of masculinity such as pro-feminist ideas. However, these episodic masculine performances also serve to subtly reproduce gender inequalities by accepting only a speci c type of woman and rewarding men for super cial allyship.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder in adults: common in primary care, misdiagnosed, and impairing, but highly responsive to treatment.

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a common (2.5% of adults) and highly genetic condition that adversely affects individuals across the lifespan.1 GPs will be familiar with the consequences of ADHD (for example, substance misuse, mood instability, divorce, obesity, teenage pregnancy, road traffic accidents, criminality, and underachievement). However, ADHD may be overlooked as the underlying problem, despite the potential for treatment to change lives dramatically. Many adults were not diagnosed as children despite sometimes having features of ADHD in childhood; females suffer ADHD more than previously understood, and high-functioning adults may still be severely impaired. In adults, ADHD may present more subtly: patients may concentrate during a consultation and the core features of ADHD may be hidden behind (or mistaken for) a more familiar comorbidity (for example, mood disorder). Despite the known severe impairments and negative consequences of ADHD, there may be inadequate service provision. However, this must not be misinterpreted as treatment futility; treatment is very effective both in reducing symptoms of ADHD and improving function. Box 1 lists the DSM-5 diagnostic features of ADHD.1 In adults, however, internal restlessness and an inability to ‘switch off’ are more common than visible physical hyperactivity other than fidgeting. Attention is dysregulated rather than deficient: patients can focus on topics of interest to them, often with initial enthusiasm. For example, a new hobby or subject may result in hours of internet research or participation, sometimes at the cost of time spent on other responsibilities. It may not be long before …

William Penn: A Life

William Penn: A Life

Ukrainian Bishop, American Church: Constantine Bohachevsky and the Ukrainian Catholic Church by Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak

Reviewed by: Ukrainian Bishop, American Church: Constantine Bohachevsky and the Ukrainian Catholic Church by Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak John Terlecky Ukrainian Bishop, American Church: Constantine Bohachevsky and the Ukrainian Catholic Church. By Martha Bohachevsky-Chomiak. (Washington, DC: The Catholic University of America Press. 2018. Pp. xvii, 535. $75.00. ISBN 978-0-81323-1594.) This is an exemplary work of scholarship on the life and legacy of Bishop Constantine Bohachevsky of Philadelphia, who was the only bishop-eparch of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in the United States from 1924 to 1956 (the time of the separation of the Stamford Eparchy from that of Philadelphia) and its first Metropolitan-Archbishop of Philadelphia from 1958 to his death on January 6, 1961 (Christmas Eve in the Julian Calendar). It is written by his niece in fine respect for the character and work of her uncle. The author herself is known in academic surroundings as a professor emerita of Manhattanville College and a Fulbright Scholar. It is this latter fact that provides the book with the endless hours of research in archival resources that were available to her from resources in Stamford, CT and Washington, DC, from the Vatican, and from state archives in Lviv and Poland. This book far outweighs any previous works written on the history of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in the United States. Other books seem like mere historical surveys in comparison to this work produced as a critical biography. The book serves as both a biography of Bishop Bohachevsky and as an assessment of the trials that he underwent in service to the Church and to a fledging immigrant community far from Western Ukraine in a country where to be Catholic meant one was Latin or Roman Catholic. The book presents the formation of the character of this gifted churchman from his early priestly years of service in Lviv [End Page 176] and Peremyshl (presently called Przemysl on worldwide maps of Poland) during the 1910s and 1920s. It particularly captures his relationship with Bishop Iosafat Kotsylovskyi of the Peremysl Eparchy as his vicar general from 1918 to 1924. In 1924, he was secretly consecrated a bishop and sent to a new missionary territory— to serve as the jurisdictional exarch/bishop for Ukrainian Greek Catholics whose roots were from Western Ukraine. Thus began over thirty-five years of dedicated service to his Church and his people in the United States—a time when he inherited a Church that was chaotic in its structure. He faced great opposition from both clerical and lay circles in this new land and survived with a steady hand and an unflinching spiritual character. It was only in the 1930s that structure began to take shape of his vision for this Church in a new and foreign land. New crises arose with the suppression of the Mother Church in its homeland both under the Polish rule of pacification of Eastern Galicia (presently called Western Ukraine) and the two Soviet occupations of the same territory separated only by the Nazi invasions of Eastern Europe and World War II. He became the main voice of this Church in the free world following its forced suppression in its homeland in 1945. He had to meet the needs of displaced refugees (both clergy and laity) in German and Austrian camps and preserved for many a life-saving existence. There is so much that can be said of the character of this noble churchman in scanning through a book of over five hundred pages covering six decades of ministry that cannot be adequately addressed in this review. I believe that Bishop Bohachevsky strove with all his qualities to establish the acceptance of the Ukrainian Catholic Church in the American Catholic community. He did not prefer the usage of the term “Greek Catholic” in this land – he simply used “Ukrainian Catholic” on all the corporate titles of new parishes and institutions that were either founded by him or under his jurisdiction. For example, Ukrainian Catholic Seminary, Inc., was founded in 1933 in Stamford; it later became Saint Basil Prep and Saint Basil College Seminary. This book deserves to be in every seminary and library of Catholic Church history and cannot be overlooked...

Toxicity and Biological Value of Broiler Chicken Meat in case of Feeding the “Aquasan” Acidifier

Employees of the Ternopil Research Station on the basis of organic and inorganic acids created a new liquid acidifier for broiler chickens called the “Aquasan”. It positively affects the preservation, productivity and constant microflora of the digestive tract in chickens. An important indicator of meat is its harmlessness and biological value. The purpose of the paper was to research the toxicity and biological value of chicken meat in case of feeding the stock with the “Aquasan” acidifier. The research was conducted on three groups of chicken broilers of the breed Ross 308–50 heads in each group. The first group of chickens was the control one, and the second group of chickens was fed with 0.1 % solution of the “Aquasan” acidifier from the 27th day of fattening within 10 days (27th–31st and 34th–38th days). The growing period lasted 43 days. Toxico-biological evaluation of chicken meat was carried out by express method using infusorias Tetrachymena pyriformis. Study of toxicity of pectoral and thigh muscles of the chickens have shown that within 24 hours of observing the infusorias, there was no death or inhibition of growth in an environment. Only on the 24th hour of observing in the experimental and control groups, there were infusorias with changes in shape and nature of movement in the amount of 0.1–0.2% cultures. The results of the research indicate that there is no acute and subacute toxicity of broiler meat in case of feeding the Acquasan acidifier. After 96 hours of research, 0.5–0.6 % of dead infusorias was found in samples of pectoral and thigh muscles in both groups. Also, there were infusorias with changes in shape and nature of movement on the 4th day, 0.3–0.4% and 0.2–0.3% respectively. There were no changes in growth of infusorias in the test group. Comparing the results of studies with control samples, it can be noted that the broiler chicken meat does not exhibit chronic toxicity. During 96 hours of research on the toxicity of chicken meat, no significant changes were found in the experimental group. Consequently, chicken meat from broilers grown with the use of “Aquasan” acidifier according to the express method is non-toxic, i.e. harmless for consumption. During the study of biological value of chicken meat, calculation of number of infusorias who grew up on the 4th day in the environment of the research samples of pectoral and thigh muscles, showed a lack of credible changes in their number as compared with the control. The absence of a reliable decrease in the relative biological value of meat indicates the high quality of the broiler chicken product in case of feeding them with the “Aquasan” acidifier.

Achieving customer experience excellence at seven critical life cycle points

This paper uses findings from 20,000 hours of customer research to help marketers achieve deeper and longer-lasting relationships with customers. Per the research, one of the most powerful ways to build deep customer relationships is to provide competitively differentiating customer experiences that deliver value at seven critical points in the customer’s relationship with the brand. This is effective because customers view their journey as a continuum that begins with the initial sale and continues throughout their full journey, ideally encompassing repeat sales over many years. It is therefore essential to set the right tone from the very beginning, with value, empathy and personalisation continuing throughout every step in the customer journey and encompassing all departments and levels in the organisation. Another critical requirement is that only preference-driven personalisation can deliver the sustained high-value experiences expected by today’s customers.

Uso de redes sociales en las revistas científicas de la Universidad de Los Andes

En una sociedad donde las barreras parecen día a día más difusas, las Redes Sociales (RRSS) constituyen uno los principales vehículos de comunicación directa para acceder, compartir, usar y apropiarse de contenidos que hasta hace algún tiempo implicaba mayores labores. El objetivo de este estudio fue determinar la utilización de estos canales, como medios adecuados para la divulgación de conocimientos, en cada una de las áreas temáticas de las 90 revistas científicas de la Universidad de Los Andes (ULA). El mismo, se abordó desde una metodología de trabajo documental, descriptivo, en donde se determinó la presencia –y sus respectivas características– de los objetos de estudio en dos RRSS horizontales-generalistas, como Facebook y Twitter, y dos verticales, de contenido y de perfiles profesionales, a saber, Youtube y LinkedIn. Ello, dada sus capacidades de apertura y penetración en una sustancial parte de la población que tiene conexión a la Red. Sin embargo, se percibió que apenas el 28,57 % de las publicaciones periódicas analizadas es miembro en al menos una de estas RRSS. De estas, algunas no cuentan con constante actividad y, por tanto, la cifra de suscriptores es corta y su alcance, limitado. Se recomienda al personal que allí hace vida académica procurar esfuerzos para alcanzar mejores índices de visibilidad y difusión, así como el registro en más comunidades virtuales y el trabajo constante en el mantenimiento de ellas.

American Mythmaker: Walter Noble Burns and the Legends of Billy the Kid, Wyatt Earp, and Joaquín Murrieta. By Mark J. Dworkin.

The myth of the West rode into twentieth-century America with Walter Noble Burns. Already a famed journalist and editor, Burns was covering the pursuit of Pancho Villa by General “Black Jack” Pershing when he met a friend of Pat Garrett in El Paso, Texas. Inspired, Burns returned to New Mexico, interviewed many of the actual people involved, and, in 1926 published his first book honoring the American West. The Saga of Billy the Kid (c. 1920s), “history as it should have been,” introduced the rugged individualism of the idealized western hero. Reviewers over time have criticized it as romanticism while others laud it as dramatic fiction. Between 1911 and 1999, fifty-two films portrayed Billy as never changing but ever changing. Literature and television continue to feature his story well into the twenty-first century. Tombstone: An Iliad of the Southwest (1929), Burns’s next step into the mythical West, forever seared the legend of Wyatt Earp and the O.K. Corral into American and international minds. Previously published with little veracity, Burns conducted hours of newspaper research, interviewed many of the original participants, and spent miles on horseback, familiarizing himself with local landmarks. Vignettes of the major characters, coupled with Burns’s classic narrative style, launched Earp and the entire lineup well into the next millennium. The films Tombstone , in 1993, and 1994’s Wyatt Earp bear living tribute to Burns’s contribution to western history.