Houghton County Research Articles

Centennialite, CaCu3(OH)6Cl2.nH2O,n≈ 0.7, a new kapellasite-like species, and a reassessment of calumetite

AbstractThe new mineral centennialite (IMA 2013-110), CaCu3(OH)6Cl2·nH2O, was identified from three cotype specimens originating from the Centennial Mine, Houghton County, Michigan, USA, where it occurs as a secondary product, after acid water action upon supergene Cu mineralization in association with, and essentially indivisible from, other copper-containing minerals such as calumetite and atacamite family minerals. It forms as pale to azure blue encrustations, often taking a botryoidal form. Centennialite is trigonal,,a= 6.6606(9) Å,c= 5.8004(8) Å,V= 222.85(6) Å3,Z= 1. The strongest powder X-ray diffraction lines aredobs/Å [I%] (hkl), 5.799 [100] (001), 2.583 [75] (201), 2.886 [51] (111), 1.665 [20] (220), 1.605 [17] (023), 1.600 [15] (221), 1.444 [11] (222). The X-ray refined structure forms a kagome net of planar coordinated CuO4units with Jahn-Teller coordinated Cl apices to form octahedra that edge-share to in-plane adjacent and flattened CaO6octahedra, which are centred about the lattice origin. All oxygen sites are protonated and shared between one Ca-octahedron and one CuO4planar unit. Three protonated sites are linked, by hydrogen-bonding to Cl sites, which sit on the triad axis. Each lattice has one Cl above and one below the Ca-Cu polyhedral plane. Consequently, the layers are stacked, along ⟨001⟩, with two Cl sites between layers. In addition to this kapellasite-like topology, an extrac/2site is identified as being variably water-hosting and extends the coordination of the Ca-site to 8-fold, akin to the body-diagonal Pb-Cu sheet in murdochite. Centennialite conforms to the description of the ‘Unidentified Cu-Ca-Cl Mineral’ noted in Heinrich'sMineralogy of Michiganand is almost certainly identical to the supposed hexagonal basic calcium-copper hydroxychloride monohydrate of Erdöset al.(1981). We comment upon relationships between calumetite and centennialite and propose a substructure model for a synthetic calumetite-like phase that is related directly to centennialite.

History and Mineralogy of the St. Louis Mine, Houghton County, Michigan

History and Mineralogy of the St. Louis Mine, Houghton County, Michigan

Estimating Transport Footprint along Highways at Local Levels: A Combination of Network Analysis and Kriging Methods

ABSTRACT Transport impacts on the natural environment have been increasingly quantified by ecological footprint analysis. Existing studies estimate transport footprint at local levels when traffic data are available. This study introduces an approach to estimate and visualize the transport footprint along highways where traffic data are unavailable by using a combination of network analysis and Kriging methods. The use of this approach is demonstrated in Houghton County, Michigan, USA. The estimated transport footprint along highways provides useful information for environmental and transportation planners to understand traffic impacts on the natural environment at local levels and identify hotspots/corridors of the transport footprint.

Copper-banded Agates from the Kearsarge Copper-bearing Amygdaloidal Lode, Houghton County, Michigan

Copper-banded Agates from the Kearsarge Copper-bearing Amygdaloidal Lode, Houghton County, Michigan

The Pewabic Copper-bearing Amygdaloidal Lode, Houghton County, Michigan Lake Superior Native Copper District

Sixteenth in a series of articles on the mines and minerals of Michigan's Copper Country The Lake Superior native copper district, also known as the Michigan Copper Country, is located on the spars...

Copper profiles in the sediments of a mining-impacted lake

Purpose The sediments of Torch Lake, located in Houghton County, MI, USA, have been impacted by copper mining activity. Remediation of the site has focused on immobilizing shoreline tailing deposits. However, a large amount of copper remains in the mining-sourced sediment, and high copper concentrations persist in surface sediments. This study analyzes sediment core and sediment trap data to determine the source of copper in the surface sediments.

Influence of Centaurea biebersteinii patch size on Urophora quadrifasciata (Dipt. Tephritidae) in Michigan, USA

Abstract: Host plant patch size plays an important role in the distribution and densities of many insect species. Understanding how the host plant patch size influences the population of a biological control agent is necessary to monitor the success of a biological control programme. Urophora quadrifasciata (Dipt. Tephritidae) was released in the early 1970s to control the spotted knapweed, Centaurea biebersteinii (Asteraceae) in North America. The studies reported here investigated the influences of spotted knapweed patch size and stem density on U. quadrifasciata larval populations overwintering within capitula in the Upper Peninsula of Michigan, USA. An inverse relationship was found between the percentage of capitula with U. quadrifasciata larvae and spotted knapweed patch size in 2002 from Houghton county, MI. In 2003, an inverse relationship was also found in the south region of the study area in Houghton and Keweenaw counties, Michigan. The percentage of capitula with U. quadrifasciata larvae and spotted knapweed patch size were positively related for the central region. No relationship was found for the North region in 2003. Dispersal of U. quadrifasciata is directed north‐east along the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan. With this directed spread, areas with well‐established populations of U. quadrifasciata would provide source individuals for new colonization. Spotted knapweed patch size may play an important role in the overwintering populations of U. quadrifasciata as a result of dispersal.

Sustainable Transport Planning: Estimating the Ecological Footprint of Vehicle Travel in Future Years

An important indicator of sustainable land use, the ecological footprint measure has proved unsuitable for many planning applications because of the limited availability of impact data at the local level of cities and counties and because of an inability to estimate the ecological footprint of future development scenarios. In light of these limitations, this paper presents a methodology for measuring the ecological footprint of a county-level transportation network in current and future time periods. With the aid of vehicle travel behavior and fleet characteristics obtained from a number of state and federal agencies, we estimate the quantity of land required for constructing county highways and remediating annual greenhouse gas emissions through forest carbon sequestration in the years 2001, 2011, and 2021. The results of our study, which focuses on Houghton County, Michigan, indicate that, despite a projected increase in average vehicle fuel efficiency, the ecological footprint of transportation will increase in future years because of projected increases in total annual vehicle kilometers of travel along the network. On the basis of these results, we argue that the ecological footprint is a viable technique for transportation and land-use planning applications.

Collector's Note: The Point Mills Nugget, Houghton County, Michigan

Collector's Note: The Point Mills Nugget, Houghton County, Michigan

The nutritional value of organic detrital aggregate in the diet of fathead minnows

1. The nutritional value of detrital aggregate, which refers to the mixture of plant debris (i.e. organic detritus) and microorganisms, in the diets of fathead minnows (Pimephales promelas Rafinesque) was assessed in experiments using surface benthic samples from three sites in Clear Lake (Houghton County, Michigan, U.S.A.).2. In the first experiment, fish were fed small (<250 μm) and large (250–1000 μm) particle detritus from one profundal and two littoral sites. Fish in all treatments lost weight. However, fish fed detritus from the littoral erosional site, where wild fish forage intensively, had significantly lower weight loss.3. In the second experiment, fish were fed various quantities of Artemia with or without ad libitum erosional site detritus. Growth was proportional to the mass of Artemia consumed, yet minnows showed increased growth with the detritus supplement at low invertebrate rations.4. This study shows that detrital aggregate produced by decompositional processes at the erosional site could be nutritionally valuable to minnows. It appears that a feeding strategy of consuming detritus with a higher nutritional quality (i.e. detrital aggregate) as a dietary supplement benefits fishes in temperate as well as tropical systems.

Relating Site-Specific Weather Data to Regional Monitoring Networks in the Lake States

Abstract Meteorological variables most frequently used in ecological studies include, or are derived from, daily precipitation and air temperature. In many studies, weather data from the nearest permanent weather station are used as surrogates for on-site measurements. This study discusses the problems with this approach and illustrates methods for developing regression equations for calculating site-specific daily minimum, average, and maximum temperatures, and precipitation amount from regional monitoring information. Meteorological data were collected at four sites along a 650 km climatic gradient from Houghton County (47°N, 89°W) to Oceana County (43°N, 86°W), Michigan. Data from several National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) stations within 40 km of each study site were related to measurements made at each site. Predictive ability was improved by using information from more than one NOAA station to predict on-site temperature. No increase in predictive ability resulted from including information from more than a single station when predicting precipitation. For the majority of the sites and climate variables, the best relationships were not obtained by using the nearest NOAA station; variables such as the relative distance from large bodies of water or elevation appeared to be influential. Since distance between two locations is rarely the most important factor governing the relationship between their climates, the use of the nearest weather station is not the best method to describe weather conditions on specific sites of interest. For. Sci. 43(3):447-452.

Epizootic Neoplasms in Fishes From a Lake Polluted by Copper Mining Wastes<xref ref-type="fn" rid="FN2">2</xref>

Examination of fishes from Torch Lake, Houghton County, Mich., revealed epizootic neoplasms of several types in two closely related species. Saugers, Stizostedion canadense, and walleyes, Stizostedion vitreum, were commonly affected with hepatocellular carcinomas, dermal ossifying fibromas, and perivisceral masses resembling mesotheliomas that were usually associated with the mesenteric capsule of the spleen. Saugers were 100% affected with liver neoplasms. Histopathologic and ultrastructural aspects of the neoplasms are described. Torch Lake has been used as a repository for copper mining waste to the extent that an estimated 20% of the original volume has been filled in by these materials. Several direct and indirect etiologic roles for the mine waste as causative agents of the fish tumors are discussed.

Direction and Height of Bryophytes on Four Species of Northern Trees

Direction and Height of Bryophytes on Four Species of Northern Trees

Effects of Gamma Radiation on the Lichen Cladonia verticillata (Hoffm.) Schaer.

Gamma radiation from a 60Co source at a dose of 10 Kr caused no visible algal cell damage in podetia of Cladonia verticillata up to weeks after irradiation. One after a 1,000 Kr dose algal cell damage was evident; 4 weeks later cytoplasmic breakup was apparent in 20-30% of the cells. When compared with a non-irradiated control, 10 Kr irradiated podetia had a stimulated phosphorous uptake, and 1,000 Kr irradiated podetia had a decreased uptake 24 hours and 6 weeks after irradiation. Algal cultures were only obtained from normal and 10 Kr irradiated lichen segments. During the incubation period for algal isolation squamule growth appeared on the nonand 10 Krirradiated segments. Certain lichen species have been shown to be quite resistant to chronic and acute doses of radiation that would normally kill most other plants within a few months (Brodo, 1964; Hale, 1967; Woodwell & Gannutz, 1967; Jones & Platt, 1969). Lichens also have the unusual ability to absorb ions from various sources beyond their expected needs and without apparent harm. Radioactive fallout (Gorham, 1959) and naturally occuring radioisotopes (Beasley & Palmer, 1966) are accumulated and concentrated by some lichens without any apparent damage. In an effort to understand the manner in which radiation affects the lichen, we studied Cladonia verticillata (Hoffm.) Schaer. to determine the effects of acute gamma irradiation in regard to 1) cellular damage, 2) phycobiont growth, and 3) 32P uptake. MATERIALS AND METHODS Cladonia verticillata podetia and squamules were collected during July and August in Keweenaw and Houghton counties of Michigan's Upper Peninsula. The specimens were Study supported in part by NSF-URP grant number GY 7552 and in part by AEC grant number AT( 11-1 )-2085. 2 Department of Biological Sciences, Michigan Technological University, Houghton, Michigan 49931. FIGURES 1-8. Algal cells of Cladonia verticillata. All approximately X200. 1. Cells of a 1 week control. 2-3. Cells of a 5 week control. 4. Cells after receiving a 10 Kr dose. 5. Cells weeks after receiving a 10 Kr dose. One damaged cell (arrow) is evident. 6. Cells after receiving a 1,000 Kr dose. 7. Cells weeks after receiving a 1,000 Kr dose. All cells but two (arrow) appear damaged. 8. Cells weeks after receiving a 1,000 Kr dose. All cells but one (arrow) appear normal. This content downloaded from 157.55.39.195 on Tue, 26 Apr 2016 05:08:00 UTC All use subject to http://about.jstor.org/terms 1972] PULLUM & ERBISCH: RADIATION OF CLADONIA VERTICILLATA 49

Results of spraying and dusting potatoes in Michigan in 1946

In the experiments at the Lake City Experiment Station, potatoes sprayed with Dithane-zinc sulfate-lime DDT and F48-Bordow-Dethyl gave yields significanly better than those of any other materials employed. It seems possible that lack of injury to the plants from these materials or this factor and the added effect of DDT may be responsible for the increased yields. Bordeaux mixture 8-12-100, Zerlate and Yellow Cuprocide Tribasic-DDT ground together and DDT alone resulted in yields higher than those of the other materials employed, although these differences in yield were not statistically significant in every case. The results of the dusting experiments, using fixed coppers in comparison with monohydrated copper sulfate-lime showed no significant differences in yield between these materials plus DDT or DDT alone. Considerable variation in yield was found between plots sprayed with the same materials in different counties in the Upper Peninsula. Using the plots of identical materials in each of three counties as added replicates of materials, there was no significant difference in yield between the various sprays. Late blight was absent in the Lake City Experiment Station tests and early blight was present in only slight amounts. In the Upper Peninsula plots late blight was present in Menominee, Schoolcraft, Marquette and Houghton counties but its development was stopped by early killing frosts before any appreciable damage resulted.

Fern Notes III. Ferns and Fern Allies of the Keweenaw Peninsula, Michigan

I believe a list of these plants for this region has never been compiled. I give one herewith which is as complete as I can make it. Of the ferns there are 3 families, 18 genera and 70 species and their subdivisions; of the fern allies, 3 families, 4 genera and 65 species and their subdivisions. All except one or two have been found in Keweenaw County and were collected chiefly at or near the old Cliff Mine location, in the old township of Clifton. All are probably common to Keweenaw, Houghton and Baraga counties, which comprise the Peninsula. As originally submitted, this paper contained some generic names that have been outlawed by recent International Congresses. As I have not the proceedings and no list of conserved names, Mr. C. A. Weatherby kindly consented to re-edit these parts and bring the nomenclature into accordance with the rules. I am under deep obligations to him and wish to express my heartfelt appreciation of his kindness and invaluable assistance, not only as to nomenclatural matters, but also in regard to Latin diagnoses, which I had failed to provide.

Contributions to the Pre-Cambrian Geology of Northern Michigan and Wisconsin. R. C. Allen , L. P. BarrettThe Geology of Limestone Mountain and Sherman Hill in Houghton County, Michigan. E. C. Case , W. I. Robinson

<i>Contributions to the Pre-Cambrian Geology of Northern Michigan and Wisconsin</i>. R. C. Allen , L. P. Barrett<i>The Geology of Limestone Mountain and Sherman Hill in Houghton County, Michigan</i>. E. C. Case , W. I. Robinson

The Geology of Limestone Mountain and Sherman Hill in Houghton County, Michigan

Previous articleNext article FreeThe Geology of Limestone Mountain and Sherman Hill in Houghton County, MichiganE. C. Case and W. I. RobinsonE. C. Case Search for more articles by this author and W. I. Robinson Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by The Journal of Geology Volume 23, Number 3Apr. - May, 1915 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/622230 Views: 89Total views on this site PDF download Crossref reports no articles citing this article.

PELVIC ABSCESS.A CASE REPORT WITH COMMENTS.

Pelvic abscess from cellulitis, without pus-tube as a primary cause, is rare. Including those cases arising from pus-tube, however, the condition is uncommon in this territory. Factors most productive of pelvic suppuration are more common in large cities than in small towns and country districts, the latter being comparatively free from prostitution and criminal abortion. Legitimate puerperal sepsis, so called in contrast to that arising after criminal operations, and which is also a cause of cellulitis and of pus-tube, is rare in the practice of Houghton County physicians. Post-operative cases are very rare. NARRATION OF CASE. The case to be described was due to puerperal infection. The parametrium was infected probably by lymphangitis or phlebitis, or both, arising from the vagina. There was no indication of pus-tube. History. —The patient, aged 34, had perfect health in childhood and girlhood. As far as she knows she was free from any functional or

On powellite from a new locality [Houghton County, Michigan

On powellite from a new locality [Houghton County, Michigan