Hotel Construction Research Articles

Ethnoeconomy of Europe: Turkish Segment

The article examines the ethnic factor of the European economy. The migration of the Turks to Europe in the 1960s, formed a special segment of entrepreneurship in the region. A significant part of it was occupied by the representatives of the Turkish diaspora. Several factors including the social one contribute to the active development of the Turkish ethno-business in the European space. In addition, the formation and prosperity of the Turkish ethnic entrepreneurship in Europe is influenced by the high development of family and clan relations as well as the presence of various kinds of auxiliary mechanisms in the form of trade unions and business associations. In the context of small and medium-sized businesses, the key attention is paid to the development of the Turkish fast food industry related to the organization of food outlets, the hotel business, the provision of general services as well as tourism and logistics services. Large network business and transnational corporations of Turkey in most cases are engaged in such areas as: restaurant business; hotel business, including the construction of hotels; distribution of retail chains and Turkish brands. Islamic banking has also become a relatively new rapidly developing area of the Turkish ethnobusiness. The author concludes that the Turkish migration has significantly changed the nature of the European business. However, despite the wide representation of Turkish entrepreneurs in Europe, not all of them achieve the desired success and often face various kinds of discriminatory policies of the European authorities that restrict their activities.

Analisis Kelayakan Investasi Proyek Pembangunan Asvara Resort Manuaba Ubud

The current property competition in Bali, marked by an increase in the construction of hotels, villas, and resorts, coupled with the fluctuating growth rate of tourist visits over the past five years due to the pandemic (with both increases and decreases), necessitates a reevaluation of the investment feasibility analysis for the construction of Asvara Resort Manuaba Ubud. This study aims to assess the market, technical, and financial feasibility aspects of the investment in the construction of Asvara Resort Manuaba Ubud, to determine whether this development remains profitable for investors. Additionally, it seeks to ensure that the benefits of this resort development can be felt by the government and the surrounding community, thus supporting the welfare and economy of the region, especially Gianyar Regency. To analyze the market aspect, data on the number of tourists visiting Bali, occupancy rates, and the availability of similar resorts in the surrounding area, obtained from government agencies and several star-rated hotels in the vicinity, are required and then processed using forecasting methods. For the technical aspect analysis, geographical location data, project location, and land utilization plans are analyzed using qualitative descriptive methods. For the financial aspect analysis, data on costs and revenues obtained from contractors and operators are analyzed using Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Payback Period (PP), and Internal Rate of Return (IRR) parameters. The market aspect analysis results show an increase in tourist visits, including occupancy rates, which will positively impact visits to this resort. From the technical aspect, land utilization and allocation have been optimized for investment. Financially, the NPV value is Rp 16,706,385,995.27, the IRR is 19.67%, the BCR is 1.242, and the PP is 10 years. The sensitivity analysis results, considering the worst-case scenario where all revenue components decrease by 8% and costs increase by 8%, show an NPV value of Rp 1,215,020,196.08, an IRR of 17.13%, a BCR of 1.018, and a PP of 13 years. Overall, it can be concluded that this investment is feasible for investors.

관광과 지역 정체성 정치

Despite being one of Korea's six major cities during the Japanese colonial era, Mokpo has declined to a small local city post-liberation. Since the establishment of the local government system, Mokpo has aimed to reinvent itself as a tourist destination. Over the past 20 years, the city has implemented six major tourism development and promotion projects, including night scenery lighting, a marine music fountain, urban regeneration of the old city center, a suspension cable car, hotel construction on Samhakdo Island, and branding Mokpo as a “romantic harbor city.” Throughout this process, there have been conflicts, competition, and cooperation with various civic and local interest groups. This research, based on related studies and Logan & Molotch's (2007) growth machine theory, analyzes how different groups formed growth and anti-growth coalitions and how they struggled over six key projects. Newspaper articles documenting these conflicts, competition, and cooperation were reviewed. To enhance reliability and validity, peer review and an interview with a local newspaper editor were conducted. The findings show that while the growth machine theory is useful in examining Mokpo's coalitions and their conflicts, it has limitations in fully explaining the phenomenon's complexity. The study concludes by discussing future research directions and the role of deliberative democracy in sustaining Mokpo's development as a tourist city.

Construction of the tourist sentiment dictionary for hotels to mining tourist demands: Based on Macao’s hotel reviews from Agoda

<p><span lang="AZ-LATIN">Tourist hotels (or tourist accommodations) are located near tourist attractions, primarily serving tourists. In recent years, with the gradual improvement of people’s living standards around the globe, tourists’ demands and standards for tourist hotel construction have been rising accordingly. In the context of technologization and informatization, various hotel booking platforms (Agoda, Booking, Trip, etc.) cover a large amount of review data in evaluating systems to reflect tourists’ demands. Meanwhile, identifying demand-oriented reviews and extracting core consumer demands from them is crucial for optimizing hotel services and enhancing tourist satisfaction. Therefore, this study explores the demands of tourists in tourist hotels from the perspective of text sentiment analysis and takes Macao, a famous tourist destination, as an example, based on reviews of tourist hotels on the Agoda site platform. Specifics are as follows: (1) Based on pointwise mutual information (PMI) and information entropy (IE), it realizes the identification of sentiment words in the field of tourist hotels and constructs a sentiment dictionary to address the problem of poor relevance between word segmentation results; (2) It summarizes the five types of reviews containing tourist demands (positive, negative, suggestion, demand, and comparison) and their characteristics to solve the ambiguity of texts and further accurately reveal the main demands of tourists; (3) It classifies tourist demands and group similar tourist demands into the same categories to address the problem of multiple expressions for the same demand. The present study provides empirical experiences from Macao’s hotels and contributes to the literature on text sentiment analysis in tourist hotels. Furthermore, the study results could enhance the mining accuracy and provide a detailed summarization of consumer demands and directions for the sustainable optimization improvement of tourist services.</span></p>

Risk Assessment on The Bandung Hilton Hotel Construction Project Utilizing The FMEA and FTA Methods

Risk is the possibility or uncertainty of unexpected events occurring during the implementation of work which could harm the party carrying out the activity, the example is a risk of work accidents. The potential risk of work accidents also occurs in the Hilton Hotel Construction Project in Kota Baru Parahyangan - West Bandung. The project is a high-rise building with a height of 23 floors which of course has a fairly high risk of work accidents. This research aims to find out the dominant risk and its factors.This research applied two methods in analyzing, those methods are Failure Mode and Effect Analysis Method (FMEA) and Fault Tree Analysis Method (FTA). Having can be identified and analyzed that risks by using those methods, this research did some steps by using Method for Obtain Cut Set (MOCUS) for finding basic event combination.The results of this research are to determine the dominant risk of work accidents using the FMEA method, namely the activity of workers falling from a height during glass installation work with an RPN value of 26,3. Based on the FTA method, it produces 16 basic events are feeling unwell, lack of concentration, lack of enthusiasm for work, excessive joking, not seeing signs, lack of communication, lack of supervision time, lack of K3 training, less comfortable using PPE, limited amount of PPE, lack of training, lack of experience, signs that are too small, signs blocked by objects, slippery roads due to rain, and a messy work environment.

Construction of the tourist sentiment dictionary for hotels to mining tourist demands: Based on Macao’s hotel reviews from Agoda

<p><span lang="AZ-LATIN">Tourist hotels (or tourist accommodations) are located near tourist attractions, primarily serving tourists. In recent years, with the gradual improvement of people’s living standards around the globe, tourists’ demands and standards for tourist hotel construction have been rising accordingly. In the context of technologization and informatization, various hotel booking platforms (Agoda, Booking, Trip, etc.) cover a large amount of review data in evaluating systems to reflect tourists’ demands. Meanwhile, identifying demand-oriented reviews and extracting core consumer demands from them is crucial for optimizing hotel services and enhancing tourist satisfaction. Therefore, this study explores the demands of tourists in tourist hotels from the perspective of text sentiment analysis and takes Macao, a famous tourist destination, as an example, based on reviews of tourist hotels on the Agoda site platform. Specifics are as follows: (1) Based on pointwise mutual information (PMI) and information entropy (IE), it realizes the identification of sentiment words in the field of tourist hotels and constructs a sentiment dictionary to address the problem of poor relevance between word segmentation results; (2) It summarizes the five types of reviews containing tourist demands (positive, negative, suggestion, demand, and comparison) and their characteristics to solve the ambiguity of texts and further accurately reveal the main demands of tourists; (3) It classifies tourist demands and group similar tourist demands into the same categories to address the problem of multiple expressions for the same demand. The present study provides empirical experiences from Macao’s hotels and contributes to the literature on text sentiment analysis in tourist hotels. Furthermore, the study results could enhance the mining accuracy and provide a detailed summarization of consumer demands and directions for the sustainable optimization improvement of tourist services.</span></p>

Assessment of Users’ Satisfaction Levels in Selected Hotels in Lagos State, Nigeria

The blooming hospitality industry in Nigeria, particularly in major states like Lagos, has witnessed a surge in hotel construction. Ensuring the success and sustainability of hotels hinges on assessing guest satisfaction levels, taking into account the impact of the built environment on the overall experience. Elements such as architecture, design, amenities, and ambience significantly contribute to guest satisfaction. This study aims to assess user satisfaction in hotel-built environments, focusing on functionality, building quality, aesthetics, and hotel atmospherics. It employs a mixed-method approach, combining qualitative and quantitative methods, conducting case studies on selected 5-star hotels in Lagos State. Questionnaires, addressing demographics, frequency of hotel facility use, satisfaction levels, and impact assessment of various hotel elements, were distributed. Statistical measures, including frequency, mean, and standard deviation, were employed for data analysis. The assessment of user satisfaction in selected Lagos State hotels revealed nuanced insights. While parking facilities and room size received moderate to high satisfaction levels, opinions on aesthetic design and interior decor varied. Impact analysis highlighted the significant influence of spatial layout, ventilation, and infrastructure quality on user satisfaction. The findings stress the importance of targeted improvements in specific architectural elements to enhance user satisfaction. Recommendations include a strategic focus on refining parking facilities and room layouts, along with continuous improvements in aesthetic design and interior decor. By tailoring improvements to specific architectural elements based on guest expectations, hotels can contribute to a more gratifying and memorable guest experience in Lagos State.

Social Construction of Shariah-Compliant Hotels: Exploring the Interplay of Conservatism and Politics in Public Policy

Social Construction of Shariah-Compliant Hotels: Exploring the Interplay of Conservatism and Politics in Public Policy

THE IMPORTANCE OF CUSTOMER RELATIONSHIP MANAGEMENT TO INCREASE CUSTOMER LOYALTY AT HOTEL X , WEST BANDUNG REGENCY

Based on research conducted at Hotel X at West Bandung Regency, this paper examines the use of CRM to boost customer loyalty. The Bandung area, which includes Subang, has become a more popular tourist destination recently due to the construction of numerous hotels in the vicinity. But the rivalry is now more fierce than it was previously. 
 In order to compare the topic under investigation with the real conditions at Hotel X at West Bandung Regency, the researcher conducted a literature analysis on Customer Relationship Management and spoke with five managers about it. The three programs that the researcher determined had an impact on CRM were the Partnering Program, Continuity Marketing, and One-to-One Marketing. The researcher has examined the program and connected it to theory through primary research employing qualitative approaches.
 While nearly every program has been implemented, Hotel X at the West Bandung Regency did not adopt a branding program, according to the results of the interview session.

Faktor-Faktor Yang Mempengaruhi Pelanggan Dalam Pemesanan Kamar Hotel Grand Savero Hotel Bogor Secara Online

Tourists' desire to visit Indonesia needs to be accompanied by ease of accessibility, facilities offered and availability of accommodation facilities. Hotels are a form of accommodation that supports tourism activities, where the availability of hotels becomes a supporting facility for tourists visiting a country. And along with the growth of the world of Indonesian tourism, the history of hotels in Indonesia also plays a role in its success. The existence of hotels in Indonesia is of course very much needed in the tourism industry, considering that without adequate accommodation, it is impossible for tourists to want to visit. Increasing tourist visits is a promising business prospect for investors to set up hotels. This increasing hotel construction is due to an increase in demand for occupancy rates every year. The increase in hotel occupancy rates in all provinces across Indonesia is accompanied by the rapid development of the hotel industry. Apart from that, nowadays society is made easier by increasingly sophisticated technology, this means that tourists who want to travel or travel can do it easily using gadgets. Starting from ordering transportation tickets, accommodation, restaurants and so on. This research was conducted to find out what factors encourage customers to make reservations at the Grand Savero Hotel online. The technique used in this research is the method of filling out a questionnaire. The research results show that there are four factors that encourage customers to make hotel reservations online, namely discounts, convenience, seeing other customer reviews, not being able to come directly to the hotel,
 Keywords: Hotel room reservations, customer decisions, online travel agent

GLAZING SYSTEMS WITH SILICA AEROGEL FOR OPTIMIZING ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN HOTEL BUILDING

Due to their high energy consumption hotel buildings have a significant impact on the environment. Such constructions are particularly energy-intensive demanding environments so as to meet the various needs of occupants and ensure their comfort. Guests tend to consume more energy during their stays than they do in their own homes (water, electricity, light, temperature...). In recent years, Algeria has seen a significant increase in the construction of hotels, many of which are concentrated in the Mediterranean region, which experiences particularly high humidity levels in the summer and winter. The new generation of building materials used to enhance comfort and reduce building energy consumption, are progressively sought after all over the world. This work, which studied the performance of silica aerogels for the glazing system of hotel rooms in a Mediterranean climate, can provide a database for hotel designers, an investigation combining experimental work (air and surface temperature measurements and thermography) and numerical simulation (using TRNsys V17) was conducted on an existing hotel building located in Béjaia. The results revealed the insertion of silica aerogel within a 6 mm thick glazing sheet decreases significantly the heating and cooling requirements of the study indoor environment.

Sustainable and Circular Hotels and the Water–Food–Energy Nexus: Integration of Agrivoltaics, Hydropower, Solar Cells, Water Reservoirs, and Green Roofs

The hotel industry in Iran faces critical challenges that underscore the urgent need for sustainable practices, specifically in the realms of energy, water, and food. Despite industry growth, a mere three percent of hotels fall into the five- and four-star categories, emphasizing the need for widespread adoption of sustainable practices. Focused on Ramsar in Mazandaran, the study underscores the importance of eco-friendly strategies to tackle challenges related to the food–water–energy nexus. Employing the SCOC, Fuzzy BWM, and Z-MARCOS methods, the research proposes a robust framework for evaluating hotel development strategies. The case study reveals a concentration of hotels in Khorasan Razavi, Mazandaran, and Tehran, urging prioritization of sustainable practices in these regions. Analyzing Ramsar’s climate, the study suggests leveraging solar energy and implementing green roofs, emphasizing an integrated approach to achieve eco-friendly hotel construction. Furthermore, the research provides a prioritized set of strategies based on SCOC, aligning with criteria regarding the water–energy–food nexus. It emphasizes internal strengths, opportunities, and strategic technology partnerships while acknowledging external challenges such as political stability and climate change risks. The discussion introduces an Importance–Performance Analysis (IPA) to guide managerial decisions, presenting an insightful perspective for effective strategy implementation in Iran’s evolving hotel industry.

Changing Architecture and Construction Practices in the Gilgit Baltistan Region, Pakistan: Case of Hotel and Tourism Industry

The tourism and hotel industry is rapidly causing the alteration of the architectural and construction practices in the Gilgit-Baltistan region as more and more people have become associated with the industry including both the locals as well as outsiders. This paper presents an overview of the changing scenario of architecture and construction practices in the Gilgit-Baltistan region and the preferences of the local population. It aims to do so by highlighting the architectural and construction practices of the past and present specifically in the hotel and tourism industry of the region, outlining the type of construction and their techniques while also inquiring the locals regarding their preferences pertaining to architecture and construction. The secondary data giving an overview of the region, and the architectural and construction practices; is gathered from the relevant newspaper articles, reports, websites and, journal articles while the primary data is gathered from the site visits to the region along with questionnaire surveys conducted from the local population. An assessment of hotels developed during different timelines presenting case studies employing either vernacular or modern or even a combination of both techniques is carried out in terms of their use of materials, architectural features, and structure/construction typology. Conclusively, the research tries to put forth the trends in architecture and construction practices especially in the case of hotel buildings in the region as while an increase in tourism has caused a boost in the construction of hotels in the region, it has raised many other concerns such as disconnect from local culture, use of alienated building materials making the buildings poor in terms of thermal comfort, dying cultural heritage.

Recreational and health aspect of theme park activities

The paper examines the recreational and health aspect of theme park activities. This study substantiates the idea that theme parks in the modern tourism business should become an alternative to the prohibitive construction of hotels in resort areas and traditional recreation areas. This paper is also devoted to understanding the problem of fulfilling the ambitious goals formulated by the government of the Russian Federation to form a new domestic tourism industry by 2030. According to this project, the tourist flow should double, reaching 140 million tourists per year. By 2030, 300 thousand rooms will be built; this is approximately a third of the existing ones. However, there is an alternative solution to this problem. For the development of the tourism industry, today it is more important not to build new hotels, but to create an additional tourist flow in order to increase the occupancy and profitability of existing hotels. The most effective tool for this is the creation of year-round theme parks that can attract millions of tourists to the regions and thereby reduce the seasonality of tourism.

Hotel enterprises in Nizhny Novgorod in 1918-1939.

The market reforms that began in the late Soviet period and continued after the collapse of the USSR radically changed the country's hotel industry. The changes have affected literally all aspects of the industry. Similar large-scale changes were already taking place in the hospitality industry at the beginning of the twentieth century, after the socialist revolution of 1917. Therefore, it is interesting to find out how the young Soviet state, in the most difficult conditions of the civil war and foreign intervention, was able to practically rebuild the country's hotel industry. Because of this, the experience of hotel construction in the first two decades of Soviet power can be useful. The subject of the research in this article was the development of hotel enterprises in Nizhny Novgorod, such as communal hotels, "Peasant Houses", night shelters during this period. The paper provides an analysis of the main directions of development of the Nizhny Novgorod hotel industry from 1918 to 1939. The article is based on materials from regional archives (TSANO and GOP NO), periodicals, and scientific literature. The article uses historical-systemic and historical-comparative methods, as well as general scientific methods such as description and comparison. The conducted research showed that the hotel industry of the city was in a difficult situation by 1918. The change in the social system in the state, the decline in the standard of living of the population, and the refugees provoked a crisis in the hotel industry of Nizhny Novgorod. The mass closure of enterprises was avoided only by nationalization and municipalization of enterprises. The opening of the Peasant's House in 1925 was able to alleviate the acute shortage of hotel stock for a short period. But in the 1930s, due to the growth of foreign tourism, the problem of a shortage of high-class hotels worsened. The construction of the Volna, Rossiya and Intourist hotels partially solved this problem. But for ordinary Soviet citizens, hotels are still inaccessible. At the same time, the level of service was at an extremely low level.

Некоторые аспекты управления проектами в сфере строительства медицинских гостиничных объектов

The modern provision of medical services through medical hotels can be attributed not only to the upward trends of the Russian accommodation system, but also, first of all, to an increase in the variety of forms of healthcare facilities providing high-quality medical services and comfortable accommodation. The article provides an overview of the main stages and stages of design in the construction of medical hotels. The main factors influencing the development of this direction in the construction of medical facilities have been identified. The article also provides a sequence of stages in the implementation of the medical hotel project. The paper focuses on the importance of using outsourcing and outstaffing in the design and implementation of the construction of medical hotel facilities, as well as any other means of medical placement, and managing them in the project. Conclusions are drawn that the management of the design of the construction of medical hotel facilities in modern realities is associated with a number of problems and challenges, among which in the first place is the provision of sufficient financing, the search for investors, coordination on compliance with the norms and requirements for the safety and operation of the facility in the future, compliance with deadlines and work schedule, a high level of defect-free project, compliance with a number of industry requirements, etc.

SMART ENVIRONMENT: ANALYSIS OF WATER MANAGEMENT POLICY IN MAKASSAR


 
 
 
 Abstract
 This article aims to analyze the Makassar government's policies on clean water management in Makassar, one of Indonesia's major cities. Utilizing the concept of a smart environment as an analytical framework, this study investigates whether Makassar's clean water management aligns with the principles of a smart environment. The escalating construction of apartments and hotels has notable consequences for water resources in Makassar. Simultaneously, the city experiences rapid population growth each year, indirectly affecting clean water consumption. This qualitative study employs descriptive analysis, aiming to elucidate and depict the current events concerning the research object. Secondary data forms the basis of this study. Research findings indicate that Makassar's clean water management does not conform to the smart environment concept. This discrepancy can be attributed to inconsistent clean water distribution aggravated by the city's swiftly growing population. Furthermore, the implementation of smart environment principles in managing clean water resources, such as the development of Public Green Open Spaces, waste management, river revitalization, and slum settlement management, remains suboptimal. These aspects significantly impact the establishment of a smart environment, particularly concerning the universal provision of clean water for Makassar's residents.
 Keywords: Makassar City, smart environment, policy, water management
 
 
 

Application of modular construction technologies in the design of hotel and hostel buildings

The construction of modular hotels is part of a new construction trend that has been gaining momentum over the past few decades. Due to the relative novelty of this trend, there is an insufficient number of scientific studies in the scientific space that consider the use of modular technologies. This article discusses the features of modular construction technology in general and in particular for hotel construction; traces the history and development of modular construction, presents a brief analysis of research by scientists, considers the experience of using modular technology in hotel design, identifies the main advantages of modular technology, and explores the role of modular construction in the development of the hotel industry. Modular construction technology is gaining popularity in the modern world and is becoming an increasingly common alternative to other conventional construction methods due to the ability to create a simple alternative to brick buildings without the need for heavy machinery. This construction method is successfully used for the construction of buildings of various types and purposes. The essence of this technology lies in the process of erecting buildings from prefabricated blocks - modules. Since these blocks are manufactured in factories and transported to the construction site for assembly, the construction process using this construction method is much faster than others, and this is despite the fact that the technology ensures all design and construction standards, and the cost can be significantly lower. Modular construction is a construction technology that involves the assembly of elements manufactured off-site by producing bulk modular units. This technology involves the use of various structural systems and building materials. The main advantages of modular hotel construction include increased productivity and safety at work, reduced overall construction schedule, environmental friendliness, cost optimization, and quick commissioning. These advantages ensure high profits for investors and construction companies. However, if the implementation of a modular project is subject to significant delays due to unforeseen circumstances, on-site construction may be a more efficient solution. Today, the use of modular technologies in hotel construction can be called a necessary evolutionary step for the development and efficiency of the hotel industry.

Analisis Komparatif Daya Dukung Tanah & Penurunan Pondasi Menggunakan Metode Analitis Dan Metode Elemen Hingga (Studi Kasus : Borehole 1 Proyek Apartment Mega Techno City Di Kota Batam)

Batam City is a city with high attractiveness for tourists, both local and foreign tourists. In an effort to support and accommodate tourists visiting the city of Batam, the construction of hotels and apartments has been intensively carried out. Due to limited land, the high rise building model is one of the most effective building models to build. To guarantee high rise building performance, it is necessary to plan well in design from a structural point of view. In this case foundation as one of the elements of the structure is also an important part, so it needs to be planned well too. The bearingXcapacity of theXfoundation and the settlement in the foundation areXtwo important things that need to beXconsidered in foundation planning. In this study, an analysis of the bearing capacity of the foundation using the Meyerhof method and the finite elementXmethod (Plaxis 2D) and foundation settlement analysis using the elastic reduction method and the finite elementXmethod (Plaxis 2D) was carried out on the Mega Techno City Apartment construction project in Batam. The results of this analysis are in the form of bearing capacity based on the Meyerhof method is 3.330,8 kN and 3.351,6 kN based on the finite element method, as for the settlement, 53,1 mm is obtained for the elastic settlement method and 9,64 mm for the finite element method, the settlement still meets the SNI 8640 – 2017 standard. Based on these external differences, it can be used as a reference in conservative design.

Impact of Coastal Reclamation on Seagrass Habitat in Palu Bay, Central Sulawesi, Indonesia

Coastal development by conducting reclamation for various uses, for example port construction and operations, is a growing threat to coastal ecosystems including seagrass meadows. For several decades, reclamation for coastal development in Palu Bay has included port construction or extension of single-purpose privately owned port facilities as well as public shipping ports. In addition, reclamation was carried out to provide land for the construction of hotels, housing, recreational areas and coastal protection. The majority of private port terminals are owned by mining companies exporting rock and aggregate from around Palu Bay. There are many quarries in the mountains along the western coast of Palu Bay, and alluvial materials around several rivers along the eastern shore are also exploited. The purpose of this study was to analyse the impact of reclamation on seagrass habitat in Palu Bay, especially the private ports, which the dominant reclamation purposes conducted in this area. This study found about 66 ports around Palu Bay, the majority privately owned by mining companies operating in Palu City and Donggala Regency. The effects of reclamation include reduced seagrass habitat and decreased water quality.