Hot-wire Anemometry Measurements Research Articles

Active grid turbulence anomalies through the lens of physics informed neural networks

Active grids operated with random protocols are a standard way to generate large Reynolds number turbulence in wind and water tunnels. But anomalies in the decay and third-order scaling of active-grid turbulence have been reported. We combine Laser Doppler Velocimetry and hot-wire anemometry measurements in a wind tunnel, with machine learning techniques and numerical simulations, to gain further understanding on the reasons behind these anomalies. Numerical simulations that incorporate the statistical anomalies observed in the experimental velocity field near the active grid can reproduce the experimental anomalies observed later in the decay. The results indicate that anomalies in experiments near the active grid introduce correlations in the flow that can persist for long times.

Small-scale Helmholtz resonators with grazing turbulent boundary layer flow

ABSTRACT Helmholtz resonators flush-mounted in a wall beneath turbulent boundary layer flow are studied by focusing on their flow-induced excitation and effect on the grazing turbulent flow. A particular focus lies on single resonators tuned to the most intense spatio-temporal fluctuations in the near-wall vertical velocity and wall-pressure, residing at a spatial scale of λ x + ≈ 250 (or temporal scale of T + ≈ 25 ). Resonators are examined in a boundary layer flow at R e τ ≈ 2280 . Two neck-orifice diameters of d + ≈ 68 and 102 are considered, and for each value of d + three different resonance frequencies are studied (corresponding to a period of T + ≈ 25 , as well as one lower, and one higher, period). The response of the TBL flow is analysed by employing velocity data from hot-wire anemometry and particle image velocimetry measurements. Passive resonance only affects streamwise velocity fluctuations in the region y + ≲ 25 , while vertical velocity fluctuations due to resonance reach up to y + ≈ 100 . A narrow-band increase in streamwise turbulence kinetic energy at the resonance scale co-exists with a more than 20% attenuation of lower-frequency energy. Current findings on single resonator cases will aid in the development of passive surfaces with distributed resonators for boundary-layer flow control.

A simple hot wire temperature drift correction based on temperature sensitivity applied to a turbulent shear layer

A procedure is proposed to correct temperature drift for hot wire anemometry measurements in turbulent fields where the facility is not equipped with temperature control. The procedure consists of evaluating the wire sensitivity to the temperature by building a voltage-temperature curve. The voltages of both the calibration points and the measurement points are corrected, shifting the voltage values to an arbitrary reference temperature. The correction can be applied to the instantaneous voltages by performing synced temperature measurements with constant current anemometry or constant voltage anemometry cold wire. The efficacy of the method is tested on a turbulent shear layer that develops on the side of an open jet wind tunnel not equipped with temperature control. The velocity statistics show a good match with respect to reference particle image velocimetry measurements, evidencing the self-similarity of the shear layer in contrast with the non-corrected data and the data corrected using the semi-empirical and analytical relation based on King's law modification. A correction based only on the temperature statistics shows indistinguishable results with respect to the instantaneous correction.

Vortex shedding behind porous flat plates normal to the flow

This work examines the influence of body porosity on the wake past nominally two-dimensional rectangular plates of fixed width $D$ in the moderate range of Reynolds numbers $Re = UD/\nu$ (with $U$ the incoming velocity and $\nu$ the kinematic viscosity) between 15 000 and 70 000. With porosity $\beta$ defined as the ratio of open to total area of the plate, it is well established that as porosity increases, the wake shifts from the periodic von Kármán shedding behaviour to a regime where this vortex shedding is absent. This change impacts the fluid forces acting on the plate, especially the drag, which is significantly lower for a wake without vortex shedding. We analyse experimentally the transition between these two regimes using hot-wire anemometry, particle-image velocimetry and force measurements. Coherence and phase measurements are used to determine the existence of regular, periodic vortex shedding based on the velocity fluctuations in the two main shear layers on either side of the wake. Results show that, independent of $Re$ , the wake exhibits the classical Kármán vortex shedding pattern for $\beta <0.2$ but this is absent for $\beta >0.3$ . In the intermediate range, $0.2<\beta <0.3$ , there is a transitional regime that has not previously been identified; it is characterised by intermittent shedding. The flow alternates randomly between a vortex shedding and a non-shedding pattern and the total proportion of time during which vortex shedding is observed (the intermittency) decreases with increasing porosity.

Wind-tunnel measurements of sensible turbulent heat fluxes over melting ice

Accelerated glacier melt and the loss of perennial snowfields have been associated with increased warming in polar regions, at rates up to four times faster than the rest of the world, thereby reinforcing the critical need for improved models (and predictions) of glacier melt. An essential requirement for such models is an improved understanding of the sensible heat fluxes over glaciers. Since their complexity makes them difficult to model, and direct measurements of sensible turbulent heat fluxes over real glaciers are both rare and impractical, the present work involves simultaneous hot-wire anemometry and cold-wire thermometry measurements of two components of velocity and temperature above a melting glacier model in a series of wind-tunnel experiments. Both single- and multi-variable statistics were used to compare the turbulent velocity field measured over melting ice with that of a similar flow in the absence of ice. The results demonstrate that the ice's presence reduces the magnitude of the Reynolds stresses and vertical velocity variance, but also increases the streamwise velocity variance. The transient evolution of temperature statistics throughout the melt process was also investigated and found to be similar when suitably non-dimensionalized. The velocity and temperature fields were furthermore evaluated at an equivalent non-dimensional time during the melt process, in which statistics of the temperature field, and joint statistics of the vertical velocity and temperature, were studied. The present work lays the foundation for future laboratory-scale replications of the flow above melting glaciers, and provides additional insight into turbulent heat transfer over melting ice.

Experimental Detection of Organised Motion in Complex Flows with Modified Spectral Proper Orthogonal Decomposition

Spectral proper orthogonal decomposition (SPOD) has seen renewed interest in recent years due to its unique ability to decouple organised motion at different timescales from large datasets with limited available information. This paper investigated the unsteady components of the flow field within a simplified turbine centre frame (TCF) model by applying SPOD to experimental, time-resolved flow speed data captured by particle image velocimetry (PIV). It was observed that conventional methods failed to capture the two significant active bands in the power spectrum predicted by preliminary hot wire anemometry measurements. Therefore, a modification to the SPOD procedure, which employs subsampling of the time sequence recorded in the experiment to artificially lower the PIV data acquisition frequency, was developed and successfully deployed to analyse the TCF flow field. The two dynamically active bands were identified in the power spectra, resulting in a closer match to the preceding analyses. Within these bands, SPOD’s ability to capture spatial coherence was leveraged to detect several plausible coherent, fluctuating structures in two perpendicular planes. A partial three-dimensional reconstruction of the flow phenomena suggested that both bands were associated with a distinct mode of organised motion, each contributing a significant percentage of the system’s total fluctuating energy.

Space-filling single square and square fractal grids induced turbulence: Reynolds stress model parameters-optimization

The employment of grid-induced turbulent flow structures as a passive means of augmenting solid-fluid heat transfer is receiving considerable attention, especially in HVAC applications. However, there presently exists a gap in simulation approaches, where industry-accessible CFD packages are unable to accurately express crucial second-order turbulent flow statistics generated by space-filling single square grids (SSGs) and square fractal grids (SFGs). The present study reports a successful application of a revised Reynolds Stress Model (RSM), which accurately replicates the streamwise distributions of centerline mean flow velocity and turbulence intensity in the lee of one SSG (operating under three different flow Reynolds number ReDh) and five geometrically different SFG test cases after undergoing Nelder-Mead downhill simplex optimization of key RSM kernel parameters. The optimized RSM presents a disagreement of, at worst, 4.30% and 9.98%, respectively against experimental hot-wire anemometry measurements of first-order and second-order statistics, and is the first known instance of the RSM being validated for turbulence intensity predictions of SSG- and SFG-induced turbulence. Examination of RSM parameters reveals that the pre-factors for the rates of turbulence dissipation production and destruction (C1,ε and C2,ε) hold greatest effect on simulation accuracy, with additional optimization of the turbulent viscosity pre-factor (Cμ) required for SFG cases. This is attributed to the effect of enhanced turbulent transport due to the cascading and multiscale nature of SFG turbulence, which insofar could not be replicated by Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) models. The values of optimized C1,ε, C2,ε, and Cμ range between 1.057 to 1.697, 2.226 to 2.556, and 0.17 to 2.27, respectively. This leads to the largest deviation of −26.6%, 33.1%, and 200% for C1,ε, C2,ε, and Cμ, respectively, when compared to their corresponding default values. With regards to the sensitivity of this parameter set on grid design, it is shown that the grid's fractal iteration number N and thickness ratio tr have greatest influence on the variation of C1,ε, C2,ε, and Cμ, while the effect of ReDh is insignificant. Overall, this study presents an alternative approach to capture the anisotropic and inhomogeneous nature of SSG- and SFG-induced turbulence for industrial heat-transfer applications via an accessible RANS package, which was previously constrained to expensive DNS and LES studies.

Finite-length porous surfaces for control of a turbulent boundary layer

This study investigates the potential of finite-length porous surfaces with a subsurface chamber for the control of the turbulent boundary layer. The effect of the subsurface chamber on the boundary layer is investigated by hot-wire anemometry measurements of the boundary layer response to different chamber configurations. Three different chamber configurations were investigated: a common cavity that connected the array of surface perforations, a locally reacting chamber with individual cavities underneath each perforation, and chambers that connected the perforations in streamwise or spanwise flow directions. It was found that a common backing cavity and individual cavities reduced the peak turbulence intensity, whereas the test case with streamwise or spanwise channels increased the turbulence intensity and strengthened large-scale turbulent structures within the boundary layer. While both common and individual cavities were effective in reducing turbulence, the individual cavities created a larger reduction in the pre-multiplied spectrum with an average of 80% at large scales compared to between 40% and 60% reduction at large scales for common cavities with different volumes. Hence, a short porous surface with individual cavities underneath each perforation was found to be the most effective turbulence-reducing configuration among the investigated cases.

Leading-edge pressure gradient effect on boundary layer receptivity to free-stream turbulence

Free-stream turbulence (FST) induced boundary layer transition is an intricate physical process that starts already at the leading edge (LE) with the LE receptivity process dictating how the broad spectrum of FST scales is received by the boundary layer. The importance of the FST integral length scale, apart from the turbulence intensity, has recently been recognized in transition prediction but a systematic variational study of the LE pressure gradient has still not been undertaken. Here, the LE pressure gradient is systematically varied in order to quantify its effect on the transition location. To this purpose, we present a measurement technique for accurate determination of flat-plate boundary layer transition location. The technique is based on electret condenser microphones which are distributed in the streamwise direction with high spatial resolution. All time signals are acquired simultaneously and post-processed giving the full intermittency distribution of the flow over the plate in a few minutes. The technique is validated against a similar procedure using hot-wire anemometry measurements. Our data clearly shows that the LE pressure gradient plays a decisive role in the receptivity process for small integral length scales, at moderate turbulence intensities, leading to variations in the transitional Reynolds number close to 40 %. To our knowledge, this high sensitivity of LE pressure gradient to transition has so far not been reported and our experiments were therefore partly repeated using another LE to ensure set-up independence and result repeatability.

A numerical modelling investigation of the development of a human cough jet

PurposeThis study aims (1) to numerically investigate the characteristics of a human cough jet in a quiescent environment, such as the variation with time of the velocity field, streamwise jet penetration and maximum jet width. Two different turbulence modelling approaches, the unsteady Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes (URANS) and large eddy simulation (LES), are used for comparison purposes. (2) To validate the numerical results with the experimental data.Design/methodology/approachTwo different approaches, the URANS and LES, are used to simulate a human cough jet flow. The numerical results for the velocity magnitude contours and the spatial average of the two-dimensional velocity magnitude over the corresponding particle image velocimetry (PIV) field of view are compared with the relevant PIV measurements. Similarly, the numerical results for the streamwise velocity component at the hot-wire probe location are compared with the hot-wire anemometry (HWA) measurements. Furthermore, the numerical results for the streamwise jet penetration are compared with the data from the previous experimental work.FindingsBased on the comparison with the URANS approach and the experimental data, the LES approach can predict the temporal development of a human cough jet reasonably well. In addition, the maximum width of the cough jet is found to grow practically linearly with time in the far-field, interrupted-jet stage, while the corresponding axial distance from the mouth of the jet front increases with time in an approximately quadratic manner.Originality/valueCurrently, no numerical study of human cough flow has been conducted using the LES approach due to the following challenges: (1) the computational cost is much higher than that of the URANS approach; (2) it is difficult to specify the turbulent fluctuations at the mouth for the cough jet properly; (3) it is necessary to define the appropriate conditions for the droplets to obtain statistically valid results. Therefore, this work fills this research gap.

Effect of Incoming Boundary-Layer Characteristics on Performance of a Distributed Propulsion System

An experimental study is conducted to advance the understanding of flow physics associated with a boundary-layer ingesting, distributed propulsion system. The influence of incoming boundary-layer thickness on the performance of the system is examined. The propulsion model, integrated with electrical fans, is mounted on a flat plate and tested at subsonic speeds. Detailed characterization of the incoming boundary layer and the downstream flowfield is performed using hot-wire anemometry and static pressure measurements. Modification of the boundary layer is achieved by placing trip rods of two different diameters near the leading edge of the flat plate. Overall performance of the system is analyzed by estimating thrust, flow power, and input power to the fans. Ingestion of a thicker boundary layer is found to result in an increase in thrust and net flow power.

Whittle maximum likelihood estimate of spectral properties of Rayleigh-Taylor interfacial mixing using hot-wire anemometry experimental data.

Investigating the power density spectrum of fluctuations in Rayleigh-Taylor (RT) interfacial mixing is a means of studying characteristic length, timescales, anisotropies, and anomalous processes. Guided by group theory, analyzing the invariance-based properties of the fluctuations, our paper examines raw time series from hot-wire anemometry measurements in the experiment by Akula etal. [J. Fluid Mech. 816, 619 (2017)JFLSA70022-112010.1017/jfm.2017.95]. The results suggest that the power density spectrum can be modeled as a compound function presented as the product of a power law and an exponential. The data analysis is based on Whittle's approximation of the power density spectrum for independent zero-mean near-Gaussian signals to construct a maximum likelihood estimator of the parameters. Those that maximize the log-likelihood are computed numerically through Newton-Raphson iteration. The Hessian of the log-likelihood is used to evaluate the Fisher information matrix and provide an estimate of the statistical error on the obtained parameters. The Kolmogorov-Smirnov test is applied to analyze the goodness of fit, by verifying the hypothesis that the ratio between the observed periodogram and the estimated power density spectrum follows a χ^{2} probability distribution. The dependence of the parameters of the compound function is investigated on the range of mode numbers over which the fit is performed. In the domain where the relative errors of the power-law exponent and the exponential decay rate are small and the goodness of fit is excellent, the parameters of the compound function are clearly defined, in agreement with the theory developed in the paper. The study of the power-law spectra in RT mixing data suggests that rigorous physics-based statistical methods can help researchers to see beyond visual inspection.

Comparing the wake behind circular and elliptical cylinders in a uniform current

In this study, an experimental investigation has been conducted on the characteristics of the wake behind the elliptical cylinder with the axis ratio of $$AR = 2$$ . In order to provide a comparison, the same experimental investigation has also been conducted for a circular cylinder with the vertical height equal to the height of the elliptical cylinder. For studying the wake behind these two cylinders, hot-wire anemometry measurement has been performed. All of the tests are carried out in Reynolds number of $$3.0\times 10^4$$ (which is defined according to the mean velocity of air and the cylinder diameter). Results are presented in terms of time-averaged velocity, standard deviation, higher-order central moments of the hot-wire signals (skewness and kurtosis factors), Strouhal number and drag coefficient. For the regions near the wake, the velocity deficit of the elliptical cylinder is greater compared to the circular cylinder; however, this is completely reversed in the regions far from the wake. As the axis ratio of the cylinder decreases, the dimensionless standard deviation becomes higher, and it’s maximum value is located at an earlier stream-wise location. In addition, it is observed that by increasing the axis ratio of the cylinder, drag coefficient decreases, while the Strouhal number is increasing.

Characterization of the Mixing Induced by Multiple Elevated Jets in Cross Flow

Experimental and numerical consideration is given in the present work to an inline, inclined triple elliptic jet-group discharged in cross flow, a common configuration widely present in several domains, namely environmental, industrial and even medical. The experiments were described by particle image velocimetry and hot wire anemometry measurements, and the numerical simulation was based upon the finite volume method together with a non uniform grid system tightened close to the discharging nozzles. Generally, optimizing similar configurations is meant to reach optimum mixings in terms of heat and/or mass transfers. The present work will be particularly dedicated to the heat transfers generated within the examined multiple jet in cross flow configuration, for jets emitted under an injection height equivalent to , and under a variable injection ratio. After presenting the handled geometry, a validation of the numerical model is proposed. Afterward, a discussion of the reduced static temperature is presented. This is a highly interesting parameter due to its closeness, if not similarity under some circumstances, to the cooling efficiency.

Spray drying experiments and CFD simulation of guava juice formulation

This paper presents a computational fluid dynamics (CFD) approach to model the spray-drying of a formulation of guava juice. The computational model incorporates the characteristic drying rate curve (CDC) of the formulation. The CDC is derived from the drying history of single droplets suspended on a thin glass filament. The computational domain is based on the geometry of a small production spray-dryer with a capacity of 10 kg/h. A two-phase Eulerian-Lagrangian model implemented in a commercial CFD package (ANSYS-FLUENT) is used to simulate the gas-particle interaction in the dryer. Hot-wire anemometry (HWA) measurements of the air flow in the drying chamber are used to calibrate the CFD model. The URANS k-ω SST and the Scale-Adapted Simulation turbulence models are employed to compute the unsteady three-dimensional flow field. Model calibration suggests that the swirl number of the air flow entering the dryer is about 0.61. Simulations predict high axial velocities along the center-line and a narrow jet core in the upper part of the dryer. Lagrangian particle tracking is used to calculate the particle trajectories starting from the perimeter of the rotary disk atomizer and ending at the dryer walls and bottom outlet. Simulation results of particle size distribution, time-average temperature and humidity profiles are presented in order to analyze the overall drying performance. The procedure shown in this work emphasizes the need of implementing drying kinetics with experimental support, and suitable inlet flow conditions to perform detailed CFD simulations of the spray-drying of fruit juices.

Experimental investigation and 1D analytical approach on convective heat transfers in engine exhaust-type turbulent pulsating flows

The objective of the present work was to experimentally investigate flow field instantaneous characteristics and their associated heat transfer for pulsating flows representative of engine exhaust flow operating conditions. The experimental apparatus consists of a stationary turbulent hot air flow, with a variable Reynolds number, excited through a pulsating mechanism and exchanging thermal energy with a water cooled steel pipe. Pulsation frequency ranges from 10 to 95 Hz. Simultaneous time-resolved measurements of velocity and temperature were achieved by mean of coupled hot-wire anemometry and micro-unsheathed thermocouples measurements to investigate the impact of the pulsation frequency on heat transfers. Flow pulsation was found to enhance heat transfers in the entire range of frequencies. Significant improvements were observed when the flow was excited with a frequency equal to a resonant mode of the system. With the increase in velocity-amplitude ratio, an increase in the convective heat transfer was observed, with a maximum enhancement corresponding to a factor three and higher, with respect to the relative Nusselt number. Combining experimental results with an analytical formulation, derived from the 1D energy balance equation for a turbulent pulsating flow, the velocity amplitude ratio was identified as the characteristic term representative of the predominant heat-transfer enhancement mechanism.

Large-scale motions in a plane wall jet

The plane wall jet (PWJ) is a wall-bounded flow in which a wall shear layer develops in the presence of extremely energetic flow structures of the outer free-shear layer. The structure of a PWJ, developing in still air, was studied with the focus on the large scales in the flow. Wall-normal hot-wire anemometry (HWA) measurements along with double-frame particle image velocimetry (PIV) measurements (wall-normal–streamwise plane) were carried out at streamwise distances up to $162b$, where $b$ is the slot width of the PWJ exit. The nominal PWJ Reynolds number based on exit parameters was $Re_{j}\approx 5940$. Comparisons with a zero-pressure-gradient boundary layer (ZPGBL) at nominally matched friction Reynolds number $Re_{\unicode[STIX]{x1D70F}}$ were also carried out as appropriate, to highlight key features of the PWJ structure. Consistent with previous work, the PWJ showed a dependence of the peak turbulent stresses on the jet exit Reynolds number. The turbulent production showed a peak corresponding to the near-wall cycle similar to the peak seen in the ZPGBL. However, another turbulent production peak was observed in the outer free-shear layer that was an order of magnitude larger than the inner one. Along with the change in sign of the viscous and Reynolds shear stresses, the PWJ was shown to have a region of very low turbulent production between these two peaks. The dissipation rate increased over the PWJ layer with a peak also in the outer region. Visualizations of the flow and two-point correlations reveal that the most energetic large-scale structures within a PWJ are vortical motions in the wall-normal–streamwise plane similar to those structures seen in free-shear layers. These structures are referred to as J (for jet) type structures. In addition two-point correlations reveal the existence of large-scale structures in the wall region which have a signature similar to those structures seen in canonical boundary layers. These structures are referred to as W (for wall) type structures. Instantaneous PIV realizations and flow visualizations reveal that these W type large-scale features are consistent with the paradigm of hairpin vortex packets in the wall region. The J type structures were seen to intrude well into the wall region while the W type structures were also seen to extend into the outer shear layer. Further, these large-scale structures were shown to modulate the amplitude of the finer scales of the flow.

On-site airflow measurement of a laboratory fume hood using customized large-scale image-based velocimetry

This study demonstrates the feasibility of conducting on-site large-scale image-based measurements for indoor airflows characterisation. To illustrate the potential of our method, we chose to study the suction flow generated by a laboratory fume hood in operating conditions. As a matter of fact, laboratory fume hoods are frequently subject to routine checks during which air speed measurements by hot-wire anemometry are performed. However, classical point-to-point hot-wire anemometry may be not sufficient to detect and locate potential leakages. To improve these controls, we developed and tested a new method based on particle image velocimetry principles, which is non-intrusive and authorizes a good spatio-temporal analysis. To face large-scale and on-site issues, we had to make some adaptations. For this reason, we used tracers like bubbles or smoke which have good scattering properties. We also developed our own low-cost light system. To compute velocities from image sequences, we developed an optical flow algorithm based on a large-scale flow model instead of using traditional correlation. The tested method gave good results with a good agreement with sparse hot-wire anemometry measurements but with a wider spatial distribution. In addition, the method provided turbulence intensity estimation and a good monitoring of dynamic flow features, which is important for the detection of leakages.

Assessment of inner–outer interactions in the urban boundary layer using a predictive model

Urban-type rough-wall boundary layers developing over staggered cube arrays with plan area packing density, $\unicode[STIX]{x1D706}_{p}$, of 6.25 %, 25 % or 44.4 % have been studied at two Reynolds numbers within a wind tunnel using hot-wire anemometry (HWA). A fixed HWA probe is used to capture the outer-layer flow while a second moving probe is used to capture the inner-layer flow at 13 wall-normal positions between $1.25h$ and $4h$ where $h$ is the height of the roughness elements. The synchronized two-point HWA measurements are used to extract the near-canopy large-scale signal using spectral linear stochastic estimation and a predictive model is calibrated in each of the six measurement configurations. Analysis of the predictive model coefficients demonstrates that the canopy geometry has a significant influence on both the superposition and amplitude modulation. The universal signal, the signal that exists in the absence of any large-scale influence, is also modified as a result of local canopy geometry suggesting that although the nonlinear interactions within urban-type rough-wall boundary layers can be modelled using the predictive model as proposed by Mathis et al. (J. Fluid Mech., vol. 681, 2011, pp. 537–566), the model must be however calibrated for each type of canopy flow regime. The Reynolds number does not significantly affect any of the model coefficients, at least over the limited range of Reynolds numbers studied here. Finally, the predictive model is validated using a prediction of the near-canopy signal at a higher Reynolds number and a prediction using reference signals measured in different canopy geometries to run the model. Statistics up to the fourth order and spectra are accurately reproduced demonstrating the capability of the predictive model in an urban-type rough-wall boundary layer.

Characterization of Impingement Heat/Mass Transfer to the Synthetic Jet Generated by a Biomimetic Actuator

Two biomimetic synthetic jet (SJ) actuators were designed, manufactured, and tested under conditions of a jet impingement onto a wall. Nozzles of the actuators were formed by a flexible diaphragm rim, the working fluid was air, and the operating frequencies were chosen near the resonance at 65 Hz and 69 Hz. Four experimental methods were used: phase-locked visualization of the oscillating nozzle lips, jet momentum flux measurement using a precision scale, hot-wire anemometry, and mass transfer measurement using the naphthalene sublimation technique. The results demonstrated possibilities of the proposed actuators to cause a desired heat/mass transfer distribution on the exposed wall. It was concluded that the heat/mass transfer rate was commensurable with a conventional continuous impinging jets (IJs) at the same Reynolds numbers.