Hot Water Extraction Process Research Articles

Extraction of polysaccharide fraction from cadamba (Neolamarckia cadamba) fruits and evaluation of its in vitro and in vivo antioxidant activities

In this study, polysaccharide fraction (PFFNC) derived from Neolamarckia cadamba fruits showed remarkable antioxidant activity. The PFFNC was successfully extracted from the fruits by the hot water extraction process, followed by decolorization, defatting, and deproteinization. The chemical composition of PFFNC was effectively characterized by the use of UV–Vis, FT-IR, CHN, GC–MS, and 13C NMR spectroscopy. The findings indicated that PFFNC had an average molecular weight of 292 kDa and was predominantly composed of carbohydrates (76 %), with notable contributions from uronic acids (37.22 %) and proteins (12.35 %). The primary components of the sugar content were glucose (19.24 %), galactose (10.19 %), mannose (4.09 %), and glucuronic acid (2.8 %). The tertiary structural study verified the existence of a triple-helical structure. PFFNC exhibited a strong reducing power in vitro as determined by ABTS (IC50: 121 ± 0.12 μg/mL), DPPH (IC50: 146.065 ± 0.54 μg/mL), FRAP (677.788 ± 24.189 mM Fe (II)/g), hydroxyl radical scavenging (IC50: 78.736 ± 0.32 μg/mL), and phosphomolybdate assay (90.7 ± 0.43 mg AAE/g). In addition, the PFFNC furthermore showed significant in vivo antioxidant capacity, as determined using the brine shrimp (Bsmp) (Artemia salina Leach) model. The PFFNC exhibits significant antioxidant potential, suggesting broad spectrum applications in pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, and oxidative stress-related disorders.

Characterization of pectin extracted from pomelo peel using pulsed ultrasound assisted extraction and acidic hot water extraction process

In the present study, the characteristic properties namely XRD, FTIR, DSC, TGA and FESEM analyses of pectin extracted from pomelo fruit peel using pulsed ultrasound assisted extracted (PUUAE) were compared with those of pectin obtained with the conventional acidic hot water extraction (AHWE) process. The pectin extracted from PUUAE process has been analysed to possess better properties in comparison with the pectin obtained from the AHWE process. Pectin obtained from these two methods had been of high methoxyl pectin with almost similar structure. XRD analysis confirmed that AHWE based pectin possessed lower crystallinity than the PUUAE based pectin. The XRD spectra of PUUAE pectin affirmed sharper and stronger peaks than those of the AHWE based pectin and especially at 18.33° and 29.04° Further, the FTIR study revealed stronger absorption areas for PUUAE based pectin than those pertinent in the AHWE based pectin. This inferred that the pectin extracted with PUUAE had higher degree of esterification than that obtained with the AHWE process. Moreover, the DSC and TGA analyses indicated that PUUAE pectin had higher thermal stability in comparison to AHWE based pectin. The exothermic transition for the PUUAE based pectin was found to occur at higher temperature (245.7 °C) in comparison to the AHWE based pectin sample (239 °C). The TGA study conveyed double-stage decomposition for the PUUAE pectin sample (two DTGA peak temperatures (first at 230 °C and the second at 317 °C)) in comparison to the data obtained for the AHWE based pectin sample (a single peak only appears at 182 °C). The FESEM study affirmed a smoother surface with more structural integrity for PUUAE based pectin than that pertinent in the AHWE pectin sample. Therefore, the obtained characteristics can be inferred to the view that the PUUAE process is effective for the production of high quality pectin from pomelo peel (PP) for relevant functional applications.

Synergistic Effect of Benincasa hispida Peel Extract and KI on the Corrosion Inhibition of Mild Steel in HCl

This study employed Benincasa hispida peel as a raw material for the preparation of Benincasa hispida peel extract (BHPE) via hot water extraction and freeze-drying processes. The synergistic effect of BHPE and KI on the corrosion inhibition of mild steel in 1 M HCl was investigated. The compositional analysis shows that BHPE consists mainly of a mixture of sugars, characterized by a high density of hydroxyl groups and unsaturated functional groups, characteristic of highly effective corrosion inhibitors. Electrochemical experiments and surface analysis show that the composite of BHPE and KI can effectively provide protection to mild steel. Moreover, the synergistic coefficient of BHPE and KI under various concentration conditions was greater than 1, and the highest corrosion inhibition efficiency was 94.4%. In addition, the corrosion inhibition mechanism of BHPE was thoroughly investigated using quantum chemistry (QC) and molecular dynamics simulation (MDS).

Polysaccharide-Based Hydrogel from Seeds of Artemisia vulgaris: Extraction Optimization by Box-Behnken Design, pH-Responsiveness, and Sustained Drug Release.

The current research work focuses on the extraction and optimization of the hydrogel (AVM) from the seeds of Artemisia vulgaris using Box-Behnken design-response surface methodology (BBD-RSM). The AVM was obtained through a hot water extraction process. The influence of different factors, including pH (U = 4 to 10), temperature (V = 25 to 110 °C), seed/water ratio, i.e., S/W ratio (W = 1/10 to 1/70 w/v), and seed/water contact time, i.e., S/W time (X = 1 to 12 h) on the yield of AVM was evaluated. The p-value for the analysis of variance (ANOVA) was found to be <0.001, indicating that the yield of AVM mainly depended on the abovementioned factors. The highest yield of AVM, i.e., 15.86%, was found at a pH of 7.12, temperature of 80.04 °C, S/W ratio of 1/33.24 w/v, and S/W time of 8.73 h according to Design-Expert Software. The study of the pH-responsive behavior of AVM in tablet form (formulation AVT3) revealed that AVM is a pH-responsive material with significantly high swelling at pH 7.4. However, less swelling was witnessed at pH 1.2. Moreover, AVM was found to be a sustained release material for esomeprazole at pH 7.4 for 12 h. The drug release from AVT3 was according to the super case-II transport mechanism and zero-order kinetics.

Hot-Water Extraction (HWE) Method as Applied to Lignocellulosic Materials from Hemp Stalk

The article describes the process of hot water extraction treatment of a specific material—in this case, shavings of hemp shives of different thicknesses, sorted by their thickness into three different fractions of 0–4 mm, 4–8 mm, and 8–12 mm. In addition, each sample from a given fraction was separately subjected to one, two, and three extraction processes. After the material was treated with extraction, cellulose determination was performed using the Kürschner–Hoffer method in order to find out the effect that hot water extraction had on the cellulose content of the test material. This research aims to determine whether hot water extraction strongly alters the cellulose content, which may translate into a change in efficiency when producing second-generation biofuel produced from this material. The cellulose determination showed the smallest cellulose losses were in chips 4–8 mm thick, while the largest were in chips 0–4 mm thick. Each repetition resulted in a loss of cellulose, with the steepest loss occurring after the second repetition of HWE, and the smallest after the third repetition—the exception being the 4–8 fraction, in which the smallest decrease occurred after the first repetition of the HWE (Hot Water Extraction) process.

Unsaturated Fatty Acids Complex Regulates Inflammatory Cytokine Production through the Hyaluronic Acid Pathway.

In this study, we aimed to develop natural and/or functional materials with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects. We obtained extracts from natural plants through an oil and hot-water extraction process and prepared an extract composite of an effective unsaturated fatty acid complex (EUFOC). Furthermore, the antioxidant effect of the extract complex was evaluated, and the anti-inflammatory effect was explored by assessing its inhibitory effect on nitric oxide production through its HA-promoting effect. We conducted a 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl-2H-tetrazolium bromide assay to evaluate the cell viability of the EUFOC, and the results showed that EUFOC was not cytotoxic at the test concentrations. In addition, it showed no endogenous cytotoxicity in HaCaT (human keratinocyte) cells. The EUFOC showed excellent 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl- and superoxide-scavenging abilities. Moreover, it exerted an inhibitory effect on NO production at concentrations that did not inhibit cell viability. The secretion of all the cytokines was increased by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment; however, this was inhibited by the EUFOC in a concentration-dependent manner. In addition, hyaluronic acid content was markedly increased by the EUFOC in a dose-dependent manner. These results suggest that the EUFOC has excellent anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties, and hence, it can be used as a functional material in various fields.

Optimization of Extraction Process, Preliminary Characterization and Safety Study of Crude Polysaccharides from Morindae Officinalis Radix.

In this study, the hot water extraction process of crude polysaccharides from Morindae officinalis radix (cMORP) was conducted and optimized through a single-factor test and orthogonal experimental design. With the optimal extraction process (extraction temperature of 80 °C, extraction time of 2 h, liquid/solid ratio of 15 mL/g, and number of extraction of 1), the cMORP was obtained by the ethanol precipitation method. The chemical properties and preliminary characterization of the cMORP were analyzed by chemical or instrumental methods. Furthermore, to indicate a preliminary study on safety, a single oral dose of 5000 mg/kg body weight (BW) was administered orally to Kunming (KM) mice for acute toxicity, and the cMORP was administered orally to KM mice once a day at doses of 25, 50, and 100 mg/kg BW for 30 days. General behaviors, body weight variations, histopathology, relative organ weights, and hematological and serum biochemical parameters were observed and recorded. The results suggested there were no toxicologically significant changes. Based on the safety study, cMORP can be initially considered non-toxic with no acute oral toxicity up to 5000 mg/kg BW and safe at up to 100 mg/kg BW in KM mice for 30 days.

Correlation Study of Biological Activity with Quercetin and Phenolics Content in Onion Extracts

In this study it was shown that the fungistatic and antioxidant activities of onion extracts are related to the type of liquid used as the extractant and the technique of its preparation. A change in the antioxidant properties of white and red onion extracts was demonstrated with the change of the temperature of the pressurized hot water extraction process, which can be easily related to the changes accompanying the process of thermal processing of vegetables and fruits during cooking. Owing to the experimental and mathematical approaches concerning both the main and characteristic components of onions, i.e., quercetin and phenols, respectively, with the biological activity of the extracts, it was possible to demonstrate the significant share of these compounds in the antifungal and antioxidant properties of the extracts. Considering that the research was carried out, inter alia, on onion husks, demonstrating a very high potential of biological properties of this waste material from agricultural production, the research results presented in the paper should encourage the popularization of the use of this so far underestimated raw material for the production of various functional materials.

Preparation, Characterization, and Anti-Adhesive Activity of Sulfate Polysaccharide from Caulerpa lentillifera against Helicobacter pylori.

In the gastric mucosa, chronic inflammation due to Helicobacter pylori infection promotes gastrocarcinogenesis. Polysaccharides of Caulerpa lentillifera are well-characterized by broad antimicrobial activity and anti-inflammatory potentials. The present study was undertaken to investigate whether the low molecular sulfate polysaccharides of C. lentillifera (CLCP) exhibit any anti-adhesive activity against H. pylori. After a hot water extraction and purification process, two purified polysaccharide fractions (CLCP-1 and CLCP2) were studied based on structural characterization and bioactivity determination. The results implied that except for the molar ratio, CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 contain high sulfate, mannose, galactose, xylose, glucose levels, and low protein levels. The molecular weight and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) assays confirmed that CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 are sulfate polysaccharides with an average molecular weight (Mw) of 963.15 and 648.42 kDa, respectively. In addition, CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 exhibited stronger antibacterial activity against H. pylori. CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 could significantly promote macrophage proliferation and decrease the production of nitric oxide (NO) through downregulated expression of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS). Meanwhile, CLCP-1 and CLCP-2 in this study showed efficiently protected gastric adenocarcinoma (AGS) cells against H. pylori with the inhibition of the IL-8/NF-κB axis. These findings suggested the effect of Caulerpa lentillifera polysaccharides on H. pylori adhesion, a potential supply of nutrients for eradication therapy through the reduction of cell count and inflammation.

Structural Characterization and Biological Activity of Polysaccharides from Stems of Houttuynia cordata.

In this study, water-soluble natural polysaccharides were extracted from the stems of Houttuynia cordata Thunb (HCPS). The optimization of the hot water extraction process using response surface methodology (RSM), and the extraction factors, were analyzed by multiple stepwise regression analysis and Pearson analysis. Then, the structural characterization and biological activity of the HCPS were investigated. The results indicated that the maximum extraction yield (2.43%) of the HCPS was obtained at the optimal condition (extraction temperature for 90 °C, extraction time for 5 h, solid-liquid ratio for 1:30 g/mL). The extraction temperature was determined to be the primary factor influencing the extraction yield. The HCPS molecules had an average molecular weight of 8.854 × 103 kDa and were primarily of mannose (Man), rhamnose (Rha), glucuronic acid (GlcA), galacturonic acid (GalA), glucose (Glc), and xylose (Xyl). In addition, the backbone of the HCPS might consist of →6)-α-d-Glcp-(1→ and →6)-β-d-GalpA-(1→. The HCPS had no triple-helix structure. The scanning electron microscopy (SEM) results showed that the HCPS presented a smooth and uniform appearance, and some sheet and chain structures existed. Moreover, the HCPS exhibited significant anti-oxidant activity and inhibited the activity of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. These findings showed that HCPS might be developed into a potential material for hypoglycemia, and provides a reference for the development of Houttuynia cordata polysaccharide applications in food.

Experimental Study on the Application of Cellulosic Biopolymer for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Carbonate Cores under Harsh Conditions.

Polymer flooding is used to improve the viscosity of an injectant, thereby decreasing the mobility ratio and improving oil displacement efficiency in the reservoir. Thanks to their environmentally benign nature, natural polymers are receiving prodigious attention for enhanced oil recovery. Herein, the rheology and oil displacement properties of okra mucilage were investigated for its enhanced oil recovery potential at a high temperature and high pressure (HTHP) in carbonate cores. The cellulosic polysaccharide used in the study is composed of okra mucilage extracted from okra (Abelmoschus esculentus) via a hot water extraction process. The morphological property of okra mucilage was characterized with Fourier transform infrared (FTIR), while the thermal stability was investigated using a thermogravimetric analyzer (TGA). The rheological property of the okra mucilage was investigated for seawater salinity and high-temperature conditions using a TA rheometer. Finally, an oil displacement experiment of the okra mucilage was conducted in a high-temperature, high-pressure core flooding equipment. The TGA analysis of the biopolymer reveals that the polymeric solution was stable over a wide range of temperatures. The FTIR results depict that the mucilage is composed of galactose and rhamnose constituents, which are essentially found in polysaccharides. The polymer exhibited pseudoplastic behavior at varying shear rates. The viscosity of okra mucilage was slightly reduced when aged in seawater salinity and at a high temperature. Nonetheless, the cellulosic polysaccharide exemplified sufficiently good viscosity under high-temperature and high-salinity (HTHS) conditions. Finally, the oil recovery results from the carbonate core plug reveal that the okra mucilage recorded a 12.7% incremental oil recovery over waterflooding. The mechanism of its better displacement efficiency is elucidated.

Extraction of methylxanthines by pressurized hot water extraction from cocoa shell by-product as natural source of functional ingredient

Cocoa beans are one of the largest cultivated crops all over the world, producing large amount of by-products. For this reason, it is necessary to valorise cocoa by-products to obtain valuable source of bioactive compounds. In this paper, a pressurized hot water extraction process for recovery of theobromine and caffeine from cocoa by-product was developed and optimized. The extraction was carried out on ASE and all parameters affected by extraction efficiency and antioxidant capacity were optimized by a chemometric approach. Theobromine and caffeine were quantified by UPLC-UV (283 nm), whereas antioxidant capacity was evaluated by in vitro assays (ABTS and DPPH). By applying the PHWE under optimized conditions (ethanol 15%, temperature 90 °C, 5 cycles and static time 6 min), the extraction efficiency increased by 156% for theobromine and 160% for caffeine in comparison with the results obtained using ultrasound assisted liquid extraction. The effect of PHWE extract on cell viability of colorectal and breast cancer cell lines was also tested. The application of PHWE to selective recovery of theobromine and caffeine from cocoa shell by-products is a green, automatic, and rapid method, representing a valid alternative to conventional extraction methods to obtain ingredients for food industries.

Pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from papaya pulp and papaya peel using response surface methodology: Optimization and comparison with hot water extraction

This article focusses on the pulsed ultrasound-assisted extraction (PUSAE) of nutritionally significant bioactive components from papaya pulp (PP) and papaya peel (PPEE) system. The effects of independent process variables such as sonication time (5 – 20 min), extraction temperature (40–70 °C), and solid to liquid ratio (loading ratio) (0.2–0.5 g/mL) on the yield of response variables such as total flavonoids (TF), total phenols (TP), antioxidant activity (AOA), and vitamin C (VC) from papaya pulp (PP) and papaya peel (PPEE) system were investigated using a face centred design (FCD) of the response surface methodology (RSM). For comparative analysis, findings from the hot water extraction process (HWEX) were compared with the optimal results of this study. According to the findings, the bath type pulsed ultrasound-aided system yielded 80.87–169.16 mg GAE/g total phenols (TP), 31.29–92.9% antioxidant activity (AOA), and 28.52–164.94 mg/100 g vitamin C (VC) for the PP case and 97.46–145.44 GAE/g sample total phenols (TP), 97.36–292.2 mg QE/g total flavonoids (TF), and 46.51–89.17% antioxidant activity (AOA) for the PPEE case. The investigations confirmed that the PUSAE technique outperformed the HWEX (105 mg GAE/g sample total phenols (TP), 89.4 mg/100 g vitamin C (VC), and 76.50% antioxidant activity (AOA) for PP case and 88.5 mg GAE/g sample total phenols (TP), 145 mg QE/g vitamin C (VC), and 71.5% antioxidant activity (AOA) for PPEE case) quite effectively for both PP and PPEE systems. Furthermore, the study revealed that the PP extract contained the highest level of bioactives when compared to the PPEE system. These findings suggest that the pulsed mode ultra-sonication process has more potential than traditional extraction methods (such as soxhlet extraction, maceration, percolation etc.) for producing papaya pulp and papaya peel aqueous extract for medicinal and functional food applications.

Effect of hot water extraction process on schizophyllan from split gill mushroom

Effect of hot water extraction process on schizophyllan from split gill mushroom

Optimization of complex enzyme‐ultrasonic synergistic extraction of water‐soluble polysaccharides from Perilla frutescens seed meal: Purification, characterization and in vitro antioxidant activity

The new feasible complex enzyme-ultrasonic synergy extraction (CEUE) was optimized by response surface methodology (RSM) for extracting Perilla seed meal polysaccharides (PSMP), the optimum extraction conditions were: compound enzyme dosage (X1) of 6.6%, liquid–solid ratio (X2) of 25 ml/g, extraction time (X3) of 61 min, extraction temperature (X4) of 62°C, the verified yield was 7.711 ± 0.201% at the optimum extraction conditions. The RSM results confirmed that the effects of X1 and X4 on CEUE yield were more significant than X2 and X3. The maximum weight loss rate of PSMP and purified component PSMP-1 due to degradation of polysaccharides were −4.84%/min (295.33°C) and −8.47%/min (313.67°C) according to thermogravimetry and differential thermogravimetry (TG-DTG) curves. PSMP and PSMP-1 were β-D-glucopyranose compounds, composed of rhamnose, arabinose, xylose, mannose, glucose, galactose, with relative molar ratios 6.07:40.78:10.91:1.34:1.00:5.12 and 0.69:11.13:5.55:0.90:1.00:4.71. This study determined physicochemical and antioxidant activities properties of Perilla polysaccharides. Practical applications As hot water extraction (HWE) process is a traditional method for polysaccharide extraction, high cost of manipulating with respect to duration and energy consumption limit the promotion of this technology. In this work, the CEUE process optimized by RSM is more suitable for research and development of highly active natural ingredients and is a promising alternative method for HWE of polysaccharides for advantages of high efficiency and energy saving. If the one-time fixed investment cost of the equipment was put aside, CEUE can effectively decrease subsequent operating costs by reducing the extraction temperature, shortening extraction time, and increasing raw material utilization.

Composition of Brazil Nut (Bertholletia excels HBK), Its Beverage and By-Products: A Healthy Food and Potential Source of Ingredients.

The consumption of plant-based beverages is a growing trend and, consequently, the search for alternative plant sources, the improvement of beverage quality and the use of their by-products, acquire great interest. Thus, the purpose of this work was to characterize the composition (nutrients, phytochemicals and antioxidant activity) of the Brazil nut (BN), its whole beverage (WBM), water-soluble beverage (BM-S), and its by-products of the beverage production: cake, sediment fraction (BM-D), and fat fraction (BM-F). In this study, advanced methodologies for the analysis of the components were employed to assess HPLC-ESI-QTOF (phenolic compounds), GC (fatty acids), and MALDI-TOF/TOF (proteins and peptides). The production of WBM was based on a hot water extraction process, and the production of BM-S includes an additional centrifugation step. The BN showed an interesting nutritional quality and outstanding content of unsaturated fatty acids. The investigation found the following in the composition of the BN: phenolic compounds (mainly flavan-3-ols as Catechin (and glycosides or derivatives), Epicatechin (and glycosides or derivatives), Quercetin and Myricetin-3-O-rhamnoside, hydroxybenzoic acids as Gallic acid (and derivatives), 4-hydroxybenzoic acid, ellagic acid, Vanillic acid, p-Coumaric acid and Ferulic acid, bioactive minor lipid components (β-Sitosterol, γ-Tocopherol, α-Tocopherol and squalene), and a high level of selenium. In beverages, WBM had a higher lipid content than BM-S, a factor that influenced the energy characteristics and the content of bioactive minor lipid components. The level of phenolic compounds and selenium were outstanding in both beverages. Hydrothermal processing can promote some lipolysis, with an increase in free fatty acids and monoglycerides content. In by-products, the BM-F stood out due to its bioactive minor lipid components, the BM-D showed a highlight in protein and mineral contents, and the cake retained important nutrients and phytochemicals from the BN. In general, the BN and its beverages are healthy foods, and its by-products could be used to obtain healthy ingredients with appreciable biological activities (such as antioxidant activity).

Optimization of the extraction of galactoglucomannans from Pinus halepensis

Abstract The effectiveness of pressurized hot-water extraction conditions for obtaining galactoglucomannans (GGMs) from Pinus halepensis suitable for applications like coatings and films packaging was investigated. For this purpose, high molar masses with high yields are required, presenting a serious challenge for hot-water extraction processes. The extraction of GGMs was carried out in an accelerated solvent extractor (ASE) and the isolation was performed by precipitation in ethanol. Three temperatures in the range 160–180 °C and five extraction times 5–90 min were tested in order to optimize extraction parameters of GGMs, avoiding thermal and chemical degradation in hot-water. Total dissolved solids (TDS) were determined gravimetrically after freeze-drying and weight average molar masses (Mw) were determined by high-performance size exclusion chromatography (HPSEC). Total non-cellulosic carbohydrates were determined by gas chromatography (GC) after acid methanolysis. Free monomers were additionally analyzed by GC. Lignin in water extracts was measured by an ultraviolet (UV) method. Acetic acid was determined after alkaline hydrolysis of acetyl groups and analyzed by HPSEC. The main parameters influencing the extraction processes of the GGMs, namely, extraction time and temperature were studied. Optimal extraction parameters of GGMs were identified at 170 °C and 20 min extraction time, with average Mw of extracted fraction of 7 kDa leading to a GGM yield of approximately 56 mg g o . d . m − 1 ${\text{mgg}}_{\text{o}.\text{d}.\text{m}}^{-1}$ , corresponding to 6% on dry wood basis.

Valorisation of Camellia sinensis branches as a raw product with green technology extraction methods

This work deals with the study of tea stalks from pruning debris using environmental friendly extraction technology to offer new healthy properties. In the manufacturing tea industry, tea trees require to be pruned every year and most of their remains are discarded as a waste with no economic value. Microwave aqueous extraction and pressurized hot water extraction process (autohydrolysis) were used to recover bioactive compounds from the tea branches. Operating at a fixed solid: liquid ratio (1:15), the effect of the maximum heating temperatures from 140 to 220 °C was studied. Liquid extracts were analysed for total phenolic, oligosaccharides, protein, mineral and heavy metals content, as well as for antioxidant capacity. The antitumoral possibilities were also determined for selected samples. The obtained results indicated that both processes could be used as an alternative to recover bioactive compounds from tea wastes, although microwave-assisted extraction allowed saving time when compared with autohydrolysis processing. The temperature exhibited a relevant effect on the total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, decreasing with the microwave treatment and increasing with the autohydrolysis temperature. The obtained extracts could be adequate for incorporation in food and non-food fields.

Effects of different extraction methods on the properties of pine cone polysaccharides from Pinus koraiensis

In order to realize the resource utilization of the Pinus koraiensis pine cone, the polysaccharides were obtained by a traditional hot water extraction process, and the optimal extraction process was confirmed. The effects of a traditional hot water, alkali, and ultrasound assisted extraction on the yield and properties of polysaccharides were studied. The structure, monosaccharide composition, and content of polysaccharides obtained by different extraction methods were analyzed by means of Fourier infrared chromatography and liquid chromatography. Effects of polysaccharides extracted by different methods on the antimicrobial activity of Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli were studied. The scavenging effect of DPPH free radicals were also examined. The optimum condition of the hot water extraction was identified as an extraction temperature of 100 °C, a ratio of material to water at 1:16 (w/v), an extraction time of 4 h, and a yield of polysaccharide at 10.2%. In comparison, the yield of the pine cone polysaccharide was improved significantly to 29.1% by using NaOH solution extraction method. The FTIR spectra of polysaccharides showed that the samples possessed the typical chemical structure of a polysaccharide.

Overview of Existing Science to Inform Oil Sands Process Water Release: A Technical Workshop Summary.

The extraction of oil sands from mining operations in the Athabasca Oil Sands Region uses an alkaline hot water extraction process. The oil sands process water (OSPW) is recycled to facilitate material transport (e.g., ore and tailings), process cooling, and is also reused in the extraction process. The industry has expanded since commercial mining began in 1967 and companies have been accumulating increasing inventories of OSPW. Short- and long-term sustainable water management practices require the ability to return treated water to the environment. The safe release of OSPW needs to be based on sound science and engineering practices to ensure downstream protection of ecological and human health. A significant body of research has contributed to the understanding of the chemistry and toxicity of OSPW. A multistakeholder science workshop was held in September 2017 to summarize the state of science on the toxicity and chemistry of OSPW. The goal of the workshop was to review completed research in the areas of toxicology, chemical analysis, and monitoring to support the release of treated oil sands water. A key outcome from the workshop was identifying research needs to inform future water management practices required to support OSPW return. Another key outcome of the workshop was the recognition that methods are sufficiently developed to characterize chemical and toxicological characteristics of OSPW to address and close knowledge gaps. Industry, government, and local indigenous stakeholders have proceeded to utilize these insights in reviewing policy and regulations. Integr Environ Assess Manag 2019;15:519-527. © 2019 SETAC.