Hot Waste Research Articles

A review of the integration of the copper-chlorine cycle with other systems for hydrogen production

There are different methods for hydrogen production, among which thermo-chemical cycles are particularly important. One of the most common thermochemical cycles is the copper-chlorine cycle. In this cycle, the water electrolysis process takes place during a thermo-chemical reaction, and copper chlorine is used as a thermochemical reaction intermediate. This cycle requires two factors to produce hydrogen: A heat source with a temperature of about 520 oC and electricity. For this reason, it is possible to use the hot waste gases of industries or parabolic through collector and heliostat field to provide its heat. To supply electricity for this cycle, various alternatives from the power grid and wind turbine to heat recovery in cycles that use low-temperature energy sources are considered. In this article, the integration of the copper-chlorine cycle with power generation systems has been discussed and investigated from the perspective of energy, exergy, and economics. This review is divided into two general parts using renewable and non-renewable resources. At the beginning of this article, various methods of hydrogen production focusing on the copper-chlorine cycle have been briefly discussed. In the following, the way this cycle works is explained along with energy, exergy, and economic equations, and the research done in this direction is explained. Finally, a strategy for how to integrate the copper-chlorine cycle with other systems is described. Studying this article, in addition to giving a better attitude in the field of integrating this cycle with other plants, is similar to a guideline for using the cycle along with other systems for better productivity. The conducted investigations showed that the recovery of hot industrial exhaust gas as a source of heat for the Cu-Cl cycle has a high potential for saving energy consumption and reducing environmental pollutants. To produce the required electricity, it is recommended to use cycles that work with a low-temperature energy source, such as the organic Rankine cycle and Kalina cycles. Also, if renewable energy sources are used, it is recommended to use parabolic through collectors and heliostats to produce the required heat. As in the case of non-renewable energy sources, cycles with low-temperature energy sources can be used.

Numerical Modeling on the Performance of the Wind Tower Integrated into the Storied Building For Reducing Electrical Energy Consumption For Spaces Cooling

Natural convection in integrated wind tower into a high storied building is numerically investigated by solving natural convection equations with the Boussinesq approximation. The present investigation deals with velocity and temperature distribution in a wind tower integrated into a high building divided into three stories; in which the upper horizontal heated wall is vented by a fresh air jet entranced by the wind tower and hot waste air exits from different outlet openings. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the Performance of integrated wind tower into the storied building, thus providing a wind and buoyancy factors for induced natural ventilation to drive air flow through the floors. Numerical solutions of the Navier Stokes equations and energy equation have been solved by the Thomas’ algorithm. Solutions are presented for various geometrical aspect ratios and for different values of Grashof and Reynolds numbers. The results are presented in terms of streamlines, isotherms, velocity, and heat transfer intensity versus the governing control parameters in detail.

Characteristics of Plastic Block Wall Materials (PBWM) Using Waste Engine Oil, Crackle Plastic, Mineral Water Plastic Cups Cover and Label of Plastic Bottle Without and With Rice Husk Ash and Natural Aggregates Filling Materials

The increase of waste in Indonesia has reached 38 million tons per year and about 30% of this waste are plastic. One of the efforts is to overcome this issue is by using thin plastic waste from packaging which is rarely recycled to become plastic blocks wall material (PBWM), where the plastic was melted in hot waste engine oil (WEO). The main purpose of this study was to analyze the characteristics of the PBWM. Variation of material proportion was based on trials. The plastic waste was initially shredded to sizes about 5-10mm. On sample productions, the WEO was heated to 200°C then the shredded plastic gradually added and evenly mixed, and poured into a metal mould. The mixture was cooled down to ideal temperature for compaction of 110°C to 125°C, then left to reach room temperature. It was obtained that the Initial Rate of Suction (IRS) test results range from 0.0982-0.1012 kg/ 2.

Closing repository void spaces using bentonite: does heat make a difference?

Bentonites are commonly proposed for use in the geological disposal of high heat generating radioactive wastes. Repository designs include bentonite as a buffer to occupy the void space around the waste canisters because of the favourable properties it can exhibit that enhance the isolation and containment functionality of the repository. Many repository concepts introduce small voids within the bentonite because the buffer is incorporated as individual bricks stacked around the waste canisters. These voids must be closed to prevent the persistence of high permeability pathways for fluids. As bentonite hydrates, it expands and can exert a considerable swelling pressure on the surrounding host rock. The bentonite also expands to fill the engineering cavities inherently present in the repository, but the non-uniform development of total stress and pore pressure could cause persistent material heterogeneities to occur. This is likely to be exacerbated by the thermal gradients existing between the hot waste and the temperature of the surrounding host rock in the early stages of repository post-closure. Whilst this is an area of ongoing research, the final extent of bentonite homogenisation within the repository and for how long property variations persist, is not well understood.In this study, four tests were conducted on pre-compacted, sodium-activated MX80 bentonite samples placed next to a water-filled engineering void, to examine the effect of elevated temperature on the development of swelling and swelling pressure as a function of sample size. The sample lengths were chosen to give small bentonite-to-void ratios, and to represent extremities of behaviour, such that an acceptable upper limit of void size might be established. The results demonstrated that even under extreme bentonite-to-void ratios, the bentonite was able to swell and completely fill the void space, exerting a small but measurable swelling pressure. Under the conditions of this study, the results have shown larger end-of-test swelling pressures and higher final dry densities along their entire length than shown in equivalent tests conducted at ambient temperature. In addition, the elevated temperature tests showed a rapid initial increase and then decrease in swelling pressure at the start of testing, approaching an asymptote in swelling pressure more quickly, whilst uptaking less water than in the ambient temperature case. This implied that heating the bentonite reduced the test duration by about 60%, which is most likely explained by a reduction in the viscosity of the test permeant at higher temperatures.

The improved evaporation efficiency of a hot-bubble pilot plant (HBPP) caused by combustion gas for water treatment

HBPP uses hot dense bubbles as heat and mass carriers to evaporate the solution with improved evaporation efficiency, compared with the traditional thermal method. To develop an energy efficient water treatment process, we applied combustion gas as inlet gas within HBPP, for the first time to evaporate synthetic seawater. The advantage of using combustion gas is that the hot waste combustion gas from factories can be used at almost no energy cost, thereby reducing energy consumption. In this paper, the evaporation efficiency was determined by measuring the weight loss of column solution of HBPP in a 60 min run. Firstly, the ability of the HBPP to treat different types of wastewater, including 0.5 m NaCl solution or synthetic sewage, was tested by pumping air at the temperature of 80, 120 and 160 °C, respectively. The observed amount of evaporated water vapour was higher for the 0.5 m NaCl solution than for the synthetic sewage at inlet air temperatures of 80 °C and 120 °C but the same at a temperature of 160 °C. The HBPP shows the potential for water treatment regardless of wastewater type. Then, the evaporation efficiency was calculated for both combustion gas and air, at the inlet temperature of 120 °C to evaporate 0.5 m NaCl solution. The result showed an increment of 37% of evaporation efficiency achieved by sparging combustion gas. That is because the contained water vapour has a high capacity for efficient heat transfer to evaporate the solution. As a result, applying combustion gas within HBPP can provide an energy conservative method with improved evaporation efficiency for water treatment.

Modern biopositive technologies of waste processing in the utilities and construction industries

Introduction. In this article the analysis of certain biopositive technologies applied to processing or recycling of construction waste, municipal sewage, and paste-like slurries of organo-mineral nature is performed. The relevance of this research is confirmed by the steadily growing number of publications and currently implemented government programmes aimed at solving such problems. The paper summarizes the results of research into the treatment of wastes having different origin.
 Materials and methods. The analysis of the research literature and patents for inventions, as well as publicly available technologies used in waste processing and recycling is performed. Selection of biopositive technologies based on the chemical nature of materials and their groups is described. Biopositive technologies, most effectively applied to construction materials, are identified for the purpose of converting engineering structures into secondary raw components. The co-authors demonstrate the application of a biopositive technology to sludge decontaminated at municipal waste water treatment plants and to hot waste generated by the hydrolysis industry, as well as technologies used to process special thermal insulation and waterproofing materials.
 Results. The use of water-organic emulsions as active components in effective regeneration of asphalt granulated concrete mixtures is considered. Сompositions, concentrations and sedimentation stability of such emulsions have been identified. The results of the study of physical, mechanical and hydro-physical properties of the asphalt-concrete granulate treated with water-organic emulsions are described. This regeneration technology helps bitumen to restore binding properties on the surface of the asphalt-concrete granulate and makes this composite applicable as a material designated for the bottom layers of the road pavement.
 Conclusions. These biopositive technologies make it possible to efficiently and rationally process or recycle a wide range of municipal and construction waste into structures and products having various applications. Recycling, composting and plasma technologies are considered in this case.

Reclamation of Clay–Resin Mixed Waste Sand by a Hot Waste Alkali Liquor Soaking Assisted with Scrubbing Method

The reclamation of clay–resin mixed waste sand (CRMWS) reused over multiple cycles is difficult, while the commonly used thermal–mechanical reclamation process has some major drawbacks with regard to high acid consumption and low rebonding efficiency in the reclaimed sand. In this paper, a hot waste alkali liquor soaking assisted with scrubbing (HWALSS) reclamation method was proposed to reclaim CRMWS as new sand additional for the green sand molding line, as compared to the thermal–mechanical reclamation method and water scrubbing reclamation method. The properties of the reclaimed sand were investigated, and the reclamation mechanism was also discussed. The experimental results indicate that the reclamation method of HWALSS is feasible. The compressive strength (σ24h) of HWALSS reclaimed sand bonded by sodium silicate binder is 8.17 times and 2.71 times more than that of the thermal–mechanical reclaimed sand and the water scrubbing reclaimed sand, respectively. Morphological analysis reveals that the surface of HWALSS reclaimed sand is both smooth and clean, and the quantity and area of the bonding bridges of the sodium silicate bonded sand are found to be large compared to those of the thermal–mechanical and water scrubbing reclaimed sand, which are the main reasons for the improvement of the compressive strength.

Extraction of iron-containing catalyst from chlororganic wastes generated by ethylene chlorination

The technologies for extracting an iron-containing catalyst from process streams of direct chlorination of ethylene, as well as methods for the disposal of organochlorine wastes from vinyl chloride production, are considered. Problems arising from thermal waste disposal necessitate studies on the extraction of iron compounds from organochlorine by-products of the ethylene chlorination process. X-ray fluorescence analysis found that the composition of the burning sludge, as the main elements, includes iron – 33.52% and chlorine – 32.69%. The extraction of iron compounds with aqueous and aqueous acidic media under mechanical stirring is studied. It is shown that the addition of hydrochloric acid to the solution does not contribute to an increase in the degree of extraction of iron compounds. It is found that an increase in the duration of extraction and the temperature of this process provides a degree of extraction of iron compounds of more than 80%. The process of separation of an aqueous-organic emulsion, which is formed during extraction, by sedimentation, filtration and centrifugation, is investigated. It is found that at a temperature of about 80 °C there is an effective and rapid separation of the aqueous and organic phases as a result of sedimentation. Based on the obtained experimental results of the extraction study, a functional scheme for the extraction of an iron-containing catalyst is proposed, as well as ways to solve technological and environmental problems that arise during the combustion of organochlorine wastes from vinyl chloride production. The scheme provides for the use of the heat of hot organochlorine wastes for the extraction of iron compounds with industrial water. In addition, the use of the heat of the gases generated during the combustion of organochlorine wastes is provided for heating air, which low-boiling components from these wastes are blown off. In the future, this air is used to burn organochlorine wastes purified from iron compounds

The effects of dietary hot pepper Capsicum annuum waste powder supplementation on egg production traits of Japanese quail layers

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary hot pepper (Capsicum annuum L.) waste supplementation on egg production performance and quality in Japanese quail hens (Coturnix coturnix japonica). A total of 192, seven-week-old Japanese quail layers were divided into 4 treatment groups of similar mean weight (304±0.5 g), each comprising 12 subgroups (including 1 male and 3 females). Treatment birds were fed on experimental basal layer diet supplemented with 1, 2 or 4 g hot pepper waste powder (HPWP) per kg diet. The laying performance was determined by recording feed intake, egg weight, daily egg production, and biweekly egg quality. Results showed that HPWP supplementation to layer diet did not have any significant (P>0.05) effects on body weight and feed conversion ratio, while it had significant effects on feed intake (P<0.01), and laying egg weight, average egg weight, total egg yield (P<0.05). A 2 g HPWP supplementation resulted in the highest total egg yield (P<0.05) with quadratic effects on egg shape index (P<0.05) and albumen pH (P<0.01). According to the values in the study, the egg shape index of 2 g HPWP group was circular and; therefore, attractive to consumers. We highly recommend the non-economic value of 2 g/kg supplementation of hot pepper waste powder, especially for egg production. To conclude, HPWP can be used for quail layer diets due to its beneficial effects on egg quality since it is an economic and easy agricultural by-product obtained from red pepper paste industry waste.

Parabolic antenna snow melting and removal using waste heat from the transmitter room

This study simulated snow melting and removal using hot waste heat air generated in a transmitter room which was used to melt and remove snow from a satellite antenna. The air was supplied at 30 °C and 20 m/s and removed the 10 mm thick snow cover within 17.6 min with the snowmelt consuming 135 W/m2 with an average melting rate of 0.57 mm/min. The heat dissipation from the waste heat air to melt snow could be on the order of 25.7–51.38 kW for wind speeds of 10–20 m/s. Thus, this waste heat snow melting system can reduce the power consumption by 32.0–50.8 kW compared with the conventional electric de-icing equipment which would reduce the power consumption by 68.1–91.0%, while also reducing the air conditioning power consumption by 2.9–5.8%.

Experimental evaluation of a long still with galvanised iron sheet as condensing cover at different basin water flow rate: study of heat and mass transfer

Experimental and theoretical evaluation of a long still for the utilisation of residual heat energy from hot wastewater discharge of thermal power generation-based organisations has been investigated and reported in this paper. The experiment has been carried out to find the variation in productivity with respect to different feed rates viz 100, 150, 200, 250 and 300 LPH at 10 different points. It has been observed that the distiller unit at a feed rate of 250 LPH gives maximum distilled output as compared to the feed rates of 100, 150, 200, and 300 LPH. At 250LPH flow rate, a distill yield of 0.0868 kg/h is recorded which is 34.99, 17.14, 4.52, and 0.01% higher as compared to the 100, 150, 200 and 300 LPH flow rate feed hot waste water, respectively. It has been observed that the long still gives maximum and minimum yield at entrance and exit, respectively.

344. Application of Monte Carlo techniques to the calibration of airborne radioactivity monitoring systems

Purpose Air monitoring systems are mandatory in all areas potentially contaminated with airborne radioactivity, such as hot laboratories, treatment rooms, and radioactive waste storage areas. The calibration of such systems may be practically complicated or require the application of correction factors, obtained by means of approximated analytical calculations. Monte Carlo techniques provide an effective way to check the calibration and the impact of the approximations used in the calculation. Methods The present work compares two different systems: a continuous air monitoring system, composed by a NaI detector located inside a chimney, and an air pumping system that measures the sample activity in a Marinelli beaker geometry, equipped with NaI detector. This setup allows to calibrate the continuous air monitoring system using the measurements provided by the Marinelli beaker system. A self-absorption correction factor, applied in the calibration of the Marinelli beaker system, is derived for gamma and beta+ radiation and compared with approximated analytical calculation available for gamma [1] . The cross-calibration of the two systems is complicated by the presence of F18 that sticks to the duct’s walls, producing a background that continuously increases during the air flow, therefore the calibration constants are checked using an approximate analytical calculation and a Geant4 simulation. Results Calibration factors are computed for ducts of different sizes and lengths, and validated using the IRST monitoring system. These coefficients represent a useful estimate in the calibration of continuous air monitoring systems in all cases where the cross-calibration of two systems is not possible. Conclusions Monte Carlo techniques help in overcome challenging aspects in the calibration of air monitoring systems, providing reliable results that can be used to cross-check the calibration constants of the system in case of large experimental uncertainties.

Performance evaluation of long still for the utilization of industrial hot waste water

Abstract Various industrial equipment is utilizing water as a cooling agent for maintaining their operating temperatures within the stipulated range. The water-cooled equipment produces a large quantity of hot wastewater, which is generally sent to the chiller units for cooling. Proposed reduced scale model of a long single basin, single slope still is an attempted to utilize this waste energy for desalination. Experimental and theoretical evaluation has been carried out by feeding hot water at 70 ± 1℃ at a constant flow rate of 1100 l/h. Dunkle, Kumar & Tiwari and Tsilingiris models have been used for the comparative theoretical analysis of long hot waste water still. The maximum and minimum values of partial pressure have been recorded at the water and glass surfaces are 32492.648 & 10658.271 N/m2 and 19906.001 & 5660.855 N/m2 respectively. At 0.1, 0.3, 0.5, and 1.2 m the partial pressure at the water surface is 63.23, 81.39, 71.77 and 88% higher than the glass surface. Kumar & Tiwari leads Dunkle and Tsilingiris models at 0.1 m by 6.91 and 4.63%, whereas this difference grows to a maximum value of 42.093 and 55.07% at 1.1 m respectively.

A Study on Reduction of Fog Generated from Hot Waste Water Treatment Plant Waste Water at Display Industrial Complex

The hot waste water from the display industrial complex affects the traffic and the surrounding environment due to fog generation in the surrounding area in winter. A simulator was built to predict the occurrence of fog due to temperature changes. Humidity change was measured after setting the temperature and ambient temperature of the hot water. The evaporation rate was compared at the reservoir discharging the hot water. When the temperature was 28oC and the atmospheric temperature was -5oC, the evaporation rate rapidly saturated to 0.9 cm/day or more. It was found that the temperature difference between the water and the atmosphere in winter exceeded the fog generation criterion of 8oC, and the evaporation amount easily changed to fog. The calculated results from the relative humidity using the simulator were in good agreement with the evaporation rate. When the temperature of the hot water is cooled from 28oC to 21oC, it is confirmed that the amount of evaporation can be reduced by 33% that result in decrease of fog generation.

For sustainable development of the whole world by renewable energy

The atmospheric carbon dioxide concentration has been increasing at the rate of about 1.85 ppm/year since 1970, and exceeded 400 ppm corresponding to the level in 3.5 million years ago. No current all living things have the experience to live in such climate. Extrapolation of recent increase in the world primary energy consumption indicates that all reserves of fossil fuels and uranium will be completely exhausted until the middle of this century. In order to avoid the crisis of intolerable global warming and no fuels for combustion we have to establish and spread the technologies to use only renewable energy by which the whole world can keep sustainable development. There are superabundant renewable energy resources on our planet. We have been performing research and development for about 30 years to supply renewable energy to the world in the form of methane by electrolytic hydrogen generation and subsequent formation of methane from carbon dioxide and hydrogen. We created anodes and cathodes for water electrolysis and catalysts for carbon dioxide methanation. We constructed a prototype plant consisting of solar cell, water electrolyzer, carbon dioxide methanation unit, methane combustor with oxygen and piping connecting methane production and combustion units in 1995. We are recommending the construction of local energy supply system. The power generated from renewable energy will be used directly. The surplus electricity must be used for water electrolysis to form hydrogen and oxygen. Hydrogen will be used to form methane by the reaction with carbon dioxide. Methane will be used for regeneration of steady electricity at a natural gas power plant for covering shortage and leveling of intermittent and fluctuating power generated from renewable energy. For combustion of methane at the power plant oxygen formed by the water electrolysis will be used after dilution with carbon dioxide of exhaust gas, so that the it will be composed of only carbon dioxide after removal of water. Thus, carbon dioxide of the exhaust gas will be recycled for methane formation and oxygen dilution. Hot waste water of the power plant will be used in the local area for heating, farming and industries.

A Study on the Heat Flow Characteristics of IRSS

The infrared signatures emitted from the hot waste gas generated by the combustion engine and generator of a naval ship and from the metal surface around the funnel are the targets of the enemy threatening weapon system, thereby reducing the survivability of the ship. Such infrared signatures are reduced by installing an infrared signature suppression system (IRSS) in the naval ship. An IRSS consists of three parts: an eductor that creates a turbulent flow in the waste gas, a mixing tube that mixes the waste gas with the ambient air, and a diffuser that forms an air film using the pressure difference between the waste gas and the outside air. This study analyzed the test model of the IRSS developed by an advanced company and, based on this, conducted heat flow analyses as a basic study to improve the performance of the IRSS. The results were compared and analyzed considering various turbulence models. As a result, the temperatures and velocities of the waste gas at the eductor inlet and the diffuser outlet as well as the temperature of the diffuser metal surface were obtained. It was confirmed that these results were in good agreement with the measurement results of the model test.

PENGARUH PENGARUH BENTUK DAN KONFIGURASI ALUR SEKAT TERHADAP UNJUK KERJA MENARA PENDINGIN (COOLING TOWER)

The cooling tower is mechanical equipment which used to decrease hot waste water. One of the factors that influence the performance is the filling components. This research is aimed to get the effect of buffle’s shape and configuration due to cooling tower performance. The cooling tower performance is described with range, heat transfer rate, and efficiency. The research is done by an experiment using laboratory scale cooling tower. The shape is varied as circle and triangle with 2-3 and 3-2 in a row configuration. The water flow rate is adjusted with 3 valve opening. Water temperature inlet is varied as 50, 60 and 70oC. The measurements are taken for inlet and outlet water and air temperature for 3 times measurements using K-type thermocouples. The result shows that buffle’s shape and configuration have an effect due to cooling tower performance.
 Keywords: cooling tower, performance, buffle’s shape, configuration

Enhancement of integrated solar still using different new absorber configurations: An experimental approach

Solar stills yield only lower amount of fresh distillate, when compared to other conventional based desalination systems. In the present work, in an intention to increase the solar still productivity, a new hybrid solar desalination system was developed by combining an inclined solar still with a single basin solar still and hot water storage tank. This integrated system was fabricated and tested with different geometry of new absorber plate configurations (flat, grooved and fin shaped absorbers) under actual climatic conditions. The different new absorbers used in this experiment, increases the surface area of water available for evaporation inside the inclined still. In this experimental study, the integration of these stills was done to recover the waste heat energy from the un-evaporated output (hot waste water) drained from the inclined still. Based on the experimental analysis, it was observed that for the conventional inclined still, 25.75% productivity increased, when it is coupled with fin shaped absorber and 74.5% productivity increased, when it is integrated with basin still. The overall productivity (distillate output) in the integrated still with fin shaped absorber configuration was 5210ml/day and the efficiency of the integrated desalination system with hot water thermal storage was 46.9%.

The generation of power from a cement kiln waste gases: a case study of a plant in Kenya

AbstractThe cement production process is energy intensive both in terms of the thermal energy (firing the kiln, drying and De carbonation) and electrical energy for driving the numerous drives within the process line. The average specific power consumption of the case study plant was 111 kWh/ton of cement with an average peak demand of 9.7 MW. The high cost of electric power at 0.14 USD/kWh results in very high cost of production that significantly lowers the company's profit margin and limits its competitive advantage. The generation of electrical power from waste heat recovery would reduce the electricity power bill through partially substituting the power procured from the national grid. This research evaluated the potential that the plant has for generating electrical power from the hot waste gases vented into the atmosphere and it was found that the plant has the potential to generate 3.4 MWh of electrical power. This results to a net potential to generate 2.89 MWh of electrical power after factoring in the auxiliary power consumption by Waste heat recovery plant system at 15%. This ultimately gave a reduction of 33% in the electricity power bill of the case study plant. The paper recommends the installation of a steam rankine cycle for the power generating plant. In this work the authors designed the steam boilers for the waste heat recovery plant for conversion of thermal energy to electrical energy, selected a commercial steam turbine and evaluated its economic feasibility and established that the designed plant would have a simple payback period of 2.7 years.

A Review on Conception of Policy for Production of Imported Tropical and Temperate Fresh Fruits Using Hot Waste Water from Power Plant

A Review on Conception of Policy for Production of Imported Tropical and Temperate Fresh Fruits Using Hot Waste Water from Power Plant