Hot Use Research Articles

Transethosomes: Cutting edge approach for drug permeation enhancement in transdermal drug delivery system.

The skin is a major route of drug administration. Despite the high surface area of the skin, drug delivery via the skin route is problematic due to its physiological obstacles. The formulation scientist has developed a vesicular system to enhance the skin's absorption of bioactive substances. Among numerous vesicular systems, concept of transethosomes (TEs) introduced in 2012 are being tested for drug delivery to the dermis. When transferosomes and ethosomes interact, TEs are produced. It consists of water, ethanol, phospholipids, and an edge activator. Ethanol and the edge activator increase the absorption of medication through the skin. In the presence of ethanol and an edge activator, skin permeability can increase. The advantages of TEs include increased patient compliance, bypassing first-pass metabolism, including non-toxic raw components, being a noninvasive method of drug delivery, being more stable, biocompatible, biodegradable, and administered in semisolid form. TEs can be produced through the use of hot, cold, mechanical dispersion, and conventional techniques. The morphology, shape, size, zeta potential, drug loading efficiency, vesicle yield, biophysical interactions, and stability of TEs define them. Recent studies reported successful transdermal distribution of antifungal, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and cardiovascular bioactive while using ethosomes with significant deeper penetration in skin. The review extensively discussed various claims on TEs developed by researchers, patents, and marketed ethosomes. However, till today no patens being granted on TEs. There are still lingering difficulties related to ethanol-based TEs that require substantial research to fix.

Characteristics of home oxygen therapy for preterm infants with bronchopulmonary dysplasia in China: results of a multicenter cohort study

BackgroundHome oxygen therapy (HOT) is indicated upon discharge in some preterm infants with severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). There is a lack of evidence-based consensus on the indication for HOT among these infants. Because wide variation in the institutional use of HOT exists, little is known about the role of regional social-economic level in the wide variation of HOT.MethodsThis was a secondary analysis of Chinese Neonatal Network (CHNN) data from January 1, 2019 to December 31, 2019. Infants at gestational ages < 32 weeks, with a birth weight < 1500 g, and with moderate or severe BPD who survived to discharge from tertiary hospitals located in 25 provinces were included in this study. Infants with major congenital anomalies and those who were discharged against medical advice were excluded.ResultsOf 1768 preterm infants with BPD, 474 infants (26.8%) were discharged to home with oxygen. The proportion of HOT use in participating member hospitals varied from 0 to 89%, with five of 52 hospitals’ observing proportions of HOT use that were significantly greater than expected, with 14 hospitals with observing proportions significantly less than expected, and with 33 hospitals with appropriate proportions. We noted a negative correlation between different performance groups of HOT and median GDP per capita (P = 0.04).ConclusionsThe use of HOT varied across China and was negatively correlated with the levels of provincial economic levels. A local HOT guideline is needed to address the wide variation in HOT use with respect to different regional economic levels in countries like China.

Analysis of the GHG savings and cost-effectiveness of asphalt pavement climate mitigation strategies

In order to achieve current sustainability and circular economy targets, the use of cleaner practices is required. Therefore, for the abatement of emissions in a cost-effective way, the use of waste materials, reduced manufacturing temperatures, and the increased use of bio-based materials should be explored in the asphalt pavement sector. In response to this need, this study carried out a carbon footprint and economic analysis for the three aforementioned strategies. To fully understand the potential of these pathways, the use of reclaimed asphalt (RAP) and crumb rubber (CR) in different quantities, the use of hot-, warm- and half-warm-mix asphalts, and the use of bio-based binders were considered both at the cradle-to-laid and 40-year life cycle level. The results of this study indicate high quantities of RAP and producing mixtures below 100 °C would provide the greatest environmental and cost benefits. At lower amounts of RAP, the use of CR was found to be more viable; especially with a higher durability. Bio-based materials also provide a large GHG saving potential, but would require commercialisation to be viable. The results of this study serve as a primer for researchers, industry and local authorities to better explore and combine climate mitigation and cost-effective strategies. Future work will cover the use of these results for their implementation in a decision-making system, including the novel indicator defined.

TMP as an Effective Technique to Produce Ultra-Fine Grained Steels

In recent years, great attention is paid to the creation of methods andthe technological processes providing ultrafine-grained state of metal materials including submicro - and nanocrystalline ones. It pertains to structural components and to the phases constituting the particular metal or alloy. The main development in terms of obtaining bulk metallic materials received in recent years, various schemes of processing of metals by plastic deformation, which allows to realize the so-called severe plastic deformation (SPD). Such approach usually propose realization of large plastic strains, providing a well-developed fragmented substructure with the creation of high angle misorientation of the boundaries between the fragments of the substructure. The second direction in receiving finely divided state is to create technologies that provide a significant refinement of phase as a result of processing. The most effective way of achieving both the above effects applied to bulk metallic materials is Thermomechanical Processing (TMP), which can be used as a standalone technology or in combination of such methods as accumulation roll bonding (ARB) or other similar SPD methods. This paper discusses various methods of thermomechanical processing, based on the use of hot, warm and cold deformation, in various combinations applied to single and multiphase steels, ensuring the achievement of ultra-fine grained structure with elements of submicro - and nanostructures.

Use Big‐Time Events to Encourage Membership

The Membership Management ReportVolume 12, Issue 11 p. 2-2 Strike While It's Hot Use Big-Time Events to Encourage Membership First published: 14 October 2016 https://doi.org/10.1002/mmr.30514Read the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat No abstract is available for this article. Volume12, Issue11November 2016Pages 2-2 RelatedInformation

Physiologic and fit factor profiles of N95 and P100 filtering facepiece respirators for use in hot, humid environments

BackgroundTo determine if hot, humid ambient conditions impact filtering facepiece respirators' (FFRs') fit, and to evaluate differences in physiologic and subjective responses between N95 FFRs and P100 FFRs.MethodsTwelve subjects had physiologic monitoring and subjective perceptions monitored over 1 hour of treadmill exercise (5.6 km/h) in an environmental chamber (35°C, relative humidity 50%) wearing an N95 FFR, P100 FFR, or no respirator. Respirator quantitative fit testing was done before and after exercise.ResultsThere was no significant difference in pass rates for both FFRs on initial fit testing, but subjects who passed were more likely to fail the postexercise test with N95 FFRs (P = .01). Wearing FFRs increased the temperature of facial skin covered by the FFR (P = .009) and breathing discomfort (P = .002). No significant differences were noted in other measured variables (heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation, transcutaneous carbon dioxide level, rectal temperature, global skin temperature, core temperature, and subjective perceptions) between controls and FFRs and between FFR models.ConclusionAfter 1 hour of exercise in hot, humid ambient conditions, P100 FFRs retained better fit than N95 FFRs, without additional physiologic or subjective impact. Wearing FFRs under these conditions does not add to the body's thermophysiologic or perceptual burdens.

Risk factors of diseases gastrointestinal path (1112.1)

Determination of risk factors of diseases of a gastrointestinal path at teenagers.Material. Under supervision there were 224 teenagers from 15 to 18 years, from them 112 teenagers with pathology of a digestive tract and 112 control group. Diagnostics was carried out on the basis of standard criteria.Results. Non‐compliance with a diet took place at 33 (29,5%) teenagers of the main group, at 11 (9,8%) control (3,0 points). The frequent use of hot and smoked dishes was observed at 17,8% teenagers of the main group and at 8% control (2,0 points). Negative emotions are established almost at each 5‐6 teenagers ‐ 17,8% the main group and at 8% control. Bad living conditions are established at 24,1% 1 groups and at 13,4% 2 groups 1,8 points. In 1 group have addictions more than 28%, from them smoke 22,3%, take alcoholic beverages 8,9%. In control group 7,1% and 2,7%, respectively (3,0 and 3,3 points).1 group (low risk) included teenagers at whom total amount of points on risk factors didn't exceed 5; the 2nd group included teenagers with a score from 5 to 10; the 3rd group ‐ high risk ‐ included children with the sum of the gained points 10,0 and more. Within a year medical and improving events at 35 teenagers of group of high risk were held. In group of high risk there were only 19 teenagers as they passed to groups of an average and low risk, and the part of teenagers was struck off the register. The indicator efficiency of improvement made 45,7%.

Development of a calorimeter for heat flux measurements in impinging near-critical water jets confined by an annular wall

One approach in hydrothermal spallation drilling is the use of hot, impinging, supercritical water jets to induce rock fragmentation. The heat transfer from hot jets to the rock's surface is of major interest for the drilling process. This work therefore presents heat flux measurements in the challenging environment of confined supercritical water jets impinging on a flat surface. A sensor based on the calorimetric measurement principle and the according experimental methods were developed to determine heat transfer coefficients of subcritical and supercritical water jets. In the subcritical temperature range the results show good agreement with existing empirical correlations originally developed for isothermal, subcritical, liquid jets. An interesting behavior was though observed for supercritical injection temperatures: when the impinged surface is still at subcritical temperatures, the peak of the water's specific heat at the pseudo-critical temperature dominates the heat transfer even at injection temperatures far beyond the pseudo-critical temperature.

Plasma Cutting in the Multi-Purpose Research Reactor (MZFR) — Underwater use at Steel Thicknesses of up to 130 MM

Remote disassembly of radiologically burdened large components is among the most sophisticated and complex activities in the demolition of nuclear installations. High local dose rates and contamination levels, combined with complicated designs and geometries of the components to be dismantled, plus insufficient accessibility, imply major challenges in the demolition of nuclear facilities. Normally, the shielding effect of water is used in remote dismantling of highly activated components. All processes eligible for this purpose must therefore be suitable for application under water. In underwater (UW) dismantling of the MZFR between 2004 and 2005, plasma cutting has been found to be an efficient method of disassembly with safe remote control capability. Close cooperation in the development of technical solutions among RWE NUKEM, the Institute of Materials Science of the University of Hanover, Kjellberg Finsterwalde GmbH, Industrieanlagen Betriebsgesellschaft (IABG), Studsvik®Ifm, and Forschungszentrum Karlsruhe GmbH contributed to the further development of plasma cutting for use under water in the MZFR, thus making it preferable to all other cutting techniques available for demolition and disassembly. This technique was used in the MZFR for complete disassembly of the geometrically complex moderator tank and most of the thermal shield. The experience accumulated in the hot use of plasma disassembly techniques in the MZFR is presented and assessed in the paper.

Statistical Model of Pesticide Penetration Through Woven Work Clothing Fabrics

Statistical models estimating the level of protection and thermal comfort performance of woven fabrics were developed using simple fabric and liquid parameters. Eighteen woven fabrics were evaluated against three pesticide mixtures of atrazine and pendimethalin at different concentrations. Using three mixtures that represent a range of both surface tension and viscosity, percentages of pesticide penetration are measured, along with fabric thickness, fabric cover factor, yarn twist factor, yarn packing factor, solid volume fraction, wicking height, and air permeability. Statistical analyses are performed to examine the relationship between liquid/fabric parameters and pesticide penetration. Statistical analyses show that fabric cover factor, yarn twist factor, viscosity of pesticide mixture, critical surface tension of solid, and wicking height are significant parameters affecting pesticide penetration. For this purpose, cover factor and twist factor are better parameters in describing the geometry of woven fabrics than solid volume fraction. Modeling of comfort performance of woven fabric based on simple textile parameters shows that the combination of fabric thickness, cover factor, yarn twist factor and yarn packing factor can be used to estimate air permeability of woven fabric. These findings could be used for developing selection charts or tools as guidelines for the selection of personal protective equipment for use in hot, humid environments.

Ion-Induced Surface Modification of EUV and VUV Plasma-Facing Collector Mirrors

AbstractGeneration of extreme ultraviolet (EUV) light for nanolithography requires the use of hot, dense plasmas. Gas discharge produced plasma (GDPP) and laser produced plasma (LPP) are the primary configurations used to generate these plasmas. Both GDPP and LPP collector mirror systems face serious issues regarding lifetime and EUV light reflectivity performance. For both configurations debris, fast ions, fast neutrals, and condensable EUV radiator fuels (Li, Sn) interact with nearby collector mirrors. Sn, in particular is used due to its high conversion efficiency in the 13.5-nm in-band spectrum. In addition to debris, collector mirrors are exposed to impurities (H,C,O,N), off-band radiation (depositing heat) and highly-charged ions leading to their degradation and consequently limiting 13.5 nm light reflection intensity.This work presents results of Ru and Rh-based collector optics irradiated by Sn ions between at 1.3 keV and exposed to Sn thermal atoms at room temperature. In-situ metrology monitors the effects of ion implantation on ion-induced erosion and EUV reflectivity changes using low-energy ion scattering spectroscopy and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy. Results find that Sn implants at the first few monolayers leading to a mixed layer at the surface. Sn thermal atoms deposit on top of the mirror surface leading to 10-20% loss of collector mirror EUV light reflectivity.

Heated, humidified air for the common cold.

Heated, humidified air is used by common cold sufferers since the invention of the steam kettle. There is scientific literature available investigating this mode of therapy using a rhinotherm. The present reviews addresses to the use of hot, humid air in common cold. To assess the effects of inhaling heated water vapour with the help of a rhinotherm (an equipment designed to deliver heated water vapour to a person's nasal cavity), in the treatment of the common cold by comparing: a. symptoms b. viral shedding c. nasal resistance after a natural or experimentally induced common cold. In the initial review published in issue 3, 1999 of The Cochrane Library, we searched MEDLINE with MeSH headings: common cold, rhinopharyngitis, inhalation, steam, heated vapour, rhinothermy (January 1966 to July 1999). EMBASE, Current Contents, review articles, cross references were also searched. Attempts were also made to contact the manufacturers for any unpublished data. In this updated review, we have searched the Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials (CENTRAL) (The Cochrane Library, Issue 4, 2003), MEDLINE (January 1966 to November Week 2, 2003), EMBASE (January 1990 to November 2003), and Current Contents (current five years). Randomized trials using heated water vapour in a standardized way in patients with the common cold or volunteers with experimental induction of rhinovirus infection were included in the review. All the articles retrieved were initially subjected to a review for inclusion / exclusion criteria. Review articles, editorials, abstracts with inadequate outcome description were excluded. Studies selected for inclusion were subjected to a methodological assessment. The results of a systematic review of six trials with 319 participants, support the use of warm vapour inhalations in the common cold in terms of relief of symptoms (Odds Ratio with 95 % CI 0.31, 0.16-0.60, Relative risk 0.56, 0.4-0.79). Results on symptom score indices were equivocal. None of the studies demonstrated a worsening of clinical symptom scores. One study demonstrated increased nasal resistance one week after steam inhalation in contrast to an earlier study which showed improvement in the nasal resistance. There was no evidence of decreased viral shedding measured by virus isolation in the nasal secretions (Tyrrell 1989a) or measurement of viral titres in nasal washings among treatment group. The rhinovirus titres in the nasal washings from the treatment group were the same as those of the placebo group on day one prior to the treatment and on all four days after the treatment. The area under curve (Hendley 1994) was also similar in the placebo and treatment groups for titres of virus in the nasal washings as were the average viral titres across five days of follow up, the maximum values after treatment, and viral shedding velocity i.e. amount of virus shed per day (Hendley 1994). Minor side effects due to thermal stress were reported in all the studies. Three trials demonstrated beneficial effects on the symptoms of the common cold. One study from Israel showed a decrease in nasal resistance measured by peak nasal expiratory and inspiratory flow rate. Studies done in North America failed to show any objective improvement in outcome measures with the study intervention. A multi-centre double blind randomised controlled trial testing this therapy with uniform outcome measures is recommended.

A new, facile synthesis of 1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane: cyclen.

This report outlines a new and efficient synthesis of cyclen (1,4,7,10-tetraazacyclododecane, 1) utilizing bis-imidazoline, 6 (1,1'-ethylenedi-2-imidazoline), with 1,2-dibromoethane. General conditions were developed, allowing for the simple, three-step synthesis of 1 at the multigram scale with an isolated overall yield approaching 65%. The cyclization of 6 produced by the condensation of triethylene tetraamine (TETA) with N,N-dimethylformamide dimethyl acetal, gave the twelve-membered, imidazolinium, cyclized intermediate bromide salt, 7 (2,3,4,5,6,7,8,8c-octahydro-1H-4a,6a,8a-triaza-2a-azoniacyclopent[fg]acenaphthylene), which hydrolyzed to 1 with the use of hot, aqueous caustic. Hydrolysis of 7 under milder conditions formed the 1,4,7,10-tetraazabicyclo[8.2.1]tridecan-13-one (20). Mechanistically, the formation of 7 may be rationalized as involving a diaminocarbene that undergoes an intramolecular carbon-hydrogen insertion.

Heated, humidified air for the common cold.

Heated, humidified air is used by common cold sufferers since the invention of the steam kettle. There is scientific literature available investigating this mode of therapy using a rhinotherm. The present reviews addresses to the use of hot, humid air in common cold. To assess the effects of inhaling heated water vapour with the help of a rhinotherm (an equipment designed to deliver heated water vapour to a person's nasal cavity), in the treatment of the common cold by comparing a. symptoms b. viral shedding c. nasal resistance after a natural or experimentally induced common cold. We searched MEDLINE with MeSH headings: common cold, rhinopharyngitis, inhalation, steam, heated vapour, rhinothermy, till July 1999. EMBASE, Current Contents, review articles, cross references were also searched. Attempts were also made to contact the manufacturers for any unpublished data. Randomized trials using heated water vapour in a standardized way in patients with the common cold or volunteers with experimental induction of rhinovirus infection were included in the review. All the articles retrieved were initially subjected to a review for inclusion / exclusion criteria. Review articles, editorials, abstracts with inadequate outcome description were excluded. Studies selected for inclusion were subjected to a methodological assessment. The results of a systematic review of six trials with 319 participants, support the use of warm vapour inhalations in the common cold in terms of relief of symptoms (Odds Ratio with 95 % CI 0.31, 0.16-0.60, Relative risk 0.56, 0.4-0.79). Results on symptom score indices were equivocal. None of the studies demonstrated a worsening of clinical symptom scores. One study demonstrated increased nasal resistance one week after steam inhalation in contrast to an earlier study which showed improvement in the nasal resistance. There was no evidence of decreased viral shedding measured by virus isolation in the nasal secretions or measurement of viral titres in nasal washings among treatment group. The rhinovirus titres in the nasal washings from the treatment group were the same as those of the placebo group on day one prior to the treatment and on all four days after the treatment. The area under curve was also similar in the placebo and treatment groups for titres of virus in the nasal washings as were the average viral titres across five days of follow up, the maximum values after treatment, and viral shedding velocity i.e. amount of virus shed per day. Minor side effects due to thermal stress were reported in all the studies. Three trials demonstrated beneficial effects on the symptoms of the common cold. One study from Israel showed a decrease in nasal resistance measured by peak nasal expiratory and inspiratory flow rate. Studies done in North America failed to show any objective improvement in outcome measures with the study intervention. A multi-centre double blind randomised controlled trial testing this therapy with uniform outcome measures is recommended.

Power boiler fuel augmentation with a biomass fired atmospheric circulating fluid-bed gasifier

The successful experience in developing the advanced Foster Wheeler atmospheric circulating fluidized-bed (ACFB) combustion system subsequently led to the development of the ACFB gasification (ACFBG) Technology in the early 1980s. The driving force for the development work was the dramatic increase in oil price during this period. The primary advantage of the ACFBG technology is that it enables the substitution of expensive fuels (e.g. oil or gas) with cheaper solid fuels. Prior to this Lahti project, Foster Wheeler had supplied four waste wood fired commercial scale ACFBGs in the mid-1980s to the pulp and paper industry with capacities from 17 to 35 MW th based on fuel input. These units are still in successful operation today. Lahden Lämpövoima Oy (LLOy) is a Finnish power company producing power and district heat for the City of Lahti. The company is jointly owned by the city of Lahti and by Fortum Oy, the largest utility power company in Finland. LLOy operates the Kymijärvi Power Plant located nearby the city of Lahti in Southern Finland. To keep the energy prices as low as possible, Plant personnel are continuously looking for the most economical fuel sources, and simultaneously, trying to improve the environmental aspects of the energy production. Currently, about 300 GW h/a of different types of biofuels and refuse fuels are available in the Lahti area. On an annual basis, the available amount of biofuels and refuse fuels is enough to substitute for about 15% of the fuels burned in the main boiler, equaling up to 30% of the coal typically used. The aim of the LLOy Kymijärvi Power Plant gasification project is a commercial scale demonstration of direct gasification of wet biofuel and the use of hot, raw and very low calorific gas directly in the existing coal fired boiler. The gasification of biofuels and co-combustion of gases in the existing coal-fired boiler offers many advantages such as: recycling of CO 2, decreased SO 2 and NO x emissions, efficient way to utilize biofuels and recycled refuse fuels, low investment and operation costs, and utilization of the existing power plant capacity. Furthermore, only small modifications were required in the boiler and process upsets in the gasifier do not shut down the power plant. The first two years of operation (1998 and 1999) have been excellent with good availability for the gasifier and its related components. During 1998 several measurements and tests with different fuel combinations were performed. This paper presents the project in detail as well as the most important results of the first measurements. The EU Thermie program has supported this project.

Biomass CFB gasifier connected to a 350 MW th steam boiler fired with coal and natural GAS-Thermie demonstration project in lahti in Finland

The successful experience in developing the advanced Foster Wheeler Energia Oy's (former Ahlstrom Pyropower) Circulating Fluidized Bed combustion system subsequently led to the development of the CFB Gasification Technology in the early 80 s. The driving force for the developing work was the dramatically increase in oil price during the oil crises. The primary advantage of CFB gasification technology is that it enables the substitution of expensive fuels e.g. oil or gas with cheap solid fuels. These cheap fuels are typically different types of waste woods, bark or other biofuels. In the CFB gasifier these solid fuels are converted to gaseous fuel which can be used instead of other expensive fuels. In some cases this also solves a waste disposal problem, providing a secondary economic and environmental benefit. Foster Wheeler Energia Oy has supplied four commercial scale atmospheric CFB gasifiers in the mid 80 s to the pulp and paper industry with capacities from 17–35 MW based on fuel input. These applications utilize waste wood as feedstock and the units are still successfully operational today. Lahden Lämpövoima Oy is a Finnish power company producing power and district heat for the city of Lahti. The company is 50% owned by the city of Lahti and 50% by Imatran Voima Oy, which is the largest utility power company in Finland. Lahden Lämpövoima Oy operates the Kymijärvi power plant locating nearby the city of Lahti in Southern Finland. To keep the energy prices as low as possible, Lahden Lämpövoima is continuously looking for the most economical fuel sources, and simultaneously, trying to improve the environmental acceptability of the energy production. At the moment, about 300 GWh/a different type of biofuels and refuse fuels are available in the Lahti area. On an annual basis, the available amount of biofuels and refuse fuels is enough to substitute for about 15% of the fuels burned in the main boiler equaling max 30% of coal. The aim in this Lahden Lämpövoima Oy's Kymijärvi power plant gasification project is to demonstrate the direct gasification of wet biofuel and the use of hot, raw and very low-calorific gas directly in the existing coal-fired boiler. The gasification of biofuels and co-combustion of gases in the existing coal-fired boiler offers many advantages such as: recycling of CO 2, decreased SO 2 and NO x emissions, efficient way to utilize biofuels and recycled refuse fuels, low investment and operation costs, and utilization of the existing power plant capacity. Furthermore, only small modifications are required in the boiler, possible disturbances in the gasifier do not shut down the power plant.

97/01939 Structural transformations in phenol-formaldehyde-pitch dispersions in the course of their curing and coking

The successful experience in developing the advanced Foster Wheeler Energia Oy’s (former Ahlstrom Pyropower) Circulating Fluidized Bed combustion system subsequently led to the development of the CFB Gasification Technology in the early 80 s. The driving force for the developing work was the dramatically increase in oil price during the oil crises. The primary advantage of CFB gasification technology is that it enables the substitution of expensive fuels e.g. oil or gas with cheap solid fuels. These cheap fuels are typically different types of waste woods, bark or other biofuels. In the CFB gasifier these solid fuels are converted to gaseous fuel which can be used instead of other expensive fuels. In some cases this also solves a waste disposal problem, providing a secondary economic and environmental benefit. Foster Wheeler Energia Oy has supplied four commercial scale atmospheric CFB gasifiers in the mid 80 s to the pulp and paper industry with capacities from 17–35 MW based on fuel input. These applications utilize waste wood as feedstock and the units are still successfully operational today.Lahden Lämpövoima Oy is a Finnish power company producing power and district heat for the city of Lahti. The company is 50% owned by the city of Lahti and 50% by Imatran Voima Oy, which is the largest utility power company in Finland. Lahden Lämpövoima Oy operates the Kymijärvi power plant locating nearby the city of Lahti in Southern Finland. To keep the energy prices as low as possible, Lahden Lämpövoima is continuously looking for the most economical fuel sources, and simultaneously, trying to improve the environmental acceptability of the energy production. At the moment, about 300 GWh/a different type of biofuels and refuse fuels are available in the Lahti area. On an annual basis, the available amount of biofuels and refuse fuels is enough to substitute for about 15% of the fuels burned in the main boiler equaling max 30% of coal.The aim in this Lahden Lämpövoima Oy’s Kymijärvi power plant gasification project is to demonstrate the direct gasification of wet biofuel and the use of hot, raw and very low-calorific gas directly in the existing coal-fired boiler. The gasification of biofuels and co-combustion of gases in the existing coal-fired boiler offers many advantages such as: recycling of CO2, decreased SO2 and NOx emissions, efficient way to utilize biofuels and recycled refuse fuels, low investment and operation costs, and utilization of the existing power plant capacity. Furthermore, only small modifications are required in the boiler, possible disturbances in the gasifier do not shut down the power plant.

95/04928 European directory of renewable energy suppliers and services 1994

The successful experience in developing the advanced Foster Wheeler atmospheric circulating fluidized-bed (ACFB) combustion system subsequently led to the development of the ACFB gasification (ACFBG) Technology in the early 1980s. The driving force for the development work was the dramatic increase in oil price during this period. The primary advantage of the ACFBG technology is that it enables the substitution of expensive fuels (e.g. oil or gas) with cheaper solid fuels. Prior to this Lahti project, Foster Wheeler had supplied four waste wood fired commercial scale ACFBGs in the mid-1980s to the pulp and paper industry with capacities from 17 to 35 MWth based on fuel input. These units are still in successful operation today. Lahden Lämpövoima Oy (LLOy) is a Finnish power company producing power and district heat for the City of Lahti. The company is jointly owned by the city of Lahti and by Fortum Oy, the largest utility power company in Finland. LLOy operates the Kymijärvi Power Plant located nearby the city of Lahti in Southern Finland. To keep the energy prices as low as possible, Plant personnel are continuously looking for the most economical fuel sources, and simultaneously, trying to improve the environmental aspects of the energy production. Currently, about 300 GW h/a of different types of biofuels and refuse fuels are available in the Lahti area. On an annual basis, the available amount of biofuels and refuse fuels is enough to substitute for about 15% of the fuels burned in the main boiler, equaling up to 30% of the coal typically used. The aim of the LLOy Kymijärvi Power Plant gasification project is a commercial scale demonstration of direct gasification of wet biofuel and the use of hot, raw and very low calorific gas directly in the existing coal fired boiler. The gasification of biofuels and co-combustion of gases in the existing coal-fired boiler offers many advantages such as: recycling of CO2, decreased SO2 and NOx emissions, efficient way to utilize biofuels and recycled refuse fuels, low investment and operation costs, and utilization of the existing power plant capacity. Furthermore, only small modifications were required in the boiler and process upsets in the gasifier do not shut down the power plant. The first two years of operation (1998 and 1999) have been excellent with good availability for the gasifier and its related components. During 1998 several measurements and tests with different fuel combinations were performed. This paper presents the project in detail as well as the most important results of the first measurements. The EU Thermie program has supported this project.

95/04937 Renewable energy on the information superhighway

The successful experience in developing the advanced Foster Wheeler atmospheric circulating fluidized-bed (ACFB) combustion system subsequently led to the development of the ACFB gasification (ACFBG) Technology in the early 1980s. The driving force for the development work was the dramatic increase in oil price during this period. The primary advantage of the ACFBG technology is that it enables the substitution of expensive fuels (e.g. oil or gas) with cheaper solid fuels. Prior to this Lahti project, Foster Wheeler had supplied four waste wood fired commercial scale ACFBGs in the mid-1980s to the pulp and paper industry with capacities from 17 to 35 MWth based on fuel input. These units are still in successful operation today. Lahden Lämpövoima Oy (LLOy) is a Finnish power company producing power and district heat for the City of Lahti. The company is jointly owned by the city of Lahti and by Fortum Oy, the largest utility power company in Finland. LLOy operates the Kymijärvi Power Plant located nearby the city of Lahti in Southern Finland. To keep the energy prices as low as possible, Plant personnel are continuously looking for the most economical fuel sources, and simultaneously, trying to improve the environmental aspects of the energy production. Currently, about 300 GW h/a of different types of biofuels and refuse fuels are available in the Lahti area. On an annual basis, the available amount of biofuels and refuse fuels is enough to substitute for about 15% of the fuels burned in the main boiler, equaling up to 30% of the coal typically used. The aim of the LLOy Kymijärvi Power Plant gasification project is a commercial scale demonstration of direct gasification of wet biofuel and the use of hot, raw and very low calorific gas directly in the existing coal fired boiler. The gasification of biofuels and co-combustion of gases in the existing coal-fired boiler offers many advantages such as: recycling of CO2, decreased SO2 and NOx emissions, efficient way to utilize biofuels and recycled refuse fuels, low investment and operation costs, and utilization of the existing power plant capacity. Furthermore, only small modifications were required in the boiler and process upsets in the gasifier do not shut down the power plant. The first two years of operation (1998 and 1999) have been excellent with good availability for the gasifier and its related components. During 1998 several measurements and tests with different fuel combinations were performed. This paper presents the project in detail as well as the most important results of the first measurements. The EU Thermie program has supported this project.

95/04974 Combustion

The successful experience in developing the advanced Foster Wheeler Energia Oy’s (former Ahlstrom Pyropower) Circulating Fluidized Bed combustion system subsequently led to the development of the CFB Gasification Technology in the early 80 s. The driving force for the developing work was the dramatically increase in oil price during the oil crises. The primary advantage of CFB gasification technology is that it enables the substitution of expensive fuels e.g. oil or gas with cheap solid fuels. These cheap fuels are typically different types of waste woods, bark or other biofuels. In the CFB gasifier these solid fuels are converted to gaseous fuel which can be used instead of other expensive fuels. In some cases this also solves a waste disposal problem, providing a secondary economic and environmental benefit. Foster Wheeler Energia Oy has supplied four commercial scale atmospheric CFB gasifiers in the mid 80 s to the pulp and paper industry with capacities from 17–35 MW based on fuel input. These applications utilize waste wood as feedstock and the units are still successfully operational today.Lahden Lämpövoima Oy is a Finnish power company producing power and district heat for the city of Lahti. The company is 50% owned by the city of Lahti and 50% by Imatran Voima Oy, which is the largest utility power company in Finland. Lahden Lämpövoima Oy operates the Kymijärvi power plant locating nearby the city of Lahti in Southern Finland. To keep the energy prices as low as possible, Lahden Lämpövoima is continuously looking for the most economical fuel sources, and simultaneously, trying to improve the environmental acceptability of the energy production. At the moment, about 300 GWh/a different type of biofuels and refuse fuels are available in the Lahti area. On an annual basis, the available amount of biofuels and refuse fuels is enough to substitute for about 15% of the fuels burned in the main boiler equaling max 30% of coal.The aim in this Lahden Lämpövoima Oy’s Kymijärvi power plant gasification project is to demonstrate the direct gasification of wet biofuel and the use of hot, raw and very low-calorific gas directly in the existing coal-fired boiler. The gasification of biofuels and co-combustion of gases in the existing coal-fired boiler offers many advantages such as: recycling of CO2, decreased SO2 and NOx emissions, efficient way to utilize biofuels and recycled refuse fuels, low investment and operation costs, and utilization of the existing power plant capacity. Furthermore, only small modifications are required in the boiler, possible disturbances in the gasifier do not shut down the power plant.