Hot Stripping Research Articles

The Impact of Positive AGN Feedback on the Properties of Galaxies in a Semianalytic Model of Galaxy Formation

We introduce the state-of-the-art semianalytic model Formation and Evolution of GAlaxies (FEGA), which incorporates updated prescriptions for key physical processes in galaxy formation. Notably, FEGA features an unprecedented semianalytic modeling of positive active galactic nucleus (AGN) feedback. The model combines the latest prescriptions for gas infall and cooling, a revised star formation recipe that incorporates the extended Kennicutt–Schmidt relation, disk instability, updated supernova feedback, reincorporation of ejected gas, hot gas stripping from satellite galaxies, and the formation of diffuse light. A novel description of AGN feedback is introduced, describing the positive mode as a burst of star formation from a cooling gas fraction. FEGA is rigorously calibrated using a Markov Chain Monte Carlo procedure to match the evolution of the stellar mass function from high redshift to the present. Subsequently, the model is tested against several observed and predicted scaling relations, including the star formation rate (SFR)–mass, black hole–bulge and stellar mass, stellar-to-halo mass, and red fraction–mass relations. Additionally, we test FEGA against other galaxy properties, such as the distribution of specific SFRs, stellar metallicity, and morphology. Our results demonstrate that the inclusion of positive AGN feedback can coexist with its negative counterpart without drastic alterations to other prescriptions. Importantly, this inclusion improves the ability of the model to describe the primary scaling relations observed in galaxies.

Ethanologenic fermentation by Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius with continuous hot microbubble gas-stripping

The increased use of biofuels in place of fossil fuels is one strategy to support the transition to net-zero carbon emissions, particularly in transport applications. However, expansion of the use of 1st generation crops as feedstocks is unsustainable due to the conflict with food use. The use of the lignocellulosic fractions from plants and/or co-products from food production including food wastes could satisfy the demand for biofuels without affecting the use of land and the availability of food, but organisms which can readily ferment all the carbohydrates present in these feedstocks often suffer from more severe bioethanol inhibition effects than yeast. This paper demonstrates the potential of hot gas microbubbles to strip ethanol from a thermophilic fermentation process using Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius TM333, thereby reducing product inhibition and allowing production to continue beyond the nominal toxic ethanol concentrations of ≤ 2% v/v. Using an experimental rig in which cells were grown in fed-batch cultures on sugars derived from waste bread, and the broth continuously cycled through a purpose-built microbubble stripping unit, it was shown that non/low-inhibitory dissolved ethanol concentrations could be maintained throughout, despite reaching productivities equivalent to 4.7% v/v dissolved ethanol. Ethanol recovered in the condensate was at a concentration appropriate for dewatering to be cost effective and not prohibitively energy intensive. This suggests that hot microbubble stripping could be a valuable technology for the continuous production of bioethanol from fermentation processes which suffer from product inhibition before reaching economically viable titres, which is typical of most thermophilic ethanologenic bacteria.

Absorption of n-butyl acetate from tannery air emissions by waste vegetable oil/water emulsions

Tanning industries emit a huge quantity of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs), including hydrophilic and hydrophobic solvents. In this study, vegetable oil/water emulsions with 2 and 5 vol% of corn oil (O) or waste cooking oil (WCO) were prepared. Their potential as absorbents of n-butyl acetate (BA), in place of water, was investigated to increase the efficiency of tannery wet scrubbers. BA was selected as a representative component of hydrophobic VOC emissions derived from leather finishing processes. Static and dynamic absorption tests were performed with a BA concentration of 500 ppmv (2.6 g/m3) and a flowrate of 3.0 L/min to evaluate Henry’s law constant, absorption efficiency, absorption capacity, and saturation time of the various investigated absorbents. The feasibility of the absorbent regeneration was also studied by hot stripping with nitrogen. The results showed that Henry’s constant of BA in oil/surfactant/water or oil/water emulsions (5 vol% oil), regardless of the oil used, were significantly lower than those in water (3.6 versus 15.9 atm), and BA absorption capacity (0.84 g/L) was four times higher than the value in water. The presence of the surfactant (0.2–0.8 vol%) contributed to improving the oil/water emulsions stability without having a significant effect on BA absorption capacity. Almost complete BA desorption from the saturated emulsions was obtained by flowing hot N2 at 80°C, demonstrating the absorbent regeneration's feasibility followed by recovery and reuse. Therefore, the oil/water emulsions containing 5 vol% of WCO are efficient and sustainable absorbents of BA, with potential use in VOC emission treatment systems.

Recovery of dilute (bio-based) volatile fatty acids by adsorption with magnetic hyperthermal swing desorption

Adsorption followed by stepwise desorption to concentrate volatile fatty acids (VFAs) from very dilute aqueous streams is challenging and only a limited amount of VFAs can be collected at high concentration using N2-stripping. Here, we describe the preparation and use of superparamagnetic porous adsorbents to recover much larger fractions of VFAs in highly concentrated form from dilute aqueous streams than with the state-of-the-art N2-stripping technique. Our system is based on poly(divinylbenzene) (PDVB) impregnated with superparamagnetic magnetite nanoparticles (MNPs) synthesized by coprecipitation and functionalized with oleic acid (OA). The OA grafted MNPs (OA-MNPs) were embedded in the matrix of the polymer during suspension polymerization. The porous particles had an average size of 222 ± 40 µm with a surface area of 496 ± 10 m2/g and contained 11 ± 1 wt% MNPs with an average core size of 10 nm. VFAs adsorption from a dilute aqueous solution (containing 0.25 wt% of each acid) reached a saturation capacity of 43 g carboxylic acid per kg adsorbent,. The two-stage desorption was started with alternating magnetic field (AMF) heating at 25 mT and 52 kHz, followed by a hot N2 stripping stage removed 90 ± 9% of the water that had physically filled the pores during adsorption, and only 11 ± 2% of the loaded VFAs. Subsequently, 89 ± 3% of the VFAs were recovered almost water free using hot N2 stripping. Compared to sorbent regeneration and vapor fractionation by nitrogen stripping with a temperature gradient only, this new approach offers a much sharper acid fractionation from water, facilitating large energy savings in downstream operations.

Hot microbubble injection in thin liquid film layers for ammonia separation from ammonia rich-wastewater

With 140MT of ammonia produced per annum, over 2% of the world's total energy output is used for ammonia production. Consequently, the remediation and recovery problem is daunting. Ammonia is a pernicious pollutant with an extremely high affinity for water. Less than 2mgL−1 is harmful to flora and fauna but most waste streams contain between 500 mgL−1–5000mgL−1. Physico-chemical processes recover ammonia but are not highly effective in terms of efficiencies for such dilute solutions. Hot microbubble stripping is investigated here. It involves their injection into thin liquid layers for selective vaporization with limited sensible heating of the substrate liquid phase. The method results in several phenomena not previously observed in literature: (i) 100% separation efficiency in 30 min of processing time as opposed to 95% efficiency in 30 h for the benchmark of industrial stripping; (ii) stripping of ammonia at a pH less than 9, i.e. without addition of alkaline pH modifiers and with air as a carrier gas; (iii) using cold microbubbles to strip ammonia is effective, just slower. The process is enhanced due to high mass transfer coefficients: 1000–3000 times faster than conventional stripping. This effect is explained by a new non-equilibrium chemical thermodynamics evaporation – condensation model based on Langmuir's vapour pressure prediction from the kinetic theory of gases that explains the first order kinetics, its magnitude, and the very strong temperature dependence.

Continuous removal of ethanol from dilute ethanol-water mixtures using hot microbubbles

Product inhibition is a barrier to many fermentation processes, including bioethanol production, and is responsible for dilute product streams which are energy intensive to purify. The main purpose of this study was to investigate whether hot microbubble stripping could be used to remove ethanol continuously from dilute ethanol–water mixtures expected in a bioreactor and maintain ethanol concentrations below the inhibitory levels for the thermophile Parageobacillus thermoglucosidasius (TM242), that can utilize a range of sugars derived from lignocellulosic biomass. A custom-made microbubble stripping unit that produces clouds of hot microbubbles (~120 °C) by fluidic oscillation was used to remove ethanol from ~2% (v/v) ethanol–water mixtures maintained at 60 °C. Ethanol was continuously added to the unit to simulate microbial metabolism. The initial liquid height and the ethanol addition rate were varied from 10 to 50 mm and 2.1–21.2 g h−1 respectively. In all the experiments, ethanol concentration was maintained well below the inhibition threshold of the target organism (~2% [v/v]). This microbubble stripping unit has the potential to operate in conjunction with a 0.5–1.0 L fermenter to allow an ethanol productivity of 14.9–7.8 g L−1h−1 continuously.

New methods to remove volatile organic compounds from post-consumer plastic waste

While the annual European demand for polyolefins is 25 million tonnes, only 3 million tonnes of recycled polyolefins find their place in the market, despite collecting 15 million tonnes of post-consumer polyolefins every year. Brand owners of care products are showing their interest in using post-consumer recycled plastics for their packaging. However, there is a general concern in using these materials, as recycled polymers can contain unwanted substances that may expose the consumer to health risks or make the packaging unattractive. Accordingly, the presence of these contaminants narrows the market opportunity of recycled plastics to applications with low-quality requirements and in which the product is not in direct contact with the consumer.Though mechanical recycling is the most widespread solution presents limitations in terms of decontamination, as only superficial substances are removed. Thereby, the volatile organic compounds (VOCs) migrated to the polymer matrix remain inside. Consequently, there is a need to find a solution to purify recycled plastics and increase their market share.This study focuses on removing VOCs from post-consumer recycled HDPE through two innovative methods applied for the first time in this field, steam stripping and polyethylene glycol (PEG) extraction. The methodology implemented to analyze the volatile organic compounds in HDPE was HS-SPME-GC/MS. Both methods showed a decrease above 70% in the VOCs content compared to extrusion-degassing. Moreover, these were compared to hot air stripping, a new technology developed at an industrial scale for the removal of VOCs. As a result, steam stripping improved efficiency in reducing the overall VOCs compared to hot air stripping. The PEG extraction method lowered the volatile polar compounds further than using hot air stripping. Additionally, none of these technologies modified the HDPE melting flow index.

CO2 capture cost saving through waste heat recovery using transport membrane condenser in different solvent-based carbon capture processes

In this study, the waste heat from the hot stripping gas was recovered by adopting the transport membrane condenser (TMC) in the monoethanolamine (MEA)-, diethanolamine (DEA)-, piperazine (PZ)- and potassium glycinate (PG)-based rich-split modified carbon capture processes. A 220-h test showed that TMC can exhibit a good stability on the waste heat recovery performance. The PZ-based TMC-modified rich-split process (i.e., PZ-case) achieved a highest waste heat recovery performance, followed by the PG-case, MEA-case and DEA-case. A strong linear relationship between the heat and water fluxes was observed during the waste heat recovery. Three scenarios were considered for comparing the CO2 capture cost savings of 4 cases. When the TMC area was fixed meaning the same additional investment of rich-split modification, PZ-case gained the highest CO2 capture cost saving ($6.40/t-CO2), followed by PG-, MEA- and DEA-case. When a fixed waste heat recovery performance of 600 kJ/kg-CO2 was required for obtaining the same revenue after rich-split modification, PZ- and PG-case obtained the same CO2 capture cost saving of $4.22/t-CO2. Moreover, when the reboiler duty reduction potential was aimed at 15%, PG-case achieved the maximum CO2 capture cost saving ($4.56/t-CO2).

Hot Microbubble Air Stripping of Dilute Ethanol–Water Mixtures

Product inhibition and the cost of downstream separations are two main barriers in using lignocellulosic biomass for bioethanol production. If bioethanol can be continuously removed from fermentation broth without affecting the fermentation process, significant gains can be achieved with bioethanol yields and process efficiency. Hot microbubble clouds generated by energy efficient means have been used to remove ethanol from dilute ethanol–water mixtures (∼4% [v/v]) maintained at 60 °C, and the effect of key operating parameters on the stripping rate has been studied. Numerical simulations of a hot microbubble rising in a dilute ethanol–water mixture were also performed to understand the instantaneous concentrations within the gas phase. Increasing the inlet gas temperature from 90 to 150 °C and decreasing the liquid height in the unit from 50 to 5 mm both increased the ethanol stripping rate. However, the benefit of increasing the gas temperature for maximum ethanol removal depended on the liquid height in the unit. Under all operating conditions, ethanol concentration was reduced below ∼2% [v/v] within ∼25 min of operation, demonstrating the potential of hot microbubble stripping for product removal from lignocellulosic fermenters. Implemented effectively in a fermenter, this technology could intensify the bioethanol production process and improve process economics.

The influence of environment on satellite galaxies in the GAEA semi-analytic model

ABSTRACT Reproducing the observed quenched fraction of satellite galaxies has been a long-standing issue for galaxy formation models. We modify the treatment of environmental effects in our state-of-the-art GAlaxy Evolution and Assembly (GAEA) semi-analytic model to improve our modelling of satellite galaxies. Specifically, we implement gradual stripping of hot gas, ram-pressure stripping of cold gas, and an updated algorithm to account for angular momentum exchanges between the gaseous and stellar disc components of model galaxies. Our updated model predicts quenched fractions that are in good agreement with local observational measurements for central and satellite galaxies, and their dependencies on stellar mass and halo mass. We also find consistency between model predictions and observational estimates of quenching times for satellite galaxies, H i, H2 fractions of central galaxies, and deficiencies of H i, H2, SFR of galaxies in cluster haloes. In the framework of our updated model, the dominant quenching mechanisms are hot gas stripping for low-mass satellite galaxies, and AGN feedback for massive satellite galaxies. The ram-pressure stripping of cold gas only affects the quenched fraction in massive haloes with Mh > 1013.5 M⊙, but is needed to reproduce the observed H i deficiencies.

Reducing CO2 regeneration heat requirement through waste heat recovery from hot stripping gas using nanoporous ceramic membrane

In CO2 chemical absorption process, bypassing the unheated rich solvent before the lean/rich heat exchanger to recover the waste heat of the stripping gas (i.e., rich-split process) can reduce CO2 regeneration heat requirement. In this study, we introduce the hydrophilic mono-channel tubular ceramic membranes for recovering the waste heat from stripping gas using CO2-rich monoethanolamine (MEA) solvent. Heat recovery performance (qrec) of the ceramic membrane heat exchanger (CMHE) is systematically investigated with various operating parameters. Results show that an increase in the rich solvent flow rate can lead to a great increase of qrec value, however may inversely generate a higher CO2 regeneration heat consumption than that w/o rich-split process, particularly at higher solvent flow rates. So the flow rate of bypassed rich solvent in CMHE should be optimized. Meanwhile, increasing the water vapor molar fraction or the inlet stripping gas pressure can increase qrec value as well. Additionally, it is mandatory to reduce the temperature of cold rich solvent because its increase can generate the great drop of qrec value. Furthermore, the CMHE with 4 nm mean pore size of the separation layer of the ceramic membrane performs better than 10 nm CMHE in terms of qrec value, meaning the required membrane area of 4 nm CMHE is 14.9–60.54% smaller than 10 nm CMHE for recovering the same waste heat. The mass transfer of MEA and CO2 can be neglected due to the blocking effect of the condensate in the membrane nanopores. To allow the heat transfer data readily utilized, the empirical correlations with high accuracy for predicting qrec are proposed for 4 nm and 10 nm CMHEs.

Nature versus nurture: what regulates star formation in satellite galaxies?

We use our state-of-the-art Galaxy Evolution and Assembly (GAEA) semi-analytic model to study how and on which time-scales star formation is suppressed in satellite galaxies. Our fiducial stellar feedback model, implementing strong stellar driven outflows, reproduces relatively well the variations of passive fractions as a function of galaxy stellar mass and halo mass measured in the local Universe, as well as the `quenching' time-scales inferred from the data. We show that the same level of agreement can be obtained by using an alternative stellar feedback scheme featuring lower ejection rates at high redshift, and modifying the treatment for hot gas stripping. This scheme over-predicts the number densities of low to intermediate mass galaxies. In addition, a good agreement with the observed passive fractions can be obtained only by assuming that cooling can continue on satellites, at the rate predicted considering halo properties at infall, even after their parent dark matter substructure is stripped below the resolution of the simulation. For our fiducial model, the better agreement with the observed passive fractions can be ascribed to: (i) a larger cold gas fraction of satellites at the time of accretion, and (ii) a lower rate of gas reheating by supernovae explosions and stellar winds with respect to previous versions of our model. Our results suggest that the abundance of passive galaxies with stellar mass larger than ~10^10 Msun is primarily determined by the self-regulation between star formation and stellar feedback, with environmental processes playing a more marginal role.

Rheological evaluation of bitumen modified using antistripping additives synthesised from waste polyethylene terephthalate (PET)

ABSTRACT The use of amine-based additives is common practice to improve the stripping resistance and performance properties of bituminous mixtures. This study is concerned with the synthesis of additives derived from waste Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET), and investigation of its effect as an effective modifier for bitumen. Firstly, two amine functionalised additives namely bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalamide (BHETA) and bis(2-aminoethyl) terephthalamide (BAET) were chemically synthesised using an aminolysis process from waste PET. The effects of BAET and BHETA on bitumen and bituminous mixture performance were then identified through conventional binder, Marshall Stability, Hot water stripping, Superpave performance, and Hamburg Wheel Tracking tests. The results indicated that BAET modified bitumen showed a significant improvement in moisture resistance as well as other properties such as enhanced Marshall stability, low and high temperature performance. On the other hand, BHETA modified bitumen did not show similar characteristics and exhibited only a marginal performance improvement as compared to the virgin bitumen. It was inferred from the proposed interaction mechanism that the terminal functional group of the additives has a substantial effect in determining the performance properties of such modified binders. Overall, this study has confirmed the possibility of using waste PET materials as an environmentally friendly modifier for bituminous mixtures.

The host dark matter haloes of [O II] emitters at 0.5 < z < 1.5

Emission line galaxies (ELGs) are used in several ongoing and upcoming surveys (SDSS-IV/eBOSS, DESI) as tracers of the dark matter distribution. Using a new galaxy formation model, we explore the characteristics of [OII] emitters, which dominate optical ELG selections at $z\simeq 1$. Model [OII] emitters at $0.5<z<1.5$ are selected to mimic the DEEP2, VVDS, eBOSS and DESI surveys. The luminosity functions of model [OII] emitters are in reasonable agreement with observations. The selected [OII] emitters are hosted by haloes with $M_{\rm halo}\geq 10^{10.3}h^{-1}{\rm M}_{\odot}$, with ~90% of them being central star-forming galaxies. The predicted mean halo occupation distributions of [OII] emitters has a shape typical of that inferred for star-forming galaxies, with the contribution from central galaxies, $\langle N \rangle_{\left[OII\right]\, cen}$, being far from the canonical step function. The $\langle N \rangle_{\left[OII\right]\, cen}$ can be described as the sum of an asymmetric Gaussian for disks and a step function for spheroids, which plateaus below unity. The model [OII] emitters have a clustering bias close to unity, which is below the expectations for eBOSS and DESI ELGs. At $z\sim 1$, a comparison with observed g-band selected galaxy, which are expected to be dominated by [OII] emitters, indicates that our model produces too few [OII] emitters that are satellite galaxies. This suggests the need to revise our modelling of hot gas stripping in satellite galaxies.

Preparation and evaluation of waste PET derived polyurethane polymer modified bitumen through in situ polymerization reaction

Polymer modified bitumen (PMB) pavement have gained significant importance in the twentieth century and they now play a very crucial role in the field of road construction in every part of world. However, due to well-known difficulties related to the poor solubility of polymers, high temperature stability, sever manufacturing condition and high polymer cost restricts the use of polymer for bitumen modification. To overcome all these difficulties the present study has attempted to demonstrate a new approach where in situ polymerization of monomers bis(2-hydroxyethyl) terephthalamide (BHETA) (which is synthesized from aminolysis reaction of waste Poly Ethylene Terephthalate (PET)) with diphenylmethane-diisocyanate (MDI) in the body of bitumen for the development of polyurethane based Polymer modified bitumen (BHETA-PU). The resulting BHETA-PU product is comparable performance under laboratory condition with conventional styrene butadiene styrene (SBS) based PMB. To investigate the modifiedbitumen properties and mixture properties, conventional binder tests (Penetration, Softening Point, Marshall Stability, Hot water Stripping & short-term aging test) and Superpave binder tests (Rotational Viscosity, Dynamic Shear Rheometer (DSR), Bending Beam Rheometer (BBR) were carried out. The result reveals that BHETA-PU show significant improvement of antistripping as well as other physico-chemical properties and Marshall Stabilities. This research studies, therefore, suggests not only a new method for making PMB based on PET but also opens a new chapter for the recycling of waste PET in bitumen concrete roads which may help in easy disposal of waste PET polymer.

Technical and economic evaluations of the triethylene glycol regeneration processes in natural gas dehydration plants

A conventional natural gas dehydration plant and one based on striping gas concept, which employs triethylene glycol (TEG) as the dehydrating agent, were simulated using a steady state simulator (UniSim Design). The main units were included in the flowsheets, namely: absorber, flash units, heat exchangers, regenerator, and reboiler. All simulations were performed of about 25 L TEG/kg water absorbed. The equation of state (EOS) used in the simulation is the Peng Robinson (PR). The reboiler temperature of conventional regenerator and then the hot stripping gas flowrate, have been studied for their response to changes in the regenerated TEG concentration, dew point of sale gases, TEG losses (make-up), regenerator overhead vapor flowrate, and partial pressure of water vapor. Despite the increase in plant complexity, the fixed capital investment estimation proves an insignificant costs increase of the stripping gas configuration over the benchmark. It appears that stripping gas is a more effective way to improve the regenerated TEG concentration and entire dehydration plant performance.

THE PHASE SPACE AND STELLAR POPULATIONS OF CLUSTER GALAXIES ATz∼ 1: SIMULTANEOUS CONSTRAINTS ON THE LOCATION AND TIMESCALE OF SATELLITE QUENCHING

We investigate the velocity versus position phase space of z ∼ 1 cluster galaxies using a set of 424 spectroscopic redshifts in nine clusters drawn from the GCLASS survey. Dividing the galaxy population into three categories, that is, quiescent, star-forming, and poststarburst, we find that these populations have distinct distributions in phase space. Most striking are the poststarburst galaxies, which are commonly found at small clustercentric radii with high clustercentric velocities, and appear to trace a coherent "ring" in phase space. Using several zoom simulations of clusters, we show that the coherent distribution of the poststarbursts can be reasonably well reproduced using a simple quenching scenario. Specifically, the phase space is best reproduced if these galaxies are quenched with a rapid timescale (0.1 <τQ < 0.5 Gyr) after they make their first passage of R ∼ 0.5 R200, a process that takes a total time of ∼1 Gyr after first infall. The poststarburst phase space is not well reproduced using long quenching timescales (τQ > 0.5 Gyr) or by quenching galaxies at larger radii (R ∼ R200). We compare this quenching timescale to the timescale implied by the stellar populations of the poststarburst galaxies and find that the poststarburst spectra are well-fit by a rapid quenching (τQ = 0.4 Gyr) of a typical star-forming galaxy. The similarity between the quenching timescales derived from these independent indicators is a strong consistency check of the quenching model. Given that the model implies satellite quenching is rapid and occurs well within R200, this would suggest that ram-pressure stripping of either the hot or cold gas component of galaxies are the most plausible candidates for the physical mechanism. The high cold gas consumption rates at z ∼ 1 make it difficult to determine whether hot or cold gas stripping is dominant; however, measurements of the redshift evolution of the satellite quenching timescale and location may be capable of distinguishing between the two.

Removal of H2S from crude oil via stripping followed by adsorption using ZnO/MCM-41 and optimization of parameters

In the present work, H2S of crude oil was removed via a two-step method including stripping followed by adsorption. First, ZnO/MCM-41 adsorbents containing 5, 17.5 and 30 wt% of zinc were synthesized and characterized using XRD and nitrogen physisorption. Then, these materials were used as adsorbents for the removal of the H2S stripped from crude oil. At second step, the H2S of crude oil was extracted to gas phase by hot stripping. The obtained extract was collected in a storage tank for the subsequent H2S adsorption process. A three-factor Box–Behnken design with five center points and one response was performed for the optimization of adsorption of H2S. The influence of process parameters and their interactional effects on the adsorption of H2S were analyzed using the obtained adsorption experimental data. A model including three important factors, i.e., temperature, space velocity and amount of supported zinc and their interactions, was developed to generate the optimum condition. The point of Zn = 30 wt%, T = 300 °C and space velocity = 3,000 h−1 had the optimum point with the highest break point time (t bp = 973 min).

Inappropriate Treatments at Beauty Centers: A Case Report of Burns Caused by Hot Wax Stripping

Inappropriate Treatments at Beauty Centers: A Case Report of Burns Caused by Hot Wax Stripping

Chemical immersion paint stripping

The two most common methods of chemical paint stripping are hot and cold stripping (see Table I). Hot strippers are normally associated with the use of hot alkali and the stripping of organic coatings from steel, copper and magnesium; however, this is not the only application of hot strippers.