Hot Ethanol Extracts Research Articles

Protective Responses of Green Yuja Peel Extracts to Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation and Reactive Oxygen Species Production in RAW264.7 Cells.

This study assessed the anti-inflammatory and antioxidant effects of green yuja peel hot water extract (GYW) and ethanol extract (GYE) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW264.7 cells. GYW and GYE (50, 100, and 200 μg/mL) significantly reduced the LPS-induced production of nitric oxide (NO), interleukin (IL)-6, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and reactive oxygen species in a concentration-dependent manner, without cytotoxicity. Compared with control cells, GYW and GYE significantly downregulated the protein levels of inducible NO synthase (iNOS) and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and the gene expression of iNOS, COX-2, TNF-α, and IL-6. Conversely, they upregulated the gene expression of IL-10. Moreover, GYW and GYE significantly suppressed NF-κB p65 and IκB-α phosphorylation and increased the protein levels of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) and its downstream target heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) compared with control cells. These results suggest that GYW and GYE exhibit anti-inflammatory and antioxidative properties by downregulating the NF-κB signaling pathway and upregulating the Nrf2/HO-1 system in LPS-activated macrophages.

Anti-inflammatory and antioxidant activities of Pleurotus nebrodensis extract : application in a functional tea

This study was designed to examine the nitric oxide production, hyaluronidase, and prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) inhibitory activities for the anti-inflammatory effect and DPPH and ABS radical scavenging activities for antioxidant effect using Pleurotus nebrodensis mycelium extract for a functional tea development. The cell viability was confirmed that all extracts were not cytotoxic to RAW264.7 cell within a concentration of 90 μg/mL irrespective of solvent extracts. The nitric oxide inhibitory activity in LPS-stimulated RAW264.7 cells was the highest at 43.6% using 90 μg/mL of hot water extract. The PGE2 inhibitory level was the highest 32.9% of 90 μg/mL of hot water extract. The hyaluronidase inhibitory activity as the highest 53.5% using 90 μg/mL of hot water extract. On the other hand, in the case of antioxidant activity, the maximum DPPH radical scavenging activity using 90μg/mL of ethanol extract obtained 69.6%. The maximum ABS radical scavenging activity using 90μg/mL of ethanol extract obtained 71.3%. When hot water extract was mixed in green tea, they was considered an excellent extract because the sensory evaluation showed a relatively high value. Based on the results of these experiments, it was possible to confirm the possibility of the functional material development of the tea beverage for anti-inflammatory and antioxidant agents using the hot water and ethanol extract of P. nebrodensis mycelium.

The preservative effect of the black rice's cold, hot and ultrasonic ethanol extracts on the storage quality of beef patties

SummaryThis work aimed to determine the total anthocyanin and phenolic contents and antioxidant capacity of extracts of the black rice's cold, hot and ultrasonic‐assisted extracts and their preservative effect on the storage quality of beef patties. The three extracts exhibited high anthocyanin, phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, and they were used in beef patties at five treatments (negative control without extract, positive control with 0.01% butylated hydroxytoluene (BHT), 7.5% cold extract, 7.5% hot extract and 7.5% ultrasound‐assisted extract). Raw and cooked beef patties were tested at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12 days of cold storage in aerobically packaged polyethylene containers regarding pH, oxidative stability, antioxidant capacity and microbial quality. While adding black rice extracts did not influence the proximate composition of raw samples (P > 0.05), it slowed down the pH and lipid oxidation during storage and provided pH and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) stability in all final products. The BHT and treatments with extract indicated a higher 2,2‐diphenyl‐1‐picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) value than the negative control. Also, the incorporation of black rice extracts slightly retarded bacterial growth. These results suggest that the black rice extracts at 7.5% can be used effectively to protect beef patties from microbial spoilage and oxidation during cold storage for 12 days.

Investigation of Anti-Diabetic Properties of Ceylon Cinnamon Bark Extracts by In-Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibition, Molecular Modeling, and Postprandial Blood Glucose Regulation for Potential Nutraceuticals

Background: Diabetes Mellitus (DM) can appear due to the absence of insulin (DM1- type 1) or poor response of cells to insulin (DM2-type 2). Even though DM1 cannot be controlled using general treatments, DM2 can be easily controlled or prevented using pharmaceuticals, nutraceuticals, or dietary practices. Ceylon cinnamon (Cinnamomum zeylanicum) is one such natural remedy that has been consumed against elevated blood glucose levels in the past. Cinnamon and different types of cinnamon extracts have been scientifically tested for their activities on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes that are responsible for carbohydrate metabolism and are effective in blood glucose regulation. However, the combined effect of aqueous and ethanol extracts of cinnamon bark on blood glucose regulation is still lacking. In this study, Water Extract of Cinnamon (CWE), Ethanol Extracts of Cinnamon (hot ethanol extract of cinnamon-CHEE, cold ethanol extract of cinnamon-CEE, and 50% ethanol extract of cinnamon- CEE-50) were studied for their sugar-controlling properties. Objectives: This study was performed to identify the efficacy of different cinnamon extracts on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes, followed by animal studies to confirm the use of the extracts in nutraceutical formulations. Methods: Water and ethanol-based extraction method was used to prepare cinnamon extracts. These extracts have been scientifically tested for their activities on the inhibition of α-amylase and α-glucosidase enzymes. Molecular docking studies were used to identify the binding of the active molecules to the substrate binding sites of α-amylase and α-glucosidase. In-vivo time dependence postprandial blood glucose regulation studies have been performed with healthy Wistar male rats. Results: Yields of the CHEE, CEE, and CWE were 14±2%, 12±2%, and 8±1% respectively. According to the LCMS data, the major component in the CEE was cinnamaldehyde. Both CWE and CEE were subjected to the Total Polyphenol assay (TPC) and Total Flavonoids (TFC) assays. The TPC of CWE and CEE were 117±1 mg (Gal)/g and 170±10 mg (Gal)/g, while the TFC of CWE and CEE were 359±1 mg (Qc)/g and 254±4 mg (Qc)/g, respectively. In the α-amylase inhibition assay, Acarbose; a known α-amylase inhibitor, and CEE showed IC50 values of 65.4 ppm and 2.6 ppm, while CWE failed to show inhibition against α-amylase. In the α-glucosidase inhibition assay, Acarbose; a known α-amylase inhibitor, CEE, and CWE showed IC50 values of 312 ppm, 4.5 ppm, and 1.3 ppm, respectively. In-vivo time dependence postprandial blood glucose regulation studies that have been performed with healthy Wistar male rats showed a lowering of blood glucose concentrations by 22%, 11%, and 10% of glucose at 30 min, 60 min, and 90 min compared to the control group. Conclusion: The CEE contains polyphenols and flavonoids and is effective in inhibiting both α- amylase and α-glucosidase. The CWE also contains polyphenols and a comparatively higher level of flavonoids and is effective in inhibiting α-glucosidase while not affecting α-amylase inhibition. Overall, the IC50 data, TPC data, and TFC data proposed that the inhibition of carbohydrate hydrolyzing enzymes by polyphenols may depend on the polarity of particular polyphenols. Based on the rat trials, it can be concluded that the 1:1 combination of CWE and CEE may be useful in formulating postprandial blood glucose level-regulating nutraceuticals.

Properties and hydrophobization of nonwoven-woven all-cellulose composites

All-cellulose composites (ACCs) have been fabricated by using a variety of cellulosic sources, versatile technologies, and are sustainable alternatives for traditional composites. In this study, nonwoven-woven ACC laminates were created from wood-based Spinnova short fibers and Lyocell fabrics via partial dissolution and an NaOH-urea solvent system. The less-known wood-based Spinnova fiber is created for the textile industry, but it also has great potential for the composite industry. To identify the mechanical properties of ACCs—which greatly influence the range of material application—tensile, impact, and flexural tests were conducted. The mechanical properties indicated only moderate properties, which are influenced by high porosity and weak fiber bonding. Despite this, valuable information on the nonwoven-woven structured ACCs was obtained. To improve the ACC laminate’s ability to resist moisture, bio-based coatings (e.g., commercially available birch bark betulin and suberin acid mixture) were applied on the surface of ACCs and it successfully improved the wetting resistance. The results of contact angle analyses demonstrated that the highest contact angle of 128° was measured for betulin-coated laminates and the best stable hydrophobicity calculated a minute after the beginning of the experiment were observed at 109° for the uncommercial pressurized hot ethanol (PHE) extract of birch bark.

Optimizing catechin extraction from green tea waste: Comparative analysis of hot water, ultrasound-assisted, and ethanol methods for enhanced antioxidant recovery.

This study aimed to develop an efficient method for the extraction of bioactive compounds from green tea waste (GTW) toward its potential application in the food industry. GTW, which is generated during the harvesting and processing of green tea products, accounts for a global annual loss of nearly 1 million tonnes. Notably, this waste is rich in polyphenolic compounds, particularly catechins, which are renowned for their significant health benefits. We assessed the optimization of catechin extraction from GTW employing hot water extraction (HWE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and ethanol extraction (EthE) techniques at different sample-to-solvent ratios (1:100, 1:50, and 1:20 w/v). The extraction temperature was set at 80°C for both HWE and UAE; however, for EthE, the temperature was slightly lower at 70°C, adhering to the boiling point of ethanol. High-performance liquid chromatography was used to determine the extraction efficiency by quantifying various catechins (i.e., catechin, epicatechin [EC], epicatechin gallate [ECG], epigallocatechin [EGC], and epigallocatechin gallate [EGCG]). In terms of the concentration for individual catechins, EC was found to be the highest concentration detected, ranging from 30.58 ± 1.17 to 37.95 ± 0.84 mg/L in all extraction techniques and ratios of solvents, followed by EGCG (9.71 ± 1.40-20.99 ± 1.11 mg/L), EGC + C (7.95 ± 0.66-12.58 ± 0.56 mg/L), and ECG (1.85 ± 0.71-6.05 ± 0.06 mg/L). The findings of DPPH (2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl) free radical assay illustrated that HWE demonstrated the highest extraction efficiency at all ratios, ranging from 61.41 ± 1.00 to 70.36 ± 1.47 mg/L. The 1:50 ratio exhibited the highest extraction yield (25.98% ± 0.75%) compared to UAE (24.16% ± 0.95%) and EthE (22.59% ± 0.26%). Moreover, this method of extraction (i.e., HWE) produced the highest total catechins and %DPPH reduction. Consequently, HWE was the most efficient method for extracting catechins from GTW, underscoring its potential for valorizing waste within the food manufacturing industry.

Comparative Phytochemical Constituents of Extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum Grown in Anambra State, Nigeria

Bryophyllum pinnatum is a plant abundant in several phytochemicals, that can be extracted, purified, and packaged for the goal of promoting public health. In this study, the phytochemical composition of the leaf extracts of Bryophyllum pinnatum grown in Anambra State, Nigeria, was compared. B. pinnatum leaves were obtained from a farm in Anambra State, Nigeria. The leaves were processed and extracted using cold water and hot water extraction, methanol extraction, and ethanol extraction. The extraction processes were carried out following standard extraction methods. Preliminary qualitative and quantitative analyses were conducted to determine the presence and concentration of phytochemicals in the plants. Phytochemicals tested include alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, anthocyanins, reducing sugars, carbohydrates, proteins, cardiac glycosides, terpenoids, and phlobatannins. All the tested phytochemicals were recovered in the solvent (methanol and ethanol) extracts; carbohydrates, reducing sugar, protein, and anthocyanin were absent in the aqueous (cold and hot water) extracts. Varying concentrations of the phytochemicals in the different extracts were recorded, and they range from 0.00±0.00% to 13.30±0.22%, with the highest concentration of the extracts recovered in the solvent (methanol and ethanol) extracts. This study revealed that the extraction method used can influence the type and concentration of phytochemicals recovered in Bryophyllum pinnatum. Therefore, the specific desired phytochemical should determine the extract method to use in any study. Int. J. Appl. Sci. Biotechnol. Vol 12(1): 1-7.

Efficacy of Hot Tea Infusion vs. Ethanolic Extract of Moringa oleifera for the Simultaneous Treatment of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver, Hyperlipidemia, and Hyperglycemia in a Murine Model Fed with a High-Fat Diet.

Moringa oleifera (MO) is a native tree of Asia and is cultivated in some areas of Mexico as part of traditional horticulture. The aim of the present study was to compare the efficacy of MO infusion vs. MO ethanolic extract for the simultaneous treatment of nonalcoholic fatty liver (NAFLD), hyperlipidemia, and hyperglycemia in a murine model fed with a high-fat diet (HFD). BALB/c mice were fed a balanced diet (healthy control) or an HFD for 6 months. With this, the NAFLD model was established before starting a therapeutic intervention with MO for two months. The phytochemical analysis by nuclear magnetic resonance in 1H and 13C experiments showed signals for pyrrole alkaloids and triterpenes as the main constituents of the extract and infusion preparation. A significant reduction of SGPT, SGOT, lipids, urea, and glucose in blood among NAFLD groups treated with MO (infusion or extract) was found, when compared to the NAFLD-placebo group. Steatosis and liver inflammation were found to be decreased in the MO groups, as infusion or ethanolic extract. Infusion produced a better therapeutic effect than the extract in all parameters, except glycemic control, where the extract was better. As an additional finding, it is noteworthy that treatment with MO, particularly through infusion, resulted in improved motor activity. Moreover, a reduction in anxiety-like behavior was observed exclusively with the administration of infusion. These observations provide valuable insights into the potential broader effects of Moringa oleifera beyond the primary aim of the study.

In Vitro α-Amylase and α-Glucosidase Inhibitory Potential of Green Banana Powder Extracts.

This study investigated the proximate composition and inhibitory potential of hot water and ethanolic extracts of the pulp, peel and whole fruit of green banana (Musa sapientum) on α-amylase and α-glucosidase. Bioactive compounds were identified using GC-MS analysis. In addition, the cytotoxic effect on human gingival fibroblast (hGF) was evaluated using the sulphorhodamine B (SRB) assay. The results showed that the peel of green banana had the highest amount of ash (10.05%), fat (2.83%), protein (3.64%) and total dietary fibre (36.62%). The carbohydrate content of the whole fruit (81.79%) and pulp (81.50%) was higher than that of the peel (71.90%). The moisture content of the pulp (13.08%) was higher than that of the peel (11.58%) and whole fruit (11.30%). The ethanolic green banana peel extract showed a good inhibitory effect of α-amylase and α-glucosidase with the concentration necessary for 50% inhibition (IC50) of 0.512 and 0.100 mg·mL-1, respectively. The α-glucosidase inhibitory effect of the ethanolic green banana peel extract and the hot water green banana peel extract was not significantly different from that of acarbose (IC50 0.108 mg·mL-1). GC-MS analysis of the ethanolic green banana peel extract revealed fatty acids and fatty acid ester (9-octadecenamide (Z), octadecanamide and other compounds). The ethanolic peel extract exhibits a significant noncytotoxicity effect on hGF cells at concentrations ranging from 0.0001 to 1.0 mg·mL-1.

Isolation, phytochemistry, characterization, biological activity, and application of Morinda officinalis How oligosaccharide: a review.

Morinda officinalis How oligosaccharide (MOO) stands as one of the principal active constituents of M. officinalis How, widely employed in traditional Chinese medicine. The methods for MOO extraction predominantly encompass hot water extraction, ethanol extraction, ultrasonic-assisted extraction, and microwave-assisted extraction. Distinct extraction techniques yield varying MOO quantities. MOO encompasses a diversity of oligosaccharides, including bajijiasu, sucrose, 1-kestose, nystose, mannose, 1F-fructofuranosylnystose, 1,1,1,1-kestohexose, fructoheptasaccharide, inulin-type hexasaccharide, inulin-type heptasaccharide, inulotriose, inulotetraose, inulopentaose, and mannose. MOO exhibits a wide spectrum of biological activities, exerting specific effects on the nervous system, cardiovascular system, motor system, reproductive system, and immune system. It demonstrates antidepressant properties, offers potential in mitigating Alzheimer's disease, stimulates angiogenesis, and possesses anti-osteoporotic and other pharmacological effects. Clinically, when combined with various antidepressants, MOO exhibits specific therapeutic efficacy across multiple forms of depression. As a naturally occurring plant oligosaccharide, MOO holds diverse pharmaceutical applications. This article conducts a review of the latest extraction and purification methodologies, structural characterization analysis, biological activity assessment, and clinical applications of MOO. Such a comprehensive analysis yields innovative insights for advancing the research and application of MOO in the future.

The antagonistic effect of Anabaena circinalis on some dermatophytes

Introduction and Aim: Anabaena circinalis, a photosynthetic cyanobacterium belonging to the Gram-negative group, is widely distributed in freshwater ecosystems across the world. The scientific focus on A. circinalis primarily stems from its ability to produce numerous cyanotoxins, which have the potential to be hazardous. The objective of this study was to assess the antifungal efficacy of A. circinalis against the dermatophytes Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes, with the aim of discovering a new antifungal agent. Methodology: The identification of Anabaena circinalis in this study was conducted through the observation of its morphological characteristics. Molecular identification and confirmation of the algae was done using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR) method, employing a specific set of primers targeting the PCbetaand PCalpha genes. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry was employed in identifying A. circinalis antifungal compounds. The ability of 70% ethanolic and methanolic extracts produced from A. circinalis to inhibit the dermatophyte fungi Trichophyton rubrum and Trichophyton mentagrophytes was tested by in vitro tests. Results: The findings indicate that the hot ethanolic extract of Anabaena circinalis exhibited a significant inhibitory effect (100% inhibition) on the growth of dermatophyte fungi tested. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry studies identified several antifungal compounds in A. circinalis extracts, which included Hexadecen-1-ol, Phthalic acid, Octadecenoic acid, Octadecynoic acid, Hexadecanoic acid, Pentadecadien, Tetradecenal, and Octadecadien-1-ol. Conclusion: Overall finding suggests hot ethanolic or methanolic extracts of Anabaena circinalis contain phyto components, which could be used as an antifungal agent in treating dermatophyte fungi-related infections.

A Simple Validated High-performance Thin-layer Chromatographic-densitometric Analysis Method for Simultaneous Quantitation of Betulin, Lupeol, Stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol in Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees

ABSTRACT Background: Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees is an essential and versatile ingredient in traditional medicine and herbal formulations, owing to their in curing ability against numerous diseases and disorders. There are forms of utilization like hot water extract, Methanol and ethanol extracts, as well as in some eastern parts of India, the plant is used daily as a leafy vegetable for human consumption during the medical treatment2,3. Also, it is considered a nutritious fodder for cattle. With many essential vitamins and minerals, available literature also reports vital phytoconstituents like Betulin, Lupeol, Stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol as therapeutic activity enhancers for Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees. Standardizing these vital phytoconstituents in the raw material will control the quality of the herbal formulations, extracts, and nutritional value. Aim: To develop and validate a HPTLC method-densitometric analysis method for simultaneous quantitation of four phytoconstituents of Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees. Objective: The method should be simple, capable of separating Betulin, Lupeol, Stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol to simultaneously estimate the contents at 366nm and 540nm. Further, the method is validated following the guidelines laid by ICH, Q2 (R1). Materials and Methods: Precoated F254 silica gel TLC plates of Merck were utilized as stationary phase to carry out the separation in combination with n-Hexane: Ethyl acetate (8:2) as mobile phase. After development phytoconstituents were derivatized with Anisaldehyde Sulphuric Acid Reagent and TLC plates are dried at 100 °C for 3 min before visualization at 366nm and 540nm. Results: In summary, the method separates all the phytoconstituents adequately and is specific, the limit of detection–limit of quantification for betulin is 0.8 ng and 2.4 ng, lupeol is 0.3 ng and 1.02 ng, and total sterols is 0.2 ng and 0.7 ng the coefficient of variance for precision (Intraday and Interday) is Not more than (NMT) 5%, Linearity and Range is 0.5ng to 6ng, and Recovery ranges from 88.5% to 96.8%. Conclusion: It is evidential from the obtained results of the study that method is selective, sensitive, and reproducible for simultaneous analysis of Betulin, Lupeol, Stigmasterol, and β-sitosterol in Asteracantha longifolia (L.) Nees.

Unveiling bioenergy-stimulating and electron-transporting characteristics of metabolites from Citrus microcarpa peels and pulps as medicated diet of sustainable energy resource

As agricultural waste recycling and reuse is a top-priority task to follow “net zero by 2050″, this study selected Citrus microcarpa peels and pulps for a feasibility study to minimize bioenergy-related CO2 emissions. In the Philippines, C. microcarpa peels and pulps are considered agricultural wastes that contain an abundance of flavonoids, which possess an array of biological activities. Herein, the exploration of power augmenting capabilities and investigation of electron shuttling species in C. microcarpa extracts was implemented for bioenergy applications of circular economy. The phytochemical and antioxidant activity analysis of hot water and ethanol extracts was carried out using a microplate reader. Evaluation of the bioenergy-generating capabilities and electrochemical characteristics of the herbal extracts was implemented through the MFC platform and 50 cycles of cyclic voltammetry. The ethanol extracts of the C. microcarpa peels and pulps exhibited superior bioelectricity stimulation in MFCs. Furthermore, the ethanol extracts performed as better antioxidants compared to the water extracts. According to 50 cycles of CV scanning, only the ethanol extracts exhibited electron shuttling characteristics as indicated by the symmetry of their reduction and oxidation peaks. These results are attributed to the abundance of flavonoids and condensed tannins in the extracts, as revealed by principal component analysis.

Cellular localisation and quantification of Camptothecin in different plant parts of Nothapodytes nimmoniana (J. Graham) Mabberley of Sri Lankan origin.

Nothapodytes nimmoniana (Icacinaceae) is a rich source of Camptothecin (CPT), an anti-cancer prodrug. Efficient extraction of CPT from various plant parts is crucial for better recovery of this pre-drug. To investigate the distribution of CPT in plant parts and to compare the methods of extraction on CPT yield to evaluate how cellular localisation affects the efficiency of extraction methods. Transverse sections of plant parts were observed under a ultraviolet (UV)-fluorescence microscope for the fluorescence that the CPT molecule emits when exposed to UV radiation. Dried plant parts were extracted using 90% methanol with ultrasonic assistance, hot ethanol (61% ethanol at 60°C), and chloroform-methanol (4:1, v/v). The CPT in plant parts were detected by thin-layer chromatography (TLC) and confirmed by liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Quantification was carried out by HPLC. Blue fluorescence indicated a prominent accumulation of CPT in roots compared to leaf with petiole, twigs, and stembark. This accumulation was observed in upper and lower epidermis of the leaf, isolated strands of fibres in the phloem in the petiole, and groups of idioblast cells in the cortex. The ultrasonic-assisted extraction with 90% methanol showed the highest CPT yield in the root (1.91 ± 0.02 mg/g of dry weight), followed by stembark and the least in leaves [0.02 ± 0.01 mg/g (dry weight)] irrespective of the method of extraction. However, hot ethanol extraction gave the highest CPT yield for twig and leaf, indicating the necessity of tissue-specific extraction methods for better recovery of CPT.

Antioxidant Properties and Kidney Cell Protection by the Extracts of Curcuma longa, Artemisia princeps, Salicornia herbacea, and Schisandra chinesis

This study evaluated the antioxidant properties and kidney cell protection of medicinal plants as natural medicaments. A total of four medicinal plants including turmeric (TM), gangwha mugwort (GM), glasswort (GW), and omija (OM) were selected and fermented. Hot water extracts (HWE) and ethanol extracts (EE) of the plants were prepared before and after fermentation and tested in experiments in vitro and in vivo. Total polyphenol contents (TPC) and total flavonoid content (TFC) of GM were the highest among them. The TPC based HWE decreased after fermentation except OM; in contrast, TFC from HWE increased. The DPPH radical scavenging activity and ABTS value from HWE increased after fermentation, especially OM, which showed significant differences, while DPPH and ABTS from EE were decreased. The cell viability was not changed after addition of these plants extracts below 50 μg/mL; however, TM from HWE significantly decreased. The protective effect on kidney cells against cisplatin showed a 60% range of cell viability in each plant extract. In the in vivo experiment, the protective effect on kidney cells by the supplemented plant extracts was demonstrated by the serum creatinine and BUN level. During experimental periods, the serum creatinine and BUN level of GW and GM-treated mice decreased with significant differences compared to the adenine control group. As a result, these plant extracts had no cytotoxicity and maintained a protective effect as well as antioxidant activity. These results suggest that plants such as gangwha mugwort (GM) and glasswort (GW) may be good extracts for kidney cell protection and antioxidant agents.

Influence of seaweed Cystosiera crinitophylla as biostimulants on wheat seedling growth and development

The Objective of this study was to explore the effects of the Cystosiera crinitophylla extracts on the germination and seedling development of wheat (Triticum aestavium L.). We assessed seaweed cold and hot aqueous extract and ethanol extract (1:10 w/v) at different concentrations (2.5, 5, 10, and 20% v/v) on germination percentage and growth parameters of wheat seedlings under laboratory conditions. Additionally, the pot experiment was achieved to assess the effect of the biostimulant action of Cystosiera crinitophylla as a crude powder mixed with soil or foliar application on some growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments content of Triticum aestavium L. seedlings. The results demonstrated enhancement germination and growth at low extracts concentration, all the three seaweed extracts showed a better rate of germination and growth at optimum extracts concentration ranges between 5–10 % and toxicity at higher extracts concentration. In addition, the results of the pot experiment showed that the application of C. crinitophylla as a crude powder mixed with soil or cold aqueous extract, foliar spraying caused significant improvement in all the growth parameters and photosynthetic pigments of wheat seedlings. However, the enhancement was varied and could be application method and concentration-dependent. Furthermore, the preliminary phytochemical screening of seaweed showed the presence of phenolic compounds, flavonoids, tannins, alkaloids, carbohydrates, and proteins with high relative levels of some minerals. The results of the present investigation suggested that the application of biodegradable seaweed extracts is recommended to growers to manage improved germination, growth and of wheat.

Antifungal Activity and Qualitative Phytochemical Analysis of Green alga Ulothrix sp.

The antifungal activity of the ethanolic hot extract of the green filamentous species Chlorophyta was evaluated in vitro at various doses (25, 50, and 100 mg/ml) and shown to be effective. Antifungal activity was performed by evaluating the percentage inhibition growth method against some fungus were obtained from the postgraduate laboratories in the Department of Biology - Faculty of Science / University of Mustansiriya (Aspergillus niger, Fusarium oxysporum, Penicillium sp. and Rhizoctonia solani ). As a result of the research, it was discovered that the hot ethanol extract of Ulothrix sp had the most significant effect (91.8 %) on Rhizoctonia solani growth inhibition at a concentration of 100 mg/ml and the minor effect (22.4 %) at a concentration of 25 mg/ml against Aspergillus niger growth inhibition. It was discovered by primary chemical analysis of active substances that alkaloids, Terpenes, Saponines, phenols, Flavones, Resins, Steroids, and tannins were present in hot ethanolic alga extract. Finally, the GC-mass analysis performed on Ulothrix sp extracts revealed a large number of antibacterial activity-producing substances. Because the current research shows that algae have antifungal activity, it has the potential to be developed as a new source of active chemicals for human and plant consumption in a variety of applications shortly. Keywords: Antifungal activity, Ulothrix, Active compounds,

강황 추출물의 항산화 및 면역 활성 증진 효과

This study sought to investigate the antioxidant and immune-stimulatory effects of different Curcuma longa (C. longa) extracts based on their color (random, light, medium, dark orange), the soil of cultivation (clay, granite), drying temperature (50∼80℃), and extraction methods (water, ethanol). The antioxidant factors of C. longa were determined by the total phenolic content and DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities. The nitric oxide (NO) production of the macrophage cell line (RAW264.7) and the proliferation of splenocytes were investigated to assess the immune-enhancing effects of C. longa. The antioxidant activity was higher in the dark color and the ethanol extracts. All the types of extracts were nontoxic and enhanced the production of NO in RAW264.7 at less than 250 ㎍/mL of C. longa. When mouse splenocytes were exposed to various concentrations of hot water or ethanol extracts of C. longa with media, concanavalin A (Con A), lipopolysaccharide (LPS), and cyclophosphamide (CPA), their proliferation increased. Specifically, the 70% ethanol extract of C. longa showed the highest levels of splenocyte proliferation among all samples. These results suggest that the antioxidant and immune-stimulating activities of C. longa were most affected by the extracting solvent rather than color, soil in which it was cultured, and drying temperature. Appropriate extraction methods for C. longa should be researched further to develop good healthy foods with high antioxidant and immune-enhancing activities.

Acute toxicity evaluation of methanol, ethanol and aqueous extracts of Balanophora latisepala (V.Tiegh.) Lec.

Balanophora latisepala has been used in traditional medicine in Vietnam for many years with both proven and unproven scientific proofs. This study aimed to evaluate the acute toxicity effects of B. latisepala by testing safety parameters of hot water, ethanol and methanol extracts of B. latisepala in Mus musculus. The acute toxicity was studied according to the World Health Organisations guideline for the evaluation of the safety and efficacy of herbal medicines. During study, a single dose of 1000, 2000 and 5000 mg/kg of each extract was orally administered to Swiss mice. To determine the median lethal dose, experimental mice were observed in behavior and mortality for 72 hours. Data of organ weight, histopathology,biochemical and hematology were also collected. The results showed that hot water, ethanol and methanol extracts at a dose of 5000 mg/kg did not induce mortality in experimental mice; therefore, LD50 is not determined. Insignificant changes were found in relative organ weight at dose 5000 mg/kg for all of the extracts. Similarly, no significant differences were observed in biochemical indices and organ histology. However, changes in hematological indices in both male and female mice were noticed. In male mice, it is likely that all B. latisepala extracts induced anemia. Moreover, clotting or bleeding abnormalities were also observed in female mice. Methanol extracts had the highest effect to hematology indices (p<0.05). Therefore, B.latisepala in different doses was shown its safety under acute toxicity studies with promising applications in drug therapy.

Antioxidant, Anti-Inflammatory Activities, and Neuroprotective Behaviors of Phyllanthus emblica L. Fruit Extracts

Phyllanthus emblica L. is traditionally used as both medicine and food in Taiwan. In this study, we evaluated the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and neuroprotection bioactivities of P. emblica fruit. P. emblica fruit extracts had a high content of total phenol and flavonoids, and chlorogenic acids. For antioxidant capacity, 95% ethanol-extracted P. emblica had the best DPPH radical scavenging activity, ferrous ion chelating ability, and reducing power as compared with hot water, 50% ethanol, and commercial extracts, and showed the highest reducing power and lipid peroxidation inhibition. The present results have demonstrated that the P. emblica extracts can protect the oxidative degradation of lipids by inhibiting FeCl3-ascorbate-mediated lipid peroxidation. For anti-inflammatory activity, P. emblica fruit extracts showed dose-dependent inhibition of nitric oxide in lipopolysaccharide-stimulated RAW264.7 cells and significantly high COX-2 inhibition. For neuroprotection bioactivity, P. emblica extracts had higher percentages of pheochromocytoma cell protection than commercial extracts. Hot water and ethanol extracts showed higher percentages of PC12 cell protection than commercial extracts. P. emblica hydroalcoholic extracts had a neuroprotective effect against oxidative damage, which could be due to their antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activity. P. emblica extracts could be used in daily health beverages, foods, and cosmetic products.