Hot Etching Solution Research Articles

Effects of Different Microstructured Surfaces on the Osseointegration of CAD/CAM Zirconia Dental Implants: An Experimental Study in Rabbits.

To assess different microstructured surfaces created by sandblasting and acid etching in an effort to optimize the osseointegration performance of dental zirconia implants with an optimized surface. Sixty CAD/CAM zirconia implants were divided into four groups. The control group had no surface treatment after sintering. The other groups had three different types of surface modifications: sandblasting; sandblasting and etching with hydrofluoric acid; and sandblasting and etching with an experimental hot etching solution composed of methanol, 37% hydrochloric acid, and ferric chloride, heated to 100°C and applied for 60 minutes. Commercially available titanium implants with sandblasted and etched surfaces and identical dimensions were employed as a positive control. Surface micromorphologies of implants from the five groups were evaluated. The osseointegration performance of all the implants was assessed in adult New Zealand rabbits based on microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and histologic analysis. Sandblasting and acid etching with hot etching solution or hydrofluoric acid exhibited moderately rough surfaces with microstructures in both microscale and nanoscale. The sandblasting and etching with hydrofluoric acid group showed the highest surface roughness. Micro-CT revealed a significantly lower mean bone volume/total volume for the control group compared with the other four groups (P < .05). Among the groups, the sandblasting and hydrofluoric acid etching group was the highest, significantly higher than the titanium implant and sandblasting groups (P < .05). The sandblasting and etching with hot etching solution (P = .006) group also showed a significantly higher bone volume/total volume value than the titanium implant group. Histologic analysis revealed significantly higher boneto- implant contact for implants with modified surfaces compared with a sintered surface (P < .05), and no significant difference was found with respect to the sandblasted and etched titanium implants. The microstructured surfaces created by sandblasting and acid etching show osseointegration comparable to that of commonly used titanium implants.

Effect of different surface zirconium oxide treatments on binding strength between zirconia and veneering ceramics

To compare the effect of three different surface zirconium oxide treatments on binding strength and fracture patterns between zirconia and veneering ceramics. Methods: A total of 40 zirconia specimens and 10 nickel-chromium alloy were divided into 5 groups (n=10 in each group): a treatment group by zirconium oxide sand-blaste (Group A), a zirconia bonded porcelain group (Group B), a hot-etching solution group (Group C), a non-treatment zirconia (Group D) and a non-treatment nickel-chromium alloy group (Group E). After all treatments, a veneering porcelain (4 mm×4 mm×2 mm) was formed onto the center of all substrate specimens by plastic coating method. Shear bond strength (SBS) test with a universal testing machine was used in each group. Scanning electron microscopy was used to observe the surface morphology of the damaged specimen interface, which was randomly selected from each group. Results: The SBS test showed that there was no significant difference in SBS results between the Group A, the Group B and the Group D (both P>0.05), and both of them were significant less than that in the group E (both P<0.05). The SBS results in the Group C were significantly higher than that in the Group D, the Group A, and the Group B (all P<0.05), but there were no significant difference compared with that in the Group E (P<0.05). Conclusion: Sand-blaste and liner application on zirconia ceramic contribute no effect to binding strength between zirconia and veneering ceramics, but hot-etching solution can increase the binding strength between zirconia and veneering ceramics.

Effect of hot-etching treatment on shear bond strength of zirconia to resin cement

ABSTRACTThe purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of hot-etching surface treatment on the shear bond strength between zirconia ceramics and resin cement. Ceramic cylinders were divided randomly into 10 groups (n = 10) according to different surface treatments (blank control; airborne particle abrasion; hot-etching for 10 min; hot-etching for 30 min; hot-etching for 60 min) and whether or not performed thermal cycling fatigue test. Flat enamel surfaces, were prepared from human permanent incisors and were bonded to the zirconia discs. All specimens were subjected to shear bond strength test by a universal testing machine. All data were statistically analysed using one-way analysis of variance and multiple comparison least significant difference tests (α = 0.05). Hot-etching for 60 min treatment produced higher bond strengths than the other treatment. Surface treatment of zirconia with a hot-etching solution might enhance surface roughness and bond strength between zirconia and resin cement.

Effects of different surface treatments on the cyclic fatigue strength of one-piece CAD/CAM zirconia implants.

The effects of different surface treatments on cyclic fatigue strengths of computer-aided design and computer-aided manufacturing (CAD/CAM) zirconia implants and its mechanisms were evaluated. One-piece cylindrical screw-type zirconia (Y-TZP) implants with diameters of 4.1-mm were fabricated using CAD/CAM technique; they were divided into four groups according to the type of surface treatment: (i) sintering (control group, CTRL), (ii) sandblasting (SB), (iii) sandblasting and etching with an experimental hot etching solution (SB-ST), and (iv) sandblasting and etching with hydrofluoric acid (SB-HF). The surface morphology and roughness of the implants were evaluated. Tetragonal to monoclinic transformation was measured on the surface by micro Raman spectroscopy. Static and fatigue tests were carried out at room temperature following the ISO 14801:2014 Standard. The cyclic fatigue strength of each group was determined using the staircase method. Specimens that survived the fatigue test were statically loaded to measure the residual fracture strength. Among the four groups, SB-HF exhibited the highest surface roughness. Compared with the CTRL group, the surface monoclinic content was higher after all three types of surface treatments, amongst which, SB-HF had the highest content (39.14%), significantly more than the other three groups (P < 0.01). The cyclic fatigue strengths of CTRL, SB, SB-ST, and SB-HF implants were 530 N, 662.5 N, 705 N, and 555 N, respectively. The fracture strength after fatigue loading was higher than that before fatigue loading with no significant difference (P＞0.05). SB and SB-ST remarkably enhanced the fatigue resistance of zirconia implants, while SB-HF did not. One-piece 4.1-mm diameter CAD/CAM zirconia implants have sufficient durability for application in dental implants.

Effects of surface treatments on the shear bond strength of luting cements to zirconia

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of surface treatments on the shear bond strength of resin cements to zirconia. Material and methods: Sintered zirconia specimens (n = 192) were divided into four different surface treatment groups: control (no treatment); airborne-particle abrasion; glaze layer and hydrofluoric acid (HF) application, and hot etching solution application. Then, each group was divided into four subgroups (n = 12), and three different resin cements were applied to the zirconia surfaces. The shear bond strength value of each specimen was measured after 5000 thermo cycles. The failure types were examined with a stereomicroscope and the effects of the surface treatments were evaluated with a scanning electron microscope. Results were analyzed using analysis of variance and Tukey’s post hoc tests (α = 0.05). Results: The surface treatment and resin cement type significantly affected the bond strength results (p < 0.05). For all resin cements, the airborne-particle abrasion treatment increased the shear bond strength values (p < 0.05). The glaze layer & HF application increased shear bond strength values for all groups, except the Single Bond Universal-RelyX Unicem Aplicap group (p < 0.05). The surface roughness values of airborne-particle abraded specimens were similar to comparable values for specimens from the control group and the hot etching solution group (p > 0.05). The glaze layer & HF application group produced the highest surface roughness values (p < 0.05). Conclusion: The results of this study recommend using the appropriate combination of surface treatment and adhesive/silane coupling agent to achieve durable zirconia-resin bonding.

Influence of Hot-Etching Surface Treatment on Zirconia/Resin Shear Bond Strength.

This study was designed to evaluate the effect of hot-etching surface treatment on the shear bond strength between zirconia ceramics and two commercial resin cements. Ceramic cylinders (120 units; length: 2.5 mm; diameter: 4.7 mm) were randomly divided into 12 groups (n = 10) according to different surface treatments (blank control; airborne-particle-abrasion; hot-etching) and different resin cements (Panavia F2.0; Superbond C and B) and whether or not a thermal cycling fatigue test (5°–55° for 5000 cycles) was performed. Flat enamel surfaces, mounted in acrylic resin, were bonded to the zirconia discs (diameter: 4.7 mm). All specimens were subjected to shear bond strength testing using a universal testing machine with a crosshead speed of 1 mm/min. All data were statistically analyzed using one-way analysis of variance and multiple-comparison least significant difference tests (α = 0.05). Hot-etching treatment produced higher bond strengths than the other treatment with both resin cements. The shear bond strength of all groups significantly decreased after the thermal cycling test; except for the hot-etching group that was cemented with Panavia F2.0 (p < 0.05). Surface treatment of zirconia with hot-etching solution enhanced the surface roughness and bond strength between the zirconia and the resin cement.

Influence of surface treatments on the surface properties of different zirconia cores and adhesion of zirconia-veneering ceramic systems

ObjectiveThe aim of this study was to assess the influence of surface treatments on the surface characteristics of different zirconia cores and the adhesion of the zirconia-veneering ceramic systems by means of strain energy release rate (G-value, J/m2). MethodsThree types of zirconia cores (NANOZR (NZ), Vita In-Ceram YZ (VZ), and IPS e.max ZirCAD (IZ)) were used. The specimens were divided into four groups in each test according to the surface treatment used; Gr 1 (control; no treatment), Gr 2 (sandblasted), Gr 3 (CH2Cl2 for 60min), and Gr 4 (experimental hot etching solution for 60min). AFM, SEM, EDS, and XRD were carried out. Two types of veneering ceramics (Vita VM9 (V9) and IPS e.max Ceram (IC)) were used for testing the adhesion. The G-value (J/m2) was measured with a four-point bending configuration. Following fracture testing specimens were examined with SEM. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test. ResultsNZ treated with the experimental hot etching solution showed the highest Ra values (206.06±9.98nm) compared with the other groups (P<0.05). The greatest amount of monoclinic phase is measured after sandblasting (19.59%) for NZ, followed by VZ (9.3%) and IZ (6.6%). The NZ/V9 (etching for 60min) group showed the highest G-value (36.02±2.80J/m2) among the groups. Mode of failure was mostly cohesive failure within all the bonded veneering ceramic systems. SignificanceThe experimental hot etching solution could be considered as alternative treatment modality to sandblasting for zirconia cores to avoid phase transition at the surface from tetragonal to monoclinic that may be detrimental for the longevity of the zirconia-veneering ceramic restoration.

Influence of Surface Treatments on Adhesion of Porcelain to Titanium

This study evaluated the effect of etching solution surface treatments on the surface characteristics of titanium and adhesion of titanium/porcelain system by means of strain energy release rate (G-value, J/m²). Two hundred and forty five specimens of cp Ti plates were prepared. The specimens were divided into five groups in each test according to the surface treatment used; Gr MC (machined control), Gr AP (airborne particle abrasion), Gr E15, Gr E30, and Gr E60 (etching solution applied for 15, 30, and 60 minutes, respectively). The treated surfaces were characterized by atomic force microscopy (AFM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Three types of porcelains (Duceratin, Vita Titankeramik, Ti-22) were used to test adhesion with cp Ti. Following the four-point bending interfacial fracture test, the peeled fracture surfaces were examined using SEM. Data were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey HSD test. Statistical significance was set at the 0.05 probability level. AFM and SEM analyses showed that the surface topography of cp Ti was modified after treatments. Bond strength values were significantly affected by surface treatment and by type of porcelain (p < 0.05). The cp Ti/Duceratin (E30 and E60 minutes) groups showed the highest G-value among the groups. Modes of failure were mixed and interfacial adhesive. Adhesion between cp Ti and porcelain could be enhanced by the use of experimental hot etching solution prior to porcelain firing as an alternative modality to the airborne-particle abrasion method.

Effect of surface pretreatments on the bonding strength and durability of self-adhesive resin cements to machined titanium

A durable and strong adhesive bond between luting agent and titanium framework is necessary. However, the nature of adhesion between titanium and the adhesive luting materials remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of treating surfaces with chemical etching solution on the adhesion of titanium-resin cement systems as determined by strain energy release rate (G-value, J/m(2)). One hundred and eighty commercially pure titanium (cp Ti) plates were prepared. The specimens were divided into 5 test groups according to the surface treatment used; Gr C (machined; control), Gr A (airborne-particle abrasion), Gr E15, Gr E30, and Gr E60 (experimental etching solution applied for 15, 30, or 60 minutes). For strain energy release rate testing, each group was further divided into 2 equal subgroups according to the type of resin cement used (i CEM or Multilink Speed). The strain energy release rate was evaluated after 24 hours of storage in distilled water or after thermocycling (10,000 cycles, 5°C to 55°C). The treated surfaces were characterized by AFM and SEM. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and the Tukey HSD test (α=.05). Strain energy release rate values were significantly affected by type of cement, surface treatment, and thermocycling (P<.05). After thermocycling, the cp Ti/i CEM (E30 and E60) groups showed the highest G-values among the groups. AFM and SEM analyses showed that the surface topography of cp Ti was modified after treatments. The strain energy release rate (G-value, J/m(2)) between resin cement and cp Ti can be improved by the use of experimental hot etching solution before cement application.

Effect of surface pre-treatments on the zirconia ceramic–resin cement microtensile bond strength

Objective To evaluate the influence of different surface treatments on the microtensile bond strength of resin cement to zirconia ceramic. Materials and methods Twelve cylinder-shaped ( ∅ 12 × 5.25 mm high) blocks of a commercial zirconium-oxide ceramic (Cercon ® Zirconia, DENTSPLY) were randomly divided into 4 groups ( n = 3), based on the surface treatment to be performed: (1) airborne particle abrasion with 125 μm Al 2O 3 particles (S); (2) selective infiltration etching (SIE); (3) experimental hot etching solution applied for 30 min (ST) and (4) no treatment (C). Paradigm MZ100 blocks (3M ESPE) were cut into twelve cylinders of 4 mm in thickness. Composite cylinders were bonded to conditioned ceramics using a resin cement (Calibra ®, DENTSPLY), in combination with the proprietary adhesive system. After 24 h bonded specimens were cut into microtensile sticks and loaded in tension until failure. Bond strength data were analyzed with Kruskall–Wallis and Dunn's Multiple Range test for multiple comparisons ( p < 0.05). Failure mode distribution was recorded and the interfacial morphology of debonded specimens was analyzed using a scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results Bond strength values achieved after SIE and ST treatment were significantly higher than after S treatment and without any treatment ( p < 0.05). Premature failures were mostly recorded in the S group. Significance Conditioning the high-strength ceramic surface with SIE and ST treatments yielded higher bond strengths of the resin cement than when zirconia ceramic was treated with airborne particle abrasion or left untreated.

Morphological analysis of three zirconium oxide ceramics: Effect of surface treatments

Objective To evaluate the effect of different chemo-mechanical surface treatments on the morphology of three recently marketed dental zirconia ceramics. Materials and methods Ceramic discs (Ø 10 mm × 1 mm height) were obtained from three sintered zirconia ceramics (Lava™, Cercon ®, and Aadva Zr) and treated with: (1) airborne particle abrasion with 125 μm Al 2O 3 particles (S); (2) selective infiltration etching (SIE); (3) experimental hot etching solution applied for 30 min (ST); (4) no treatment (C). Five discs per group were used for surface roughness analysis using an atomic force microscope (AFM). Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskall–Wallis analysis of variance and Mann–Whitney tests ( α < 0.05). The same discs were evaluated under SEM for surface topography analysis. Three discs per group were cemented to a composite overlay (Paradigm MZ100) with a total-etch resin luting agent (Calibra) and cross-section interfacial analysis was performed under SEM. Results and Significance Airborne particle abrasion improved the average surface roughness of Cercon ® and Lava ( p < 0.05) while SIE induced significant changes on Lava and Adava Zr. Statistical differences in surface roughness were recorded after selective infiltration etching when compared to no treated group, independently from the zirconia type. SEM and AFM analyses revealed changes in surface topography for all the tested ceramics and intergrain spaces opening, especially after ST. The effectiveness of the tested chemo-mechanical surface treatments depends on the zirconia type. The hot experimental etching solution increased the surface roughness of all the tested ceramics creating retentive micro-spaces that may potentially improve zirconia/resin cement interfacial strengths.

Influence of different surface treatments on surface zirconia frameworks

Objectives To evaluate the effect of different chemo-mechanical surface treatments of zirconia ceramic in the attempt to improve its bonding potential. Methods Sintered zirconium oxide ceramic discs (Lava™ Ø10 mm × 1 mm height) were treated with ( n = 4): (1) airborne particle abrasion with 125 μm Al 2O 3 particles; (2) 9.5% HF acid etching; (3) selective infiltration etching (SIE); (4) experimental hot etching solution applied for 10, 30 and 60 min; (5) no treatment. Ceramic discs surfaces were analyzed by atomic force microscopy (AFM) recording average surface roughness measurements of the substrate. Data were statistically analyzed by Kruskall–Wallis analysis of variance and Mann–Whitney tests ( α = 0.05). The same discs were used for bi-dimensional zirconia ceramic surface characterization with scanning electron microscope (SEM). Results Ceramic surface treatments significantly influenced surface topography and roughness ( p < 0.001). Bi-dimensional changes in ceramic surface morphology were assessed on a nanometric scale. The experimental hot etching solution improved surface roughness, independently from the application time. Conclusion Zirconia conditioning with the experimental hot etching solution may enhance ceramic roughness and improve the surface area available for adhesion allowing the formation of micromechanical retention. The influence of this surface treatment with regard to bond strength of zirconia needs to be addressed.