Host Plant Recognition Research Articles

Exploring the binding affinity and characteristics of DcitOBP9 in citrus psyllids

Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) are crucial in insect olfaction. The most abundant expressed OBP of citrus psyllids, DcitOBP9 encodes 148 amino acids. DcitOBP9 lacks a transmembrane structure and possesses a 17-amino acid signal peptide at the N-terminus. Characterized by the six conserved cysteine sites, DcitOBP9 is classified as the Classical-OBP family. RT-qPCR experiments revealed ubiquitous expression of DcitOBP9 across all developmental stages of the citrus psyllid, with predominant expression in adults antennae. Fluorescence competitive binding assays demonstrated DcitOBP9′s strong affinity for ocimene, linalool, dodecanoic acid, and citral, and moderate affinity for dimethyl trisulfide. Additionally, it binds to myrcia, (−)-trans-caryophyllene, (±)-Citronellal, nonanal, and (+)-α-pinene. Among them, ocimene, linalool, and dodecanoic acid were dynamically bound to DcitOBP9, while citral was statically bound to DcitOBP9. Molecular docking simulations with the top five ligands indicated that amino acid residues V92, S72, P128, L91, L75, and A76 are pivotal in the interaction between DcitOBP9 and these odorants. These findings suggest DcitOBP9′s involvement in the citrus psyllid's host plant recognition and selection behaviors, thereby laying a foundation for elucidating the potential physiological and biological functions of DcitOBP9 and developing attractants.

Molecular basis of host plant recognition by silkworm larvae

Herbivorous insects can identify their host plants by sensing plant secondary metabolites as chemical cues. We previously reported the two-factor host acceptance system of the silkworm Bombyx mori larvae. The chemosensory neurons in the maxillary palp (MP) of the larvae detect mulberry secondary metabolites, chlorogenic acid (CGA), and isoquercetin (ISQ), with ultrahigh sensitivity, for host plant recognition and feeding initiation. Nevertheless, the molecular basis for the ultrasensitive sensing of these compounds remains unknown. In this study, we demonstrated that two gustatory receptors (Grs), BmGr6 and BmGr9, are responsible for sensing the mulberry compounds with attomolar sensitivity for host plant recognition by silkworm larvae. Calcium imaging assay using cultured cells expressing the silkworm putative sugar receptors (BmGr4-10) revealed that BmGr6 and BmGr9 serve as receptors for CGA and ISQ with attomolar sensitivity in human embryonic kidney 293T cells. CRISPR/Cas9-mediated knockout (KO) of BmGr6 and BmGr9 resulted in a low probability of making a test bite of the mulberry leaves, suggesting that they lost the ability to recognize host leaves. Electrophysiological recordings showed that the loss of host recognition ability in the Gr-KO strains was due to a drastic decrease in MP sensitivity toward ISQ in BmGr6-KO larvae and toward CGA and ISQ in BmGr9-KO larvae. Our findings have revealed that the two Grs, previously considered to be sugar receptors, are molecules responsible for detecting plant phenolics in host plant recognition.

Orco mediates olfactory behavior and oviposition in the whitefly Bemisia tabaci

Chemical signals play a central role in mediating insect feeding and reproductive behavior, and serve as the primary drivers of the insect-plant interactions. The detection of chemical signals, particularly host plant volatiles, relies heavily on the insect's complex olfactory system. The Bemisia tabaci cryptic species complex is a group of globally important whitefly pests of agricultural and ornamental crops that have a wide range of host plants, but the molecular mechanism of their host plant recognition is not yet clear. In this study, the odorant coreceptor gene of the Whitefly MEAM1 cryptic species (BtOrco) was cloned. The coding sequence of BtOrco was 1413 bp in length, with seven transmembrane structural domains, and it was expressed primarily in the heads of both male and female adult whiteflies, rather than in other tissues. Knockdown of BtOrco using transgenic plant-mediated RNAi technology significantly inhibited the foraging behavior of whiteflies. This inhibition was manifested as a reduced percentage of whiteflies responding to the host plant and a prolonged foraging period. Moreover, there was a substantial suppression of egg-laying activity among adult female whiteflies. These results indicate that BtOrco has the potential to be used as a target for the design of novel active compounds for the development of environmentally friendly whitefly control strategies.

A gap in the recognition of two mycorrhizal factors: new insights into two LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors.

Arbuscular mycorrhizal (AM) fungi are crucial components of the plant microbiota and can form symbioses with 72% of land plants. Researchers have long known that AM symbioses have dramatic effects on plant performance and also provide multiple ecological services in terrestrial environments. The successful establishment of AM symbioses relies on the host plant recognition of the diffusible mycorrhizal (Myc) factors, lipo-chitooligosaccharides (LCOs) and chitooligosaccharides (COs). Among them, the short-chain COs such as CO4/5 secreted by AM fungi are the major Myc factors in COs. In this review, we summarize current advances, develop the concept of mycorrhizal biceptor complex (double receptor complexes for Myc-LCOs and CO4/5 in the same plant), and provide a perspective on the future development of mycorrhizal receptors. First, we focus on the distinct perception of two Myc factors by different host plant species, highlighting the essential role of Lysin-Motif (LysM)-type mycorrhizal receptors in perceiving them. Second, we propose the underlying molecular mechanisms by which LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors in various plants recognize both the Myc-LCOs and -COs. Finally, we explore future prospects for studies on the biceptor complex (Myc-LCO and -CO receptors) in dicots to facilitate the utilization of them in cereal crops (particularly in modern cultivated rice). In conclusion, our understanding of the precise perception processes during host plant interacting with AM fungi, where LysM-type mycorrhizal receptors act as recruiters, provides the tools to design biotechnological applications addressing agricultural challenges.

Patterns of host plant use do not explain mushroom body expansion in Heliconiini butterflies.

The selective pressures leading to the elaboration of downstream, integrative processing centres, such as the mammalian neocortex or insect mushroom bodies, are often unclear. In Heliconius butterflies, the mushroom bodies are two to four times larger than those of their Heliconiini relatives, and the largest known in Lepidoptera. Heliconiini lay almost exclusively on Passiflora, which exhibit a remarkable diversity of leaf shape, and it has been suggested that the mushroom body expansion of Heliconius may have been driven by the cognitive demands of recognizing and learning leaf shapes of local host plants. We test this hypothesis using two complementary methods: (i) phylogenetic comparative analyses to test whether variation in mushroom body size is associated with the morphological diversity of host plants exploited across the Heliconiini; and (ii) shape-learning experiments using six Heliconiini species. We found that variation in the range of leaf morphologies used by Heliconiini was not associated with mushroom body volume. Similarly, we find interspecific differences in shape-learning ability, but Heliconius are not overall better shape learners than other Heliconiini. Together these results suggest that the visual recognition and learning of host plants was not a main factor driving the diversity of mushroom body size in this tribe.

Host plant recognition by two odorant-binding proteins in Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Coleoptera: Curculionidae).

Rhynchophorus ferrugineus, the red palm weevil (RPW), is a key pest that attacks many economically important palm species and that has evolved a sensitive and specific olfactory system to seek palm hosts. Odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) not only play crucial roles in its olfactory perception process but are also important molecular targets for the development of new approaches for pest management. Analysis of the tissue expression profiles of RferOBP8 and RferOBP11 revealed that these two Rhynchophorus ferrugineus odorant binding proteins (RferOBPs) exhibited high expression in the antennae and showed sexual dimorphism. We analyzed the volatiles of seven host plants by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and screened 13 potential ligands by molecular docking. The binding affinity of two recombinant OBPs to aggregation pheromones and 13 palm odorants was tested by fluorescence competitive binding assays. The results revealed that eight tested palm volatiles and ferrugineol have high binding affinities with RferOBP8 or RferOBP11. Behavioral trials showed that these eight odor compounds could elicit an attraction response in adult RPW. RNA interference analysis indicated that the reduction in the expression levels of the two RferOBPs led to a decrease in behavioral responses to these volatiles. These results suggest that RferOBP8 and RferOBP11 are involved in mediating the responses of RPW to palm volatiles and to aggregation pheromones and may play important roles in RPW host-seeking. This study also provides a theoretical foundation for the promising application of novel molecular targets in the development of new behavioral interference strategies for RPW management in the future. © 2023 The Authors. Pest Management Science published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Society of Chemical Industry.

Morphological Characterstics of the Sensilla in a Monophagous Insect: Agasicles hygrophila Selman and Vogt (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae, Halticinae).

Agasicles hygrophila Selman and Vogt (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) is the key natural enemy of Alternanthera philoxeroides (Mart.) Griseb, an invasive weed worldwide. To understand the morphology of A. hygrophila and further explore the specific host localization mechanism, scanning electron microscopy was used to observe and study the morphological characteristics of sensilla on the head appendages, tarsi, and external genital segments of A. hygrophila. Twelve types and forty-six subtypes of sensilla were observed. These contain various types of head appendices, including sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, sensilla basiconca, sensilla coeloconica, sensilla styloconica, Böhm bristles, sensilla campaniform, sensilla terminal, sensilla dome, sensilla digit-like, sensilla aperture, and many subtypes. A new type of sensor was reported for the first time, which may be related to host plant recognition. This sensor was located on the distal segment of the maxillary palps of A. hygrophila and was named as sensilla petal-shaped based on its morphological characteristics. Sensilla chaetica, sensilla trichodea, and sensilla basiconca are also found on the tarsi and external genital segments. In addition, sensilla basiconica 4, sensilla coeloconica 1 and 2, sensilla styloconica 2, Böhm bristles 2, and sensilla campaniform 1 were only found in females. On the contrary, sensilla styloconica 3, sensilla coeloconica 3, and sensilla dome were only found in males. Numbers and sizes of the sensilla were also different between males and females. The potential functions related to structure were discussed in comparison with previous investigations on beetles and other monophagous insects. Our results provide a microscopic morphological basis for further research on the localization and recognition mechanism of A. hygrophila and its obligate host.

Plant Glucosinolate Content and Host-Plant Preference and Suitability in the Small White Butterfly (Lepidoptera: Pieridae) and Comparison with Another Specialist Lepidopteran.

Glucosinolates are used in host-plant recognition by insects specialized on Brassicaceae, such as Pieris rapae L. (Lepidoptera: Pieridae). This research investigated the association between P. rapae oviposition and larval survival and host-plant glucosinolate content using 17 plant species in which glucosinolate content had previously been determined. Two-choice oviposition tests (comparing each plant species to Arabidopsis thaliana L.) and larval survival experiments showed that indolic glucosinolate content had a positive effect on oviposition preference and larval survival in P. rapae. In the host plants tested, the effects of indolic glucosinolates on oviposition preference and of glucosinolate complexity index and aliphatic glucosinolates without sulfur-containing side chains on total oviposition were smaller on P. rapae than on Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), another lepidopteran specialized on glucosinolate-containing plants. This study suggests that high indolic glucosinolate content could make crop plants more susceptible to both P. rapae and P. xylostella, but this effect seems to be greater for P. xylostella. Additionally, as some differences in oviposition and larval survival between P. rapae and P. xylostella occurred in some individual plants, it cannot be concluded that bottom-up factors are always similar in these two specialist insects.

Combinatorial Olfactory Signaling in Short-Distance Determines Host Plant Recognition in Locust

Selecting palatable plants matters for insect herbivores’ survival, especially for food-restricted oligophagous and monophagous species. However, the definite selection strategy to distinguish host plants from nonhost plants, as well as the underlying sensory basis, remains controversial. Here, we investigated the olfactory recognition of host plants in oligophagous migratory locusts. By establishing one novel behavioral paradigm that allowed the free-moving locusts to make olfactory choices in short-distance, we demonstrated that palps were required to differentiate host plants apart from nonhost counterparts sensitively. Specifically, the characteristic odors between the host plant and nonhost plant defined the behavioral differentiation of food sources, and this process required intact palps. Further, single nonhost odor suppressed the behavioral potency to host plant extraction, while single host odor attenuated the behavioral repulsion to nonhost plant. We also identified the palps odorant receptors (ORs) repertoire that modulated the short-range recognition of key volatiles from host plants and nonhost and demonstrated that combinatorial olfactory signaling controls food choice. Our results support a “pull–push” model in which olfactory signaling on locust palps acts as a key tuning modulator in host plant recognition, expanding the knowledge of insect chemosensation.

A Review of the Host Plant Location and Recognition Mechanisms of Asian Longhorn Beetle.

The Asian longhorn beetle (ALB), Anoplophora glabripennis Motschulsky, is a polyphagous xylophage with dozens of reported host tree species. However, the mechanisms by which individuals locate and recognize host plants are still unknown. We summarize the current knowledge of the host plant list, host kairomones, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) and microbial symbionts of this beetle and their practical applications, and finally discuss the host localization and recognition mechanisms. A total of 209 species (or cultivars) were reported as ALB host plants, including 101 species of higher sensitivity; host kairomones were preferentially bound to ALB recombinant OBPs, including cis-3-hexen-1-ol, δ-3-carene, nonanal, linalool, and β-caryophyllene. In addition, microbial symbionts may help ALB degrade their host. Complementarity of tree species with different levels of resistance may reduce damage, but trapping effectiveness for adults was limited using a combination of host kairomones and sex pheromones in the field. Therefore, we discuss host location behavior from a new perspective and show that multiple cues are used by ALB to locate and recognize host plants. Further research into host resistance mechanisms and visual signal recognition, and the interaction of sex pheromone synthesis, symbiont microbiota, and host plants may help reveal the host recognition mechanisms of ALBs.

Signal Molecules Regulate the Synthesis of Secondary Metabolites in the Interaction between Endophytes and Medicinal Plants

Signaling molecules act as the links and bridges between endophytes and host plants. The recognition of endophytes and host plants, the regulation of host plant growth and development, and the synthesis of secondary metabolites are not separated by the participation of signaling molecules. In this review, we summarized the types and characteristics of signaling molecules in medicinal plants and the recent processes in intracellular conduction and multi-molecular crosstalk of signaling molecules during interactions between endophytic bacteria and medicinal plants. In addition, we overviewed the molecular mechanism of signals in medical metabolite accumulation and regulation. This work provides a reference for using endophytic bacteria and medicinal plants to synthesize pharmaceutical active ingredients in a bioreactor.

Identification and Functional Characterization of General Odorant Binding Proteins in Orthaga achatina

The olfactory system in insects are crucial for recognition of host plants and oviposition sites. General odorant binding proteins (GOBPs) are thought to be involved in detecting odorants released by host plants. Orthaga achatina (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) is one of the most serious pests of camphor trees, Cinnamomum camphora (L.) Presl, an important urban tree species in southern China. In this study, we study the GOBPs of O. achatina. Firstly, two full-length GOBP genes (OachGOBP1 and OachGOBP2) were successfully cloned according to transcriptome sequencing results, and real-time quantitative PCR measurements showed that both GOBP genes were specifically expressed in the antennae of both sexes, proposing their important roles in olfaction. Then, both GOBP genes were heterologous expressed in Escherichia coli and fluorescence competitive binding assays were conducted. The results showed that OachGOBP1 could bind Farnesol (Ki = 9.49 μM) and Z11-16: OH (Ki = 1.57 μM). OachGOBP2 has a high binding affinity with two camphor plant volatiles (Farnesol, Ki = 7.33 μM; α-Phellandrene, Ki = 8.71 μM) and two sex pheromone components (Z11-16: OAc, Ki = 2.84 μM; Z11-16: OH, Ki = 3.30 μM). These results indicate that OachGOBP1 and OachGOBP2 differ in terms of odorants and other ligands. Furthermore, key amino acid residues that bind to plant volatiles were identified in GOBPs using 3-D structure modeling and ligand molecular docking, predicting the interactions between the GOBPs and the host plant volatiles.

Odorant-binding Protein 10 From Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) Binds Volatile Host Plant Compounds

Bradysia odoriphaga (Diptera: Sciaridae) is a major insect pest of seven plant families including 30 commercial crops in Asia. The long-term use of chemical pesticides leads to problems such as insect resistance, environmental issues, and food contamination. Against this background, a novel pest control method should be developed. In insects, odorant-binding proteins (OBPs) transport odor molecules, including pheromones and plant volatiles, to olfactory receptors. Here, we expressed and characterized the recombinant B. odoriphaga OBP BodoOBP10, observing that it could bind the sulfur-containing compounds diallyl disulfide and methyl allyl disulfide with Ki values of 8.01 μM and 7.00 μM, respectively. Homology modeling showed that the BodoOBP10 3D structure was similar to that of a typical OBP. Both diallyl disulfide and methyl allyl disulfide bound to the same site on BodoOBP10, mediated by interactions with six hydrophobic residues Met70, Ile75, Thr89, Met90, Leu93, and Leu94, and one aromatic residue, Phe143. Furthermore, silencing BodoOBP10 expression via RNAi significantly reduced the electroantennogram (EAG) response to diallyl disulfide and methyl allyl disulfide. These findings suggest that BodoOBP10 should be involved in the recognition and localization of host plants.

Plasticity in Chemical Host Plant Recognition in Herbivorous Insects and Its Implication for Pest Control.

Chemical communication is very important in herbivorous insects, with many species being important agricultural pests. They often use olfactory cues to find their host plants at a distance and evaluate their suitability upon contact with non-volatile cues. Responses to such cues are modulated through interactions between various stimuli of biotic and abiotic origin. In addition, the response to the same stimulus can vary as a function of, for example, previous experience, age, mating state, sex, and morph. Here we summarize recent advances in the understanding of plant localization and recognition in herbivorous insects with a focus on the interplay between long- and short-range signals in a complex environment. We then describe recent findings illustrating different types of plasticity in insect plant choice behavior and the underlying neuronal mechanisms at different levels of the chemosensory pathway. In the context of strong efforts to replace synthetic insecticides with alternative pest control methods, understanding combined effects between long- and close-range chemical cues in herbivore-plant interactions and their complex environment in host choice are crucial to develop effective plant protection methods. Furthermore, plasticity of behavioral and neuronal responses to chemical cues needs to be taken into account to develop effective sustainable pest insect control through behavioral manipulation.

The role of tetradecane in the identification of host plants by the mirid bugs Apolygus lucorum and Adelphocoris suturalis and potential application in pest management.

The mirid bugs Apolygus lucorum and Adelphocoris suturalis are considered serious pests of many crops in China, the host plant recognition of these pests remains unclear. The current study investigated the vital odor cues of two mirid bugs and evaluated the role of olfactory recognition in host recognition. The GC-EAD response of mirid bugs to volatiles of their host plant Phaseolus vulgaris was tested. Tetradecane, 2-propyl-1-pentanol, and dodecanal elicited strong EAG responses by mirid bugs and were tested with field experiments. The results indicated tetradecane was significantly more attractive than other attractants, yielding 30.33 ± 2.19 mirid bugs trapped during 7days. The selected response rates to tetradecane were above 60%, which was most attractive to female A. lucorum at 1.5mg/ml. Among seven tetradecane derivatives, tetradecane and tetradecanoic acid were the most potent attractants to A. lucorum and A. suturalis. Tetradecane was present in the volatiles of 10 common hosts, and their difference in relative content was significant. The presence of tetradecane seemed relevant to the olfactory response intensity of two mirid bugs towards the different host plants. The artificial supplement of tetradecane increased the attractive effect of host plants. These results suggested that tetradecane plays a vital role in the olfactory selection by two mirid bugs, and it can be made into field baits as a novel ecological strategy to manage these pests with widely reported pesticide resistance. However, results suggested host recognition is not entirely dependent on odor cues. We demonstrated that A. suturalis and A. lucorum adults have similar olfactory recognition mechanisms to their hosts in long-distance host selection. While, the differences in host plant selection between the two pests should occur in close range due to differences in gustatory or tactile sensory organs of A. lucorum and A. suturalis.

PAPILIO DEMOLEUS L. AND PAPILIO POLYTES L. (LEPIDOPTERA: PAPILIONIDAE) REARED ON SOME HOST PLANTS AT BUTTERFLY RESEARCH FACILITY, LIPI - CIBINONG, WEST JAVA, INDONESIA

Papilio demoleus L. and P. polytes L. are common butterflies and distribute almost throughout Indonesia. Both species are attractive in butterfly gardens, but may be considered as pests in Citrus plantations. This research aimed to obtain data on their biology, on how the species thrive in captivity, and to assess the alternative host plants. Captive breeding research on these two species was conducted at the butterfly research facility within the period of September 2016 to February 2019, with 482 individuals of P. demoleus and 2,334 individuals of P. polytes reared, of which 292 individuals of P. demoleus and 560 individuals of P. polytes have complete informative data. The average duration of eggs was 3.7 days for P. demoleus on Citrus spp., 3.68 days for P. polytes on Citrus spp., and 3.48 days for P. polytes on Micromelum minutum. The duration of larvae varied between 13–19 days for both species. Prepupal stage lasted for 1 day for all observed individuals. Incidental observation at home during the pandemic COVID-19 added some insights that the pupation happened between 18:00-19:00. The duration of pupae varied between 9–14 days for both species. The total duration of pre-adult stages for both species was between 26–38 days. Adults at the butterfly dome could live up to 19 days for P. demoleus and 39 days for P. polytes. Recognition of alternative host plants is very useful for the improvement of species management in butterfly gardens and in Citrus plantations.

CYP6FD5, an antenna-specific P450 gene, is potentially involved in the host plant recognition in Locusta migratoria

Cytochrome P450 monooxygenases (P450s) are a large superfamily of heme-thiolate proteins and play a vital role in the biosynthesis and inactivation of endogenous substances as well as the detoxification of exogenous substances. They also function as odor-degrading enzymes (ODEs) in insect olfactory sensory systems. In the present study, a P450 gene was obtained from the antennae of Locusta migratoria and named as CYP6FD5. Multiple alignment of P450 proteins revealed that LmCYP6FD5 contained five conserved motifs, including the helix C motif, an oxygen-binding site, helix K motif, a meander region, and the haem-binding motif. The expression of LmCYP6FD5 in various tissues and antennal development stages was determined by using RT-qPCR. Our results showed that LmCYP6FD5 was antenna-specific and highly expressed throughout the antennal developmental stages of female and male locusts. Furthermore, the role of LmCYP6FD5 in the perception of host plant volatiles was assessed using RNAi in combination with electroantennogram (EAG) and behavioral responses. Our findings showed that after silencing LmCYP6FD5, the EAG responses of female and male locusts to the main volatiles of gramineous plants, including trans-2-Hexen-1-al, cis-3-Hexenyl acetate, and decanal, were significantly diminished. Moreover, a significant decrease in EAG response of male antennae to benzaldehyde was also observed. In addition, behavioral assay showed that the locust response to single volatile from host plant or wheat remained unchanged after the silencing of LmCYP6FD5. Antenna-specific expression and EAG responses of locusts to host plant volatiles still suggested that LmCYP6FD5 was potentially involved in host plant recognition, although no behavioral changes were observed.

A mutation increases the specificity to plant compounds in an insect chemosensory protein

Host plant recognition are highly dependent on chemosensory perception, which involves chemosensory proteins (CSPs) that bind key chemical compounds the host plants. In this work, we hypothesize that two closely related aphid taxa, which differ in diet breadth, also differ in their CSPs. We detected a non-synonymous difference (lysine for asparagine) between M. persicae sensu stricto (Mpp) and the subspecies M. p. nicotianae (Mpn) in the sequence of a CSP (CSP5). We modeled in silico the binding capacity of both CSP5s variants with 163 different potential ligands from their host plants (120 unique from tobacco, 29 unique from peach, and 14 common ligands). After docking analysis with all ligands, we selected the three best ligands for each variant to perform molecular dynamics (tobacco: 2-cyclopentene-1,4-dione, salicylaldehyde, and benzoic acid; peach: phenol, valeric acid, and benzonitrile). The binding energy of the MpnCSP5 model to the studied ligands was, in all cases, lower than with the MppCSP5 model. The ligands from the host plants showed more stable binding with MpnCSP5 than with MppCSP5. This result suggests that the set of CSPs studied among M. persicae s. str. and M. p. nicotianae are very similar, but focusing on the CSP5 protein, we found a single key mutation that increases affinities for host compounds for M. p. nicotianae, which might have contributed to the specialization to tobacco. This study provides new insights into an evolutionary trend toward specificity in a binding protein.

Lmcyp6fd5, an Antenna-Specific P450 Gene from Locusta Migratoria, is Involved in the Host Plant Recognition

Lmcyp6fd5, an Antenna-Specific P450 Gene from Locusta Migratoria, is Involved in the Host Plant Recognition

病原性糸状菌における宿主植物認識

病原性糸状菌における宿主植物認識