Economy Of Host Country Research Articles

The effects of host and home country economies on MNEs’ overseas CSR investment

We employ a supply and demand framework to integrate mainstream theoretical lenses and assess the heterogeneous roles of host and home country economies on MNEs' overseas CSR investment. Using a sample of the world's 100 largest non-financial MNEs from 2015 to 2018, as published by UNCTAD, we find that host country economic performance is positively associated with MNEs' CSR investment in host countries, and home country economic performance exhibits a U-shaped relationship with MNEs' CSR investment in host countries. By distinguishing CSR into do-good and do-no-harm CSR, we further find that host country economic performance positively affects both types of CSR investment. Home country economic performance has a U-shaped effect on do-good CSR investment, but it is negatively related to do-no-harm CSR investment. Our study provides a more generalized insight into the impact of host and home economies on MNEs' overseas operations, thereby enriching our understanding of CSR management by MNEs.

Peacekeeping operations and shadow economy growth in host countries

While a great deal of scholarship has been devoted to peacekeeping operations (PKOs), relatively few works have examined their economic effects. Toward better understanding this area of inquiry, we examine the impact of PKOs on the growth of the shadow economies of host countries. We posit that the conflict cessation brought about by peacekeeping missions, as well as their stimulative economic effects, will reduce the growth of the shadow sector. However, these impacts may not be sustainable after the conclusion of the mission. Testing these linkages across 145 countries for over 40 years, we find significant support for these dynamics.

IMPACT OF ECONOMIC INTEGRATION OF MIGRANTS ON THE HOST COUNTRIES’ ECONOMIES

The purpose of the article is to generally identify the nature of the impact of the economic integration of migrants on the host countries' economies. The research findings demonstrate that the economic integration of migrants has a complex and multifaceted impact on the economies of countries that receive migrants from other states for permanent or temporary residence, work, study, or other activities. It has been proven that the positive impact of the economic integration of migrants on the host countries' economies is characterized by the following processes increased labor supply and tax revenues, stimulation of economic growth, enhancement of innovation potential, and enrichment of cultural diversity. It has been established that the negative impact of economic integration of migrants on the economies of host countries is characterized by the following processes: pressure on the labor market, strain on social infrastructure, social tension, increased inequality, and capital outflow.

The impact of foreign direct investment on GDP growth: The case of Turkey

The development of investment processes is significant for a country’s economy, economic development, and the expansion of market opportunities. The successful functioning of the national economy in the global economic space requires its integration into the international finance system. The impact of foreign direct investment on the economy of host countries remains relevant. The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact of foreign direct investments on the Gross Domestic Product of Turkey for the years 1990–2021. The data set includes foreign direct investments, exchange rate levels, and the Gross Domestic Product of Turkey and was used in logarithmic form in the empirical assessments. The results show a positive and statistically significant relationship between foreign direct investments and Gross Domestic Product. A long-term integrative relationship exists between the independent variables (foreign direct investments and exchange rate) and the dependent variable (Gross Domestic Product). Consequently, this implies that a 1% increase in foreign direct investment results in a 0.35% increase in Gross Domestic Product, holding other factors constant.

The distinct nature of U.S. based female immigrant entrepreneurs

ABSTRACT Despite contributing to host country economies, there is limited examination of self-employed female immigrants in the literature. While human, social, and financial capital are important for entrepreneurship in general, given immigrant women’s intersectional identities, the potential exists for these factors to affect them differently. This study uses US data obtained from Integrated Public Use Microdata Series (IPUMS) to empirically test the relationship of human, social, and financial capital on female immigrants’ self-employment and compares these relationships with US-born women and male immigrants. While the results are mixed, overall, the findings suggest that female immigrants’ odds of being self-employed, in relation to their levels of human, social, and financial capital, are influenced to a greater extent by their immigrant identity than their gender identity. Implications for future research and public policy are discussed.

A Research on Measuring the Impact of Olympic Games Based on MOIM Model

Due to the high cost of hosting, the Olympic Games have gone from being a "sweet pastry" to a "hot potato". To quantify the impact of the Olympic Games on the host country, the impact of the Olympic Games on the host country's economy, land use, satisfaction (athletes and spectators), travel, opportunities for future improvement, host city/country prestige, and environmental factors were considered in the selection of indicators, and the absolute and relative impact methods were used to classify these variables. In model building, the weights of the indicators were determined comprehensively by combining the subjective and objective methods of EWM-AHP to establish the Olympic Games Impact Metric (MOIM) measurement model. Finally, by constructing a functional relationship between the indicator variables and the degree of impact of the Olympic Games on the host country, TOPSIS analysis is applied to quantitatively measure the impact of the Olympic Games on the host country.

Dünya Kupası Organizasyonunun Ülke Ekonomisinin Büyümesine Etkisi: Katar Ekonomisi Örneği

This study examines the economic impacts of international sports events such as the World Cup and the Olympics on the economies of host countries. The focus is on the effects of these events on tourism, employment, and investment, with a detailed analysis of the 2022 World Cup in Qatar. The data is obtained from a dataset consisting of the host country's tourism, employment, and investment data. While the study provides valuable insights into the economic impacts of international sports events, it has some limitations. It primarily examines the events from an economic perspective and overlooks the social and environmental dimensions. Nonetheless, the study concludes that Qatar benefited from hosting the 2022 World Cup, with positive returns estimated at around $11 billion, primarily due to an increase in tourism and trade.

Influence of Holding Major Sports Events on Urban Economy

Last year's Tokyo Olympics had a great impact on the host country's economy. Due to various reasons, this Olympics has caused a lot of losses. Now the 2022 Qatar World Cup is coming as scheduled, and the Qatar World Cup cost more than 200 billion U.S. dollars, making it the most expensive one. At that time, people from all over the world will come here. Of course, it will bring about the development of related industries and positive benefits, but it is still unknown whether it can help the host country make profits and whether it will have any adverse effects on the economy. To this end, the post-match income of major sports events over the years, especially the Olympic Games and the World Cup, has been searched and studied. In the end it was found that very little turned out to be profitable. Not only would most cities lose money, but the stadiums would be abandoned. A profitable experience was found through the success of several major hosts.

Effect of foreign direct investment on wage inequalities between skilled and unskilled workers in Vietnam

Foreign direct investment (FDI) can bring many benefits to the host country's economy, but not all citizens in that country benefit equally. This study aimed to analyze the impact of FDI on wage inequality between skilled and unskilled workers in Vietnam. The study used an econometric model, applying systematic generalized method of moments (GMM) estimation to panel data from 63 Vietnamese provinces in the period from 2010 to 2018 to analyze the impact of FDI on wage inequality. The empirical results from the econometric models using systematic GMM showed that FDI tends to increase wage inequality in localities. The results of this study suggest that to ensure sustainable development, policies to attract and use FDI need to be linked with social security policies and efforts to reduce wage inequality. Based on the research results, the study proposes some policy implications to minimize the negative impact of FDI on wage inequality in Vietnam.

Application of multi-criteria Vector Measure Construction Method (VMCM) to assess importance of foreign direct investment (FDI) to host country's regional economy

Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) is an important element supporting the growth of national economies. Through competitive advantage and innovation, foreign-invested enterprises can become an important agent of beneficial structural change and have a positive impact on the host economy as a whole. In general, through the provision of external capital, FDI can contribute to the economic growth of a country hosting the investment and plays a particular role in the regional economy which encompasses all activities of an economic nature pursued in a given area. The article examine the role that foreign-invested companies play in the economy at the regional level. The significance of the foreign direct investment for the regional economy was conducted using the example of sixteen Polish voivodships. For the purpose of the study the Vector Measure Construction Method (VMCM) was used to determine the importance of FDI for the economies of each Polish provinces (voivodships) and to produce their ranking and classification. According to the study findings, voivodships where the examined problem was of a similar nature were assigned to particular classes. A definite leader was the Mazowieckie voivodship, which was the only one to be included in Class I. The most numerous Class II included 11 voivodships, which constituted approximately 70% of the total number of provinces. Four voivodships fell in Class III, comprising entities with the lowest aggregate measures. This means that Polish regions are mostly homogeneous in terms of the importance of foreign direct investment to the performance of their economies.

The Effects of Hosting Mega Sporting Events on Local Stock Markets and Sustainable Growth

We examine the economic effects of the Summer and Winter Olympic Games and the FIFA World Cup on the economies of host countries. We found that in the short run, hosting the Olympic Games has a significant positive announcement effect on the host country’s equity market. Our results also revealed a positive effect on the stock market in non-G7 countries hosting a mega sporting event and an insignificant effect in G7 countries hosting such events, indicating that hosting a mega sporting event can provide additional momentum for developing or emerging economies. We did find, however, that while the countries hosting the Summer Olympic Games initially experienced significant positive GDP growth, the effect rapidly diminished after the event. Our results suggest that hosting a mega sporting event such as the Summer Olympic Games is most likely to result in a short-term positive economic momentum, however it hinders sustainable growth for the host countries’ economies.

The Economic Determinants of Foreign Direct Investment in Developing Countries and Transition Economies

The economic growth rates have dramatically increased in developing economies, such as in Latin American, Asian, and Eastern European countries, following the financial liberalisation attempt, especially during the 1990s. Foreign direct investment (FDI) has become an increasingly important element for economic development and integration of developing countries and transition economies in this period with the world economy. The main purpose of this study is to develop an empirical framework to estimate the economic determinants of FDI inflows by employing a panel data set of 17 developing countries and transition economies for the period of 1989:01-2006:04. In our model there are seven explanatory economic variables. They are, respectively, the previous period FDI (the pull factor for new FDI), GDP growth (measures market size), Wage (unit labour costs), Trade Rate (measures the openness of countries), the real interest rates (measures macroeconomic policy), inflation rate (as country risk and macroeconomic policy), and domestic investment (Business Climate). Hence, throughout the paper, only the economic determinants (being separated and apart from the other studies in the literature) of FDI inflows to developing countries and transition economies are studied. It is found out that the previous period FDI which is directly related to the host countries’ economic resources is important as an economic determinant. Besides, it is also understood that the main determinants of FDI inflows are the inflation rate, the interest rate, the growth rate, and the trade (openness) rate and FDI inflows give power to the economies of host countries.

Potential market-stealing effect of FDI on state-owned enterprises: an empirical examination of the case of Vietnam

Despite significant contributions of foreign direct investment to the economies of host countries, market-stealing effect on the domestic enterprises could appear as international capital flow rises. Market-stealing effect could be negative to the domestic firms, including the state-owned enterprises (SOEs). For Vietnam, both foreign invested firms and SOEs are of interest to the government. Hence, the question whether the market-stealing effect on SOEs appears as FDI increases needs to be answered. This study provides insights into the market-stealing effect from the market share and labor productivity perspectives with the application of the random effects methods utilizing panel data of more than 4,000 observations of SOEs in Vietnam. The market-stealing effect on SOEs in Vietnam in both perspectives of market share and labor productivity is not found as FDI increases. The market-stealing effect from the aspect of market share is revealed in two important industries, which are agriculture, forestry and fishing, and manufacturing. From the aspect of labor productivity, there is no evidence of this effect for all five industries. As the types of SOEs are taken into consideration, the market-stealing effect regarding market size is higher for the SOEs with 100% of state capital than those with less state capital. From the labor productivity perspective, that effect does not exist.

The economics of sex work and major sporting events: Learning from the 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa.

Risk-taking in sex work is related to financial gains from condom-protected and condomless-acts alongside vulnerabilities, including socio-economic factors, which influence the safety of sex workers. Large international sporting events have been shown to significantly impact the economies of host countries, but there is a dearth of studies that examine how major sporting events may affect the economics of sex work and the risks taken by sex workers and clients. This study examines the determinants of the price of commercial sex alongside the price premium for and correlates of, condomless sex before, during and after the 2010 world cup in South Africa. We analysed data from three phases of repeated cross-sectional surveys with sex workers. Bivariate and multivariable logistic regression models were fitted to examine the predictors of condomless sex. We also fitted fixed-effect regression models to examine the determinants of the price of commercial sex across each survey phase. Findings suggest that the price of sex was higher during the world cup compared to before and after, whilst the price premium for condomless-sex increased from 36% before the world cup to 40% (p-value<0.001) and 57% (p-value<0.001) during and after the world cup, respectively. Across the survey phases, anal, oral or masturbation sex were more likely to be supplied without a condom compared to vaginal sex. The type of sex was the primary determinant of the price of sex across all phases. We show indicative evidence that the 2010 world cup was associated with an increase in the price of sex and supply of condomless-sex. Although these findings should be interpreted as associations rather than causal relationships, we recommend that countries with substantial sex-worker populations that host major events shouldexplicitly consider the context and structures of sex work, and promote client-focused safe-sex-interventions that explicitly consider the economic pressures faced by sexworkers to provide riskier acts, to minimise health impacts.

Implikacje dla bezpieczeństwa ekonomicznego krajowych gospodarek, wynikające z ekspansji przedsiębiorstw międzynarodowych

Purpose: Due to their economic and financial potential, international enterprises influence other entities of foreign and international economic policy, in particular international organizations and the national economy of host countries. The article presents this influence from the point of view of the problem of economic security and independence of national economies. Hence, its main goal is to try to define the effects of activities of international enterprises from this perspective. The article focuses in particular on the aspects of the influence of foreign capital, including FDI, on the economic security of national economies. Hypothesis: The increasing dynamics of the inflow of foreign capital may lead to a decline in the country's economic security. Methodology: The methodology of professional literature analysis, the monographic-descriptive method and the analysis of statistical data from UNCTAD databases, IGCC and GUS were used. The study period is 2010–2021. Findings: The conducted literature research allows us to state that in the modern world, economic security is not only related to socio-economic progress and development opportunities of individual countries, but also to security threats resulting from the influence of the international environment, including the functioning of transnational corporations, which have a significant economic force. On the other hand, taking into account empirical research and the assessment of the situation from the perspective of economic security, it can be indicated that there is a relatively weak degree of dependence of the Polish national economy on foreign capital (despite the increase in the inflow dynamics) in the form of foreign direct investment. However, this conclusion cannot be made taking into account the global perspective and the dynamically changing geopolitical and economic situation. Implications for theory and practice: The increasing activity of transnational corporations in international markets is the source of extensive contemporary scientific discussion. Problems are also caused by the precise definition of the relationship between the corporation and other participants in international relations, as well as the diagnosis of the manifestations of their impact on the international environment, including the global political sphere and the politics of the host country, as well as its national economy. Originality and value: The article attempts to assess the impact of the expansion of international eneterprises on the economic security and independence of the national economy of the host country.

Does Greenfield Foreign Direct Investment Inflow contribute in Socioeconomic Development? Empirical Evidence from Developing Countries

This study aims to assess the impact of Greenfield-Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) inflows on the socio-economic development of ten developing countries. Developing economies rely on investment from developed countries, especially Greenfield investment. Greenfield investment is the new capital inflow to the host country's economy that helps to improve economic activities, boosts economic growth, and improves socio-economic welfare. This study has used Greenfield investment as the target-independent variable and other controlled variables remittances, aid, inflation, population, and trade openness. At the same time, socio-economic development, health, economic growth, and education are dependent variables. For this purpose, Pooled Mean Group (PMG) technique/Panel Autoregressive-Distributed Lag (ARDL) has applied for estimation purposes from 1990 to 2017. The empirical findings have shown that Greenfield-FDI has a long-term statistically significant and positive effect on economic growth, health, education, and socio-economic development. In comparison, remittances and official development assistance have positive and negative impacts on the study's dependent variables. The population also has a positive effect, whereas inflation and trade have mixed results. Outcomes of this study advise that policymakers should adopt attractive investment policies to enhance more foreign investment and utilize it efficiently, thereby promoting sustainable development. The government should announce firms to invest in human capital, which will impact productivity.

ANALYSIS OF THE GLOBALIZATION PROCESS CONSEQUENCES FOR THE COUNTRY ECONOMY

The positive and negative consequences of the globalization process for the country's economy are analyzed in the article. The main concepts that assess the globalization process from the point of view of positive and negative effects are considered. It proves that international trade is less and less determined by the absolute and comparative advantages, and more by the interests of global corporations. The issues related to the inconsistency of the globalization process are investigated. The article also shows that the role of the state in the context of the globalization process is decreasing, because it becomes more difficult to pursue a monetary and financial policy, to influence the exchange rate, since it is difficult to distinguish between the real export-import flow of goods and services and the flow of goods and services transferred by one branch-offices of TNC to other with using transfer prices. Particular attention is paid to the influence of transnational corporations as the main generators of the globalization process on the economies of host countries, the ability of corporations to influence the receipt of a positive economic effect by the country, using the advantages of "economies of scale". The main negative manifestations of globalization, which antiglobalists pay attention to and fight against, are considered. The main steps to achieve and consolidate the positive effects of globalization are determined.

Understanding sense of safety and trustworthiness of tourism information among migrant visitors

PurposeThe migration-tourism discourse has gained attention in global tourism and mobility among scholars because of the vast contributions of migrant visitors to various sectors of the host country's economy, including the tourism and hospitality industry. However, few studies appear to have been undertaken on the subject matter, particularly within the developing country tourism context. The purpose of this research was to assess and understand migrant visitors' sense of safety among five different nationalities (United Kingdom, USA, Germany, China and India) and their perceptions on trustworthiness of tourism information.Design/methodology/approachAnchored on the national cultural dimension of Hofstede model, this study sampled 306 migrant visitors, with the use of one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and the Games–Howell post-hoc test to examine mean differences of nationalities, with regard to trust of tourism information and sense of safety. Finally, the multiple regression analysis was conducted to establish the significant effects of national culture characteristics and trustworthiness of tourism information on sense of safety of migrant visitors.FindingsThe study finds that there were no significant differences in the sense of safety by the five nationalities. However, national culture characteristics (power distance and uncertainty avoidance) and trustworthiness of tourism information were significant predictors of sense of safety of migrant visitors.Research limitations/implicationsThis research adopted only two cultural dimensions of the Hofstede's model, so future studies within the migration-tourism literature should consider adopting other cultural dimensions of the model.Practical implicationsThe research provides, first, insight into sense of safety, trustworthiness of tourism information and national culture characteristics which are relevant for destination marketers, the ministry of tourism and local tourism officials to promote safety tourism.Originality/valueThe study expands the application of the cultural dimension of Hofstede model within the migration-tourism literature and establishes that national cultural characteristics and trustworthiness of tourism information are significant predictors of sense of safety of migrant visitors.

Brothers or “Others”? Attitudes of Thais Towards Chinese Tourists during COVID-19

ABSTRACT Although the influx of Chinese tourists boosts the economies of host countries, their arrivals are not without doubt. The present study aims to explore what underlies different attitudes of Thais toward Chinese tourists in the lens of exchange and contact at a time when the Covid-19 pandemic was decimating Thai tourism. By examining the nature and intensity of host-tourist contacts, and through thematic analysis of interview data, this study found that although the economic importance of Chinese tourists became salient when the pandemic drove away tourists, what substantiated an exchange approach represented by Social Exchange Theory was locals’ social and symbolic benefits/costs. Drawing on intergroup contact theory, we found that for Thais to improve their attitudes toward Chinese tourists, or metaphorically speaking, to find their lost brothers, social-cultural compatibility and resonances between the two peoples aroused in sustained interactions was the key. This study suggests that tourism researchers pay careful attention to the interplays of cultural particularities and the landscape-changing pandemic in a more complicated reality, when applying existing theories.

Reflections of (Dis)location: What is “Intercultural Communication” in Transnational Higher Education English-Medium Instruction?

Debates around the impact of English-medium instruction (EMI) as part of transnational higher education (TNHE) typically focus on macro-level impacts on host country languages, cultures, and economies. Adopting the methodology of institutional ethnographies, this reflective study narrates how I came to find problematic such totalizing narratives of TNHE. The object of my reflections is an undergraduate English elective course, Communicating in the Global Marketplace, first taught on the main campus in Pittsburgh, USA, of a TNHE institution, which I then participated in “(dis)locating” (Edwards and Usher, 1997) to a branch campus in Qatar. The study illustrates how emic perspectives on course design and delivery open up TNHE as a process of meaning-making. Analysis of course artefacts (course descriptions, reading lists, and assignments) from offerings on both campuses point to opportunities educators in the process of TNHE have to question language ideologies in EMI, consider “imagined communities” (Norton and Pavlenko, 2019) when marketing courses for prospective students, and frame both transnational “encounters” (Vora, 2014) and our understanding of what is “intercultural” in transnational EMI.