Host-centric Approach Research Articles

CTJIF-ICN: A Coadjuvant Trust Joint Interest Forwarding Mechanism in Information Centric Networks

The Information centric networks (ICN) transforms the focal point of current Internet paradigm to data centric approach from host centric approach by allowing content driven forwarding and in-network caching mechanisms. Though NDN (Named data networking) paradigm of ICN assures a secure content communication, it is vulnerable to different attacks by the malicious nodes. To minimize the hazards from compromised nodes and to improve the network security, the remaining nodes should transparently receive information about such nodes. This will restrict the forwarding strategy to exploit these malicious nodes for forwarding interest and content as well. Our protocol introduces a dynamic model for prediction of trust in order to evaluate the node trust. Proposed approach observes the historical behaviors of node and uses extended fuzzy logic rules for the prediction of future behaviors to evaluate the node’s trust value. This prediction model is incorporated within the trust based forwarding mechanism that aims to forward interest through secure and shortest path. The extensive simulation study has been carried out to analyze the protocol performance in ns-3 driven ndnSIM-2.0 simulator for performance metrics such as data discovery latency, packet delivery ratio, network overhead, detection ratio and cache hit ratio. When we integrate our trust joint forwarding strategy to state-of-the-art protocols, their performance is significantly improved up to approximately 10-35% against stated performance measures for realistic network topology.

Role of human gene SNVs in Tuberculosis infection

Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is the major causative organism for tuberculosis. It is one of the major causes of death worldwide. Every year the world shows around 9 million new TB cases. Moreover, every year around 2 million people die because of this pathogen. On the top of that, it is being predicted that around 2 billion people are infected with latent TB worldwide. The progression of this disease is much dependent on the host immunological constitution. During active infection, the bacteria present in the body replicate very fast which cannot be controlled by the immune cell present in the body. This makes a person sick. Sometimes, this scenario arrives as soon as a person gets infected with the bacterium. This indicates that person’s immune systems are not strong enough to protect. Moreover, there are a couple of other diseases like HIV, T2DM found to have a song association with TB, weakening our immune systems. The hosts that suffer with different disease are known as immunocompromised. They are at higher risk than other hosts. So, it is important to understand the host’s genetic makeup to understand the progression of the bacteria. In this study, we focused on the host centric approach and screened 171 genes with 335 location having 2135 number of variants from 100 Indian patient samples. We have identified two genes CYP4B1 and GMPPB having 3’UTR mutation which might be related to immunocompromised host. We have identified three novel missense mutations in ANKK1, GPR55 and TXNDR2 genes which might also play a significant role in TB infection.

Abstract 1329: Maresins prevent breast cancer dormancy escape via resolution of inflammation

Abstract Cytotoxic cancer therapies reduce tumor burden by killing tumor cells. However, the resulting apoptotic and necrotic cell bodies (tumor cell “debris”) may stimulate tumor initiation and progression by disrupting the resolution of inflammation. Thus, chemotherapy and anti-estrogen breast cancer therapy, including tamoxifen, may be a double-edged sword. A paradigm shift is emerging in understanding the resolution of inflammation as an active biochemical process with the discovery of novel specialized pro-resolving lipid autocoid mediators (SPMs), such as maresins and endogenous resolution programs. Despite approaches to block systemic inflammation, there are no current “pro-resolving” therapies in cancer. To determine whether debris stimulates breast cancer growth, we utilized tumor dormancy models with a subthreshold (nontumorigenic) inoculum of tumor cells. We demonstrated that breast tumor “debris” generated by cytotoxic anti-estrogen therapy (tamoxifen or fulvestrant) or chemotherapy (eribulin) stimulates dormancy escape by triggering a macrophage-derived pro-inflammatory and pro-angiogenic “cytokine storm”. Thus, tumor cell debris is a critical pro-tumorigenic factor in breast cancer initiation and progression. To assess whether stimulating the clearance of debris would suppress breast cancer progression, we utilized the SPMs maresin 1 (MaR1) and maresin conjugates in tissue regeneration (MCTR1, MCTR2). Each maresin (MaR1, MCTR1 and MCTR2) sharply reduced tumor growth in both debris-stimulated and spontaneous (e.g. MMTV-PyMT) breast cancer models at nanogram concentrations (15 ng/day) without toxicity. Notably, maresins enhanced immunotherapy (anti-CTLA4) to induce tumor regression in estrogen receptor (ER) positive (EO771) and inhibit ER negative tumor growth (4T1). Maresins stimulated macrophage phagocytosis of therapy (fulvestrant and tamoxifen)-generated breast cancer debris at only nanomolar concentrations (0.1 - 10 nM). Remarkably, maresins alone or in combination with chemotherapy (paclitaxel) reduced levels of pro-angiogenic factors (e.g. CXCL12/SDF-1) in the tumor microenvironment and decreased microvessel density/size, thereby inhibiting tumor angiogenesis. Maresins dampened the therapy-induced cytokine storm, by reducing levels of TNF-α, MIP-2/CXCL2, CCL2/MCP-1, IL-1ra/IL-1F3, CCL5, CXCL13, Serpin E1/PAI-1, IL-1β and G-CSF both in vitro in debris-stimulated macrophages and in vivo in plasma and tumor tissue. Stimulating the resolution of inflammation via pro-resolution lipid mediators to enhance immunotherapy is a novel host-centric therapeutic approach to prevent breast cancer initiation, dormancy escape and tumor progression via debris clearance and counter-regulation of the cytokine storm. Altogether, the maresin pathway mediators may represent a new therapeutic approach to stimulate the resolution of inflammation in breast cancer. Citation Format: Franciele Cristina Kipper, Jianjun Deng, Eva Rothenberger, Abigail Kelly, Madeline Duncan, Sui Huang, Charles N. Serhan, Dipak Panigrahy. Maresins prevent breast cancer dormancy escape via resolution of inflammation [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2022; 2022 Apr 8-13. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2022;82(12_Suppl):Abstract nr 1329.

Cache management for large data transfers and multipath forwarding strategies in Named Data Networking

Named Data Networking (NDN) is a promising approach to provide fast in-network access to compact muon solenoid (CMS) datasets. It proposes a content-centric rather than a host-centric approach to data retrieval. Data packets with unique and immutable names are retrieved from a content store (CS) using Interest packets. The current NDN architecture relies on forwarding strategies that are only dependent upon on-path caching. Such a design does not take advantage of the cached content available on the adjacent off-path routers in the network, thus reducing data transfer efficiency. In this work, we propose a software-defined, storage-aware routing mechanism that leverages NDN router cache-states, software defined networking (SDN) and multipath forwarding strategies to improve the efficiency of very large data transfers. First, we propose a novel distributed multipath (D-MP) forwarding strategy and enhancements to the NDN Interest forwarding pipeline. In addition, we develop a centralized SDN-enabled control for the multipath forwarding strategy (S-MP), which leverages the global knowledge of NDN network states that distributes Interests efficiently. We perform extensive evaluations of our proposed methods on an at-scale wide area network (WAN) testbed spanning six geographically separated sites. Our proposed solutions easily outperform the existing NDN forwarding strategies. The D-MP strategy results in performance gains ranging between 10.4x to 12.5x over the default NDN implementation without in-network caching, and 12.2x to 18.4x with in-network caching enabled. For S-MP strategy, we demonstrate a performance improvement of 10.6x to 12.6x, and 12.9x to 18.5x, with in-network caching disabled and enabled, respectively. Further, we also present a comprehensive analysis of NDN cache management for large data transfers and propose a novel prefetching mechanism to improve data transfer performance. Due to the inherent capacity limitations of the NDN router caches, we use SDN to provide an intelligent and efficient solution for data distribution and routing across multiple NDN router caches. We demonstrate how software-defined control can be used to partition and distribute large CMS files based on NDN router cache-state knowledge. Further, SDN control will also configure the router forwarding strategy to retrieve CMS data from the network. Our proposed solution demonstrates that the CMS datasets can be retrieved 28%–38% faster from the NDN routers’ caches than existing NDN approaches. Lastly, we develop a prefetching mechanism to improve the transfer performance of files that are not available in the router’s cache.

A multi-stage resource-constrained spectrum access mechanism for cognitive radio IoT networks: Time-spectrum block utilization

Extravagant demands for wireless communications have resulted in the shortage of spectrum, such that unlicensed spectrum bands are overcrowded, whereas licensed bands are not utilized efficiently. Moreover, content discovery and retrieval using the traditional host-centric approach of IP-based networks adds more burden on the wireless spectrum, such that, each time a request is initiated by the mobile service requester, a new routing path is discovered to retrieve the service from the service provider. Cognitive radio (CR) technology has been proposed to enable efficient and opportunistic spectrum band usage through the utilization of vacant licensed channels. This can offer huge spectrum to enable efficient large-scale deployment for IoT networks. Moreover, Information Centric Networking (ICN) has been proposed to decouple the service requester from the provider such that in-network content caching is used to allow for the retrieval of services within a mobile node’s proximity. The integration of CR and ICN will be essential for enabling envisioned IoT services within smart cities. In this article, we consider the multi-user single-transceiver coordinated spectrum access problem in CR-IoT networks under the overlay spectrum sharing model. We formulate the spectrum access problem as a multi-stage rate/channel assignment optimization problem. The objective is to maximize the overall network throughput by maximizing the achieved sum-rate over all contending CR-IoT devices. Specifically, we propose a novel resource-constrained channel assignment policy that provides a proper utilization of the available time–frequency units. The proposed policy also exploits the packet fragmentation capability to further enhance network throughput. Moreover, we envision a scenario where our proposed solution can be adapted to information-centric cognitive radio-based networking for IoT smart city applications. We showcase the significant improvement achieved by our proposed solution over state-of-the-art schemes through simulation results.

DiLSe: Lattice-Based Secure and Dependable Data Dissemination Scheme for Social Internet of Vehicles

With the evolution of the Internet of Vehicles (IoV), there has been an overwhelming increase in the number of connected vehicles in recent times. Due to this reason, massive amounts of data generated by connected vehicles makes traditional host-centric approach inevitable in IoV ecosystem. Moreover, the existing TCP/IP based congestion control mechanisms cannot be directly applied in IoV environment as there is a requirement of content sharing among vehicles with reduced delay and high throughput. So, in this article, <xref ref-type="fn" rid="fn1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">¹</xref> <fn id="fn1" xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"><label>1.</label> This article is an extended version of paper entitled “Deep Learning-based Content Centric Data Dissemination Scheme for Internet of Vehicles“ published in IEEE ICC, 20-24 May 2018, Kansas City, USA </fn> DiLSe: A Lattice-based Secure and Dependable Data Dissemination Scheme for Social Internet of Vehicles is designed, which works in three modules. The first module, i.e., deep learning based content centric data dissemination scheme, works in three phases. 1) In the first phase, the connection probability of vehicles is computed to identify stable and reliable connections using Weiner process model. 2) In the second phase, a convolutional neural network based scheme is presented for estimating the social relationship score among vehicle-to-vehicle pair. 3) In the third phase, a content centric data dissemination scheme is presented. However, the mobility of vehicles in IoV ecosystem gives them the liberty to move in/out of the network without IP assignment. This makes it necessary to replicate the content at each node for providing fault tolerance. So, in the second module, a data replication scheme for fault tolerance in IoV network is designed, which is followed by an access control mechanism for read/right access for network content in third module. Finally, in the last module, a crucial lattice-based exchange and authentication scheme using blockchain is also designed for handling secure communication in IoV ecosystem. The proposed scheme is evaluated on a highway topology using extensive simulations. The results obtained prove the efficacy of the proposed scheme concerning various performance metrics.

Content Protection in Named Data Networking: Challenges and Potential Solutions

Information-Centric Networks (ICN) are promising alternatives to current Internet architecture since the Internet struggles with a number of issues such as scalability, mobility and security. ICN offers a number of potential benefits including reduced congestion and enhanced delivery performance by employing content caching, simpler network configurations and stronger security for the content. Named Data Networking (NDN), an instance of the ICN, enables content delivery instead of host-centric approaches by naming data rather than the host. In order to make NDN practical in the real world, the challenging issues of content security need to be addressed. In this article, we examine the architecture, content security as well as possible solutions to these issues of NDN, with a special focus on content integrity and provenance. We propose a variety of digital signature schemes to achieve the data integrity and origin authentication in NDN for various applications, which include cost-effective signatures, privacy-preserving signatures, network coding signatures, and post-quantum signatures. We also present the speed-up techniques in generating signatures and verifying signatures such as pre-computation, batch verification and server-aided verification to reduce the computational cost of the producers and receivers in NDN. A number of certificate-free trust management approaches and possible adoptions in NDN are investigated.

The Coevolution of Virulence: Tolerance in Perspective

Coevolutionary interactions, such as those between host and parasite, predator and prey, or plant and pollinator, evolve subject to the genes of both interactors. It is clear, for example, that the evolution of pollination strategies can only be understood with knowledge of both the pollinator and the pollinated. Studies of the evolution of virulence, the reduction in host fitness due to infection, have nonetheless tended to focus on parasite evolution. Host-centric approaches have also been proposed—for example, under the rubric of “tolerance”, the ability of hosts to minimize virulence without necessarily minimizing parasite density. Within the tolerance framework, however, there is room for more comprehensive measures of host fitness traits, and for fuller consideration of the consequences of coevolution. For example, the evolution of tolerance can result in changed selection on parasite populations, which should provoke parasite evolution despite the fact that tolerance is not directly antagonistic to parasite fitness. As a result, consideration of the potential for parasite counter-adaptation to host tolerance—whether evolved or medially manipulated—is essential to the emergence of a cohesive theory of biotic partnerships and robust disease control strategies.