Hospitals In Khartoum State Research Articles

Expected clinical responses due to self-medicated Sudanese children; a pharmacological and family-medicine overview

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried in Mohammed Alameen Hamid and Jaafar bin Auf Pediatrics Hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan. This study was conducted from March to June 2021. The study respected confidentiality using a Unique Patient Identifier (UPI) code; the questionnaires were anonymous and included no personal identifiers. Consent forms were linked to the study participant using the UPI. 33.9% of the children were self-medicated with analgesics, the route of administration for 58.4% of them was oral, 54.5% of them were using the medications until the complains disappear. 51%of the mothers reported that they were using the medications three timed daily. 37.4% of the participants reported that the fever is one of the Clinical indications for self-medication, where as 30.3% of they reported common cold. All study results showed a significance level of (p<0.05).

Demographic Factors, Biochemical Markers, and Obstetric History Associated with the Risk of Preeclampsia in a Sudanese Population Sample

Background: Preeclampsia significantly contributes to maternal and perinatal illness and death, particularly in low and middle-income countries like Sudan. It is classified by onset timing (early vs. late) and severity (mild vs. severe) and is one of the four hypertensive disorders in pregnancy, including chronic hypertension, gestational hypertension, and chronic hypertension with superimposed preeclampsia. This study aimed to evaluate the demographic, clinical, and biochemical predictors of preeclampsia among Sudanese women. Methods: This case-control study involved 100 women diagnosed with preeclampsia and 100 healthy pregnant women who acted as the control group at Omdurman Maternity Hospital in Khartoum State, Sudan, from 2019 to 2021. Data on sociodemographic characteristics, obstetric history, and biochemical markers, including platelet counts, were collected using a comprehensive questionnaire and blood sample analysis. Results: Women with preeclampsia were more frequently over the age of 40 (OR=9.33, 95% CI: 4.54-19.19, p < 0.001) and had a longer median duration of marriage (OR=2.9, 95% CI: 1.51-5.58, p=0.001). Lower educational levels (p=0.008) and being housewives (p=0.024) were also more prevalent in the preeclampsia group. Clinically, headache (OR=18.98, 95% CI: 2.44-147.5, p=0.005) and blurring of vision (OR=25.83, 95% CI: 1.17-572.6, p=0.04) were more prevalent in women with preeclampsia. Biochemical markers showed lower platelet counts (p=0.002), higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) (OR=2.23, 95% CI: 1.51-3.28, p < 0.001) and creatinine (OR=16.76, 95% CI: 2.31-121.5, p=0.005), while aspartate aminotransferase (AST) was not significantly associated with preeclampsia. Conclusion: Family history of preeclampsia was the most significant predictor. Other important risk factors included older age, longer duration of marriage, lower education levels, headache, blurring of vision, and higher levels of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) and creatinine.

Exploring Suicide Methods in Sudan: Insights from General Hospitals

Abstract Background: Suicide is a major concern worldwide. Understanding the various methods and tools used for suicide is crucial for developing effective preventive strategies. The objective of this study is to investigate and assess methods of suicide in Sudan. Methods: This study is a cross-sectional hospital-based investigation of individuals who presented with attempted suicide at the Emergency Departments of four major general hospitals in Khartoum State, Sudan. The study was conducted between January 2014 and December 2014. A total of 200 respondents agreed to participate in the study and completed a questionnaire covering various topics, including methods of attempted suicide. Results: Hair dye was the major method of attempted suicide (79%, N= 158), followed by drug overdose (13.5%, N=27). There is a significant relationship between the methods used for suicide, age, and gender. Conclusion: Restricting access to commonly used and highly lethal methods of suicide is highly effective in reducing the overall number of suicides. It is important to implement this strategy along with other suicide prevention measures to achieve the best results.

First Report of Human Parainfluenza Viruses among Patients with Respiratory Symptoms in Khartoum State, Sudan

Background: This study was carried out to detect human Parainfluenza virus 'HPIV' RNA in patients with respiratory infections in Khartoum state in order to determine the circulating types of Parainfluenza virus 'in Khartoum state, Sudan. In addition, the study aimed to locally establish the diagnosis of parainfluenza virus using of RT-PCR. Methods: The study was conducted in Khartoum state Hospitals during the period from January 2019 to February 2021. Nasopharyngeal swabs samples were collected from 149 patients with respiratory symptoms. Samples were processed for RNA extraction and virus isolation. Extracted RNA was subjected to RT-PCR for the detection of Parainfluenza virus RNA and to further determine Parainfluenza virus serotypes. Positive samples were inoculated in chicken embryonated egg to isolate the virus. Results: Out of 149 samples 13 samples (8.7%) were positive and 136 samples (91.3%) were negative for parainfluenza virus RNA using RT-PCR. Parainfluenza types 1 and 2 were not detected while parainfluenza-3 was detected in 8 sample (5.4%) and parainfluenza-4 was positive in 5 samples (3.4%). Among PIV RNA positive samples (n=13); no virus was isolated using embryonated eggs inoculation. Conclusion: Existence and incidence of human parainfluenza virus and its types in Sudan was documented through detection of Human PIV(HPIV) RNA in respiratory samples. Moreover, the HPIV detection using RT-PCR was established. Keywords: Human Parainfluenza, Serotypes, RT-PCR, Emberyonated egg.

Knowledge, Attidue and Practice of Advanced Trauma Life Suppoort (ATLS) Protocol among House-Officers in Khartoum State Hospitals, Sudan, 2023

BackgroundAdvanced Trauma Life Support was originated mainly to train doctors who don’t manage trauma on a regular basis, including junior doctors as it prepares them more efficiently and effectively for treating and managing trauma patients. This study was conducted to study knowledge, attitude and practice of advanced trauma life support protocol among house-officers in Khartoum state hospitals, Sudan 2023.MethodsThis is a cross-sectional descriptive health facility based study conducted in Bahri Teaching Hospital, Omdurman Teaching Hospital and Ibrahim Malik teaching hospital, Khartoum state, Sudan. Data of 151 House-officers of all nationality working in Khartoum state hospitals was collected using a simple random technique, filling questionnaire that was designed especially for this study. Comparison between different variables by Chi-square test and statistical significance difference at P value < 0.05 was done.ResultA total of 151 house officers were included in the study. 49% aged between 20 and 25 years, females were the majority 56.3%. About 41.1% have took ATLS course before. 55.21% of the study participants didn’t take the course because it was not available, while 35.42% because it was expensive and 29.17% referred it to their busy lifestyle. 91% of the study population think that ATLS course should be compulsory and 85% think that the ATLS protocol should be recommended to both junior and senior doctors. 77% of the study participants stated that their seniors teaching skills affect how they apply ATLS.ConclusionOverall junior doctors at Khartoum state hospitals demonstrated a positive attitude towards ATLS, but they showed poor knowledge regarding the topic. It’s advised that an earlier training program is introduced by incorporating ATLS course to be part of all final year medical school’s curriculum.

In Vitro Antibacterial Activity of Aloe Barbadensis Millar (Aloe Vera) Against Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates in Khartoum State, Sudan

Background: It is becoming more widely acknowledged that Pseudomonas aeruginosa (P. aeruginosa) is a significant nosocomial pathogen that can cause serious infections. In general, new therapeutic approaches that prioritize the utilization of extracts and physiologically active chemicals extracted from herbal plants should be used to control P. aeruginosa infections. The World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that in underdeveloped countries, around 80% of the population mostly uses traditional medicine and plant extracts as their primary source of medicine to treat a variety of infectious diseases. Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of A. vera against P. aeruginosa isolated in Khartoum state hospitals. Materials and Methods: The present descriptive study was performed in Khartoum state. Between November 2022 and April 2023, a total of 100 clinical isolates of P. aeruginosa were obtained from patients hospitalized at Khartoum State hospitals. Standard microbiological techniques, such as the Gram stain, catalase test, and oxidase test, were used to identify the isolates. Ciprofloxacin, Ceftriaxone, Meropenem, and Gentamicin. A. vera gel were used in an antimicrobial susceptibility test against the P. aeruginosa strains. Results: Isolates of P. aeruginosa were collected from hospitalized individuals. Of the 100 isolates included in the study, 63 isolates (63%) had been isolated from males and 37 isolates (37%) had been isolated from females. Using the microdilution method, antimicrobial susceptibility testing for 100 P. aeruginosa clinical isolates was conducted for four antibiotics. The results showed that 38% of the isolates were resistant to ciprofloxacin, 94% to ceftriaxone, 82% to gentamicin, and 0% to meropenem. Conclusions: P. aeruginosa demonstrated multidrug resistance to a widely used antibiotic. A different therapeutic agent for the treatment of clinical multi-drug resistance bacteria may be employed in the ethanol extracts of Aloe vera since they have shown antibacterial efficacy against multi-drug resistant P. aeruginosa which is resistant to many drugs and may be treated with a combination of conventional antibacterial discs and the crude extract of Aloe vera. The study's findings validate the traditional wisdom that aloe vera plants may cure microbial infections and suggest that aloe vera may be used to make powerful new antibacterial compounds.

Awareness of Pediatric Nurses Regarding Drug Preparation and Administration in Gaafer bin auf Children Hospital, Sudan

Background: This study aimed to assess the awareness of nurses who care for pediatric patients related with drug preparation and administration conducted in Gaffer Bin Auf children hospital. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted from November to December 2015, in Gaffer Bin Auf children hospital, largest pediatric hospital in Khartoum state. The total sample size was 92 participants. The self-administered questionnaire was constructed with a total of 26 questions. For data analysis, we performed nonprobability descriptive study design. Results: The results imply that Majority of respondents aged between 20-30 years (56.5%). Approximately half of the nurses held a bachelor’s degree (52.2%), while the remainder held a diploma (47.8%). A significant proportion of nurses (83.7%) reported no prior training in drug preparation and administration. Most nurses (46.7%) had 2-5 years of clinical experience, and 69.6% worked afternoon and night shifts. Regarding drug preparation and administration, varying levels of knowledge were observed among nurses. Notable percentages of nurses demonstrated awareness in areas such as double-checking during preparation (56.5%) and using distilled water or normal saline for non-contraindicated suspension drugs (56.5%), nurse answered can avoid a mistake during Preparation by prepare medication for one individual at a time with (90.2%), most of nurses have good level of knowledge regarding to drug preparation &amp; administration practice with (65.6%). bachelor's degrees are more likely to demonstrate proficient drug preparation and administration practices compared to those with diplomas, with a significant difference of 94% (p=0.047, AOR: 0.6, 95% CI: 0.03, 1.1). This research indicating that bachelor's degree nurse graduates generally exhibit better educational preparedness for quality and safety. Additionally, participants working morning shifts are 3.4 times more likely to exhibit good drug preparation and administration practices compared to those on night shifts (p=0.011, AOR: 3.4, 95% CI: 1.3, 8.1), and 4.6 times more likely compared to those on afternoon shifts (p=0.015, AOR: 4.6, 95% CI: 1.8, 9.2). Participants with good knowledge of drug preparation and administration practices are 2.614 times more likely to exhibit proficiency compared to those with poor knowledge (p&lt;0.001, AOR: 2.614, 95% CI: 1.78, 3.90). Conclusion: The study revealed significant insights into the demographic characteristics, educational backgrounds, and practices related to drug preparation and administration among nurses. Despite a substantial portion reporting no prior training, varying levels of knowledge were evident, with most nurses demonstrating awareness in key areas such as double-checking during preparation and using appropriate solutions for suspension drugs. While there are areas for improvement, the findings suggest a solid foundation of knowledge among nurses regarding medication safety, highlighting the importance of ongoing education and fostering a culture of continuous learning within healthcare ..............

Expected clinical responses due to self-medicated Sudanese children; a pharmacological and family-medicine overview

This descriptive cross-sectional study was carried in Mohammed Alameen Hamid and Jaafar bin Auf Pediatrics Hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan. This study was conducted from March to June 2021. The study respected confidentiality using a Unique Patient Identifier (UPI) code; the questionnaires were anonymous and included no personal identifiers. Consent forms were linked to the study participant using the UPI. 33.9% of the children were self-medicated with analgesics, the route of administration for 58.4% of them was oral, 54.5% of them were using the medications until the complains disappear. 51%of the mothers reported that they were using the medications three timed daily. 37.4% of the participants reported that the fever is one of the Clinical indications for self-medication, where as 30.3% of they reported common cold. All study results showed a significance level of (p&lt;0.05).

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of doctors towards epilepsy in main hospitals in Khartoum State, 2020

Assessment of knowledge, attitude and practice of doctors towards epilepsy in main hospitals in Khartoum State, 2020

Psychological effects of the covid-19 pandemic: Perceived stress, anxiety, work-family imbalance, and coping strategies among healthcare professionals in Khartoum state hospitals, Sudan, 2021

Psychological effects of the covid-19 pandemic: Perceived stress, anxiety, work-family imbalance, and coping strategies among healthcare professionals in Khartoum state hospitals, Sudan, 2021

Evaluating the Triage of Suspected COVID-19 Cases in Sudan's Emergency Settings: A Clinical Audit.

The inevitable coronavirus disease 2019 global pandemic has severely affected Sudan's fragile healthcare system. The authors share the experience of COVID-19 triage in the emergency departments of five public hospitals in Khartoum state, Sudan. A clinical audit was conducted in December 2020 using the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Checklist and Monitoring Tool for Triage of Suspected COVID-19 Cases. The tool was categorised into 5 domains and 38 indicators. Only three hospitals had hand hygiene stations in their triage areas: Ibrahim Malik, Omdurman, and Al-Nau. Omdurman Teaching Hospital was the sole hospital with a designated respiratory waiting area. At Al-Nau and Omdurman Hospitals, all respiratory symptomatic patients wore a facemask or alternative. Ibrahim Malik and Bahri Teaching Hospitals had 60% and 50% compliance, respectively, while none at El-Tamayouz Hospital did. No posters or job aids were present in donning and doffing areas. Heavy duty gloves were worn only at Ibrahim Malik (50%) and Omdurman (20%). 100% of staff wore closed-toe footwear at Ibrahim Malik and Omdurman, 75% at El-Tamayouz, 63% at Bahri, and none at Al-Nau. The healthcare facilities displayed significant shortcomings in preparedness and response to COVID-19, with variations across hospitals in infrastructure, human resources, and procedures. To better combat future outbreaks, systemic improvements and a focused approach on consistent staff training, standard triage algorithms, and adequate PPE availability are imperative.

Vitamin D Levels Among Rheumatoid Arthritis Sudanese Patients: Prevalence and Correlation to Disease Activity - A Bicentric Study.

To evaluate vitamin D levels among adult Sudanese RA patients and identify its correlation with RA disease activity. A bicentric cross-sectional analytical hospital-based study was performed in two Khartoum State Hospitals between October 2019 and January 2020, enrolling 90 Sudanese patients with RA. Serum vitamin D levels were measured with a standard reference level of 30ng/mL-100ng/mL. A detailed interview-based questionnaire was used to collect the patient's information, clinical data and lab results-disease activity was assessed via the DAS-28 score. The data was then analyzed using SPSS v-24. Vitamin D levels were low in 79 candidates (87.8%), 53 of which (67.1%) showed moderate insufficiency (10-30ng/mL), and 26 candidates (32.9%) had severe deficiency (less than 10 ng/mL). Regarding the disease activity, 57 participants (63.3%) had moderate disease activity (DAS-28=3.2-5.1), and 22 participants (24.4%) had high disease activity (DAS-28 >5.1). A significant negative correlation was reported between high DAS-28 scores and low vitamin D levels with p-value = <0.001 (95% CI: -0.8591 to 0.0015) and r = -0.44. Most adult Sudanese rheumatoid arthritis patients showed low vitamin D levels (87.8%), which was also significantly correlated with increased disease activity (P-value <0.05). Moreover, the prevalence of low vitamin D levels was significantly higher than in numerous countries worldwide.

Retraction Statement: Psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic: Perceived stress, anxiety, work-family imbalance, and coping strategies among healthcare professionals in Khartoum state hospitals, Sudan, 2021.

Retraction Statement: Psychological effects of the COVID-19 pandemic: Perceived stress, anxiety, work-family imbalance, and coping strategies among healthcare professionals in Khartoum state hospitals, Sudan, 2021.

Detection of Extended Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBLs) among Urinary Tract Patients in Khartoum State, Sudan

Background: Many different organisms can cause urinary tract infections, but Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Proteus mirabilis, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus saprophyticus are the most prevalent ones. 60% of all antibiotics used to treat infectious diseases around the world are beta-lactam antibiotics, one of the main classes used to fight gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Objective: The purpose of this study is to detect and isolate Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamases (ESBLs), which are responsible for urinary tract infections, as well as check for any potential medication resistance. Materials and Methods: The gram stain technique and biochemical assays were used to identify 100 urine samples from Khartoum state hospitals based on their cultural characteristics and morphological appearance. Using the disk diffusion method, the isolates were tested for antimicrobial susceptibility to third-generation cephalosporins (Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, and Ceftriaxone). The Combination Disk Technique (clavulanic acid+third-generation cephalosporins) was used to inoculate the bacterial isolates to demonstrate their capacity to create ESBL. In comparison to non-ESBL producers, the ESBL producers were assessed. Results: E. coli, Klebsiella, S. aureus, Proteus, and Pseudomonas were among the microorganisms isolated from UTI patients. 61% of the participants in this study were female, whereas 39% were male. E. coli has an increased frequency among isolated bacteria, as it presented in 46% of urine cultures, followed by pseudomonas and Klebsiella, each with a 22% frequency. Growth of the majority of the bacteria was found among females more frequently than males, and it also seems to be among older age patients than younger. Amoxyl alone and in combination with Clavulanic Acid (AAMC) was the most medicine that bacteria were resistant to (76%), but Ceftriaxone (CTR) has higher sensitivity (45%) and resistance (50%). The growth of the bacteria in the media of antibiotics was sorted into sensitive, intermediate, and resistant. Conclusions: Tested antibiotic resistance was higher for AAMC than for CTR, which is typically taken without performing urine sample culture and sensitivity testing, which over time leads to increased resistance.

Molecular aspects of the common types of β-thalassemia mutations among Sudanese patients: a cross sectional study.

The study sought to identify the most common types of mutations in beta-thalassemia Sudanese patients in Khartoum State, as well as their relationship to anemia severity. From July 2017 to July 2021, a cross-sectional study was conducted on 100 samples from known beta-thalassemia patients attending public health hospitals in Khartoum State, and fifty samples were taken from apparently healthy controls. Using a PCR test, blood samples were analyzed to detect the most common types of mutations. For the five mutations included in the study (IVS-I-110(G-A), IVS-I-1(G-A), IVS-I-6(T-C), IVS-I-5(G-C), and β_87(C-G)), 25% of the patients were positive and 75% were negative, while the entire control group was negative for all five mutations. Positive results were found in only three of the five mutations tested; the most common was IVS-I-110, which was found in 14 (56%) of the subjects, followed by IVS-I-6 (T) in 7 (28%), and IVS-I-1 in only 4 (16%) of the subjects. IVS-I-5 and β_87 mutations were not found in the study subjects. The Hb electrophoresis pattern revealed an increase in HbA2 (6.455±0.1318%), a decrease in HbF (1.865±0.1668%), and a decrease in HbA (78.50±0.2858%). The mean serum iron level was 82.99±3.063 ug/dL, which was considered normal. According to the findings, the IVS-1-110 mutation is the most common among Sudanese beta-thalassemia patients. Each type of positive mutation caused mild to moderate anemia.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Among Hypertensive Sudanese Patients Attending Selected Hospital in Khartoum State, Sudan Between February - April 2022

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Obstructive Sleep Apnea Among Hypertensive Sudanese Patients Attending Selected Hospital in Khartoum State, Sudan Between February - April 2022

The Effect of Early Mobilization on Back Pain among Post Diagnostic Coronary Angiography Patients at Ahmed Gasim Cardiac and Renal Transplantation Hospital, Sudan

Coronary catheterization is a minimally invasive procedure to access the coronary circulation and blood-filled chambers of the heart using a catheter to recognize occlusion, stenosis, and thrombosis. This procedure is commonly performed through the femoral artery, which may induce possible complications such as bleeding or hematoma. Restricting patient movement was adopted to avoid these complications. The patient has to lie in bed in a supine position for at least 6 hours after angiography. This is an experimental case-control study, conducted to evaluate the effect of early mobilization on back pain. A sample of 300 adult patients was selected by a random sample technique. They were randomly allocated to 100 patients in the experimental group and 200 patients in the control group. The study was conducted from March 2017 to March 2019 at Ahmed Gasim Cardiac Surgery and Renal Transplantation Hospital in Khartoum State, Sudan. The experimental group was mobilized early after 4 hours and the control group had routine bed rest for 6 hours post-sheath removal. Both groups received the usual care. A structured questionnaire and checklist were used to collect data. Data were analyzed by using Statistical Packages for Social Sciences (SPSS).The results revealed that the two groups feel pain varying between no pain and mild (85%) in the cases and in the controls (89.0%) from one hour up to four hours but significant back pain increased clearly at five hours and six hours for the controls group (5th hours severe (6%) very severe (0.5%). P. value 0.000 significant and 6th hours severe (27.5%) very severe (6%). This study concluded that back pain reduction was statistically significant among the experimental group compared to the control group.

Compare Between Endoscopic Variceal Band Ligation and Injection Sclerotherapy Treatment Among Acute Variceal Bleeding Patients MSI Bleeding Center, Khartoum State, Sudan, 2018

This study was carried out in MSI bleeding center, Ibn Sina teaching hospital in Khartoum State, Sudan, with in the period from June to October 2018. The Objectives: Of this study to compare between endoscopic variceal band ligation and injection sclerotherapy treatment among acute variceal bleeding patients. The study also aimed to assess the outcome of the treatment in term of the occurrence of post treatment re-bleeding within the first and sixth weeks after the treatment, and to assess if the type of the treatment used is associated with a difference in the outcome (occurrence of re-bleeding). The study covered all patients diagnosed with acute variceal bleeding attend the study area with in the study time period. 100 cases have been selected. A questionnaire used to collect data, which was computed and statistically analyzed by using SPSS version 25.0. The result of study found that participants were 83% male and 17 females, age of 40 – 60 years old (51%) followed by age group 20 to 40 years (25%) and 24% for the age group of more than 60 years old. 44% of the study group were from Aljazeera state, followed by Khartoum state which was 32% of the study group, and 23% from other states. 32% of participants were diagnosed by liver cirrhosis, while 67% of the study group diagnosed by schistosomiasis. 51% had EVL, and 49% had EIS. 4% of patients who had EVL, experienced rebleeding within six weeks, while 8% of the of patients who had EIS experienced rebleeding (4% within one week and 4% within six weeks). Mortality was not associated with type of treatment of acute variceal bleeding.The study Conclude that the recurrent bleeding was more associated with EIS than EVL, treatment by EVL is more effective than EIS in the matter of timing of rebleeding.

Correlation between mAs and ESAK (mGy) for male and female chest x-ray in Digital radiography

The data were collected from 350 patients, who underwent routine x-ray examinations for chest PA examination with digital imaging in the x-ray department of Alshab Teaching Hospital in Khartoum state in Sudan. During the period from November 2019 to February 2020. The data for optimization phase were collected from phantom from computed radiography, which include chest PA, chest AP in Karary University during the period from January 2020 to February 2020. It was passed successfully the extensive quality control tests performed by Sudan atomic energy commission. The objective was to correlate between mAs and ESAK (mGy) for male and female chest x-ray. The study concluded that there was a strong relationship between mAs and ESAK, also significant correlation between Age groups and incidence risk cancer and mortality.

Intravenous Infiltration and Extravasation: Performance of Nurses at Pediatric Hospitals in Khartoum State in 2019

Aim: Prevention is the best method for decreasing morbidity from peripheral intravenous infiltration and extravasation. The study aimed to study nurses’ performance regarding intravenous infiltration and extravasation.Method: This descriptive cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted at four pediatric hospitals in Khartoum state. In total, 165 nurses were included using a simple random sampling of different working experiences. Data were collected using an observational checklist and analyzed using the statistical packages for the social sciences (SPSS) version 20.Results: Most of the nurses(72.8%) did not flush 0.9% saline to assess cannula function; all nurses in the present study covered the insertion site with non-transparent plaster, and more than half (57.6%) diluted vesicant medication with a lesser amount than required. There was a statistically significant association between qualifications and practice scores (P=0.001).Conclusion: This study showed that nurses had a poor level of practice regarding intravenous infiltration and extravasation.Recommendation: We recommend education, guidelines, and standards for infusion therapy. Additionally, a supervisory system should be created to ensure best practices.