Hospital Sanitation Research Articles

Hospital Wastes as Potential Sources for Multi-Drug-Resistant ESBL-Producing Bacteria at a Tertiary Hospital in Ethiopia.

The hospital environment is increasingly becoming an important reservoir for multi-drug-resistant (MDR) Gram-negative bacteria, posing serious challenges to efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance (AMR). This study aimed to investigate the role of hospital waste as a potential source of MDR ESBL-producing bacteria. Samples were collected from multiple sources within a hospital and its vicinity, including surface swabs, houseflies, and sewage samples. The samples were subsequently processed in a microbiology laboratory to identify potential pathogenic bacteria and confirmed using MALDI-TOF MS. Bacteria were isolated from 87% of samples, with the predominant isolates being E. coli (30.5%), Klebsiella spp. (12.4%), Providencia spp. (12.4%), and Proteus spp. (11.9%). According to the double disc synergy test (DDST) analysis, nearly half (49.2%) of the bacteria were identified as ESBL producers. However, despite exhibiting complete resistance to beta-lactam antibiotics, 11.8% of them did not test positive for ESBL production. The characterization of E. coli revealed that 30.6% and 5.6% of them carried blaCTX-M group 1 type-15 and blaNDM genes, respectively. This finding emphasizes the importance of proper hospital sanitation and waste management practices to mitigate the spread of AMR within the healthcare setting and safeguard the health of both patients and the wider community.

Smart Public Toilet Management and Monitoring System using IOT

This paper addresses the pervasive issue of inadequate public sanitation in various regions of India and slums, marked by rampant urination and poorly maintained public toilets. Despite significant governmental expenditure and efforts to maintain cleanliness, the absence of a centralized monitoring mechanism renders these endeavors ineffective. To overcome this challenge, the paper proposes an Internet of Things (IOT)-based toilet monitoring system utilizing a web server and a mobile cleaner application. The system aims to simplify monitoring processes for toilet cleaners and administrators by tracking multiple cleaning metrics and providing real-time alerts based on user input. The motivation behind this project stems from the alarming state of hygiene in government schools, where students or teachers often bear the responsibility of cleaning due to labor shortages and insufficient funds. The relevance of the proposed system lies in its potential to revolutionize the maintenance of school and public toilets, addressing the unhygienic conditions prevalent in India. The novelty of the system includes features like automatic water flush, UV sanitization, timely floor cleaning, automatic sanitary pad vending, water monitoring, smell detection, and automatic ventilation, all facilitated through IOT technology. By presenting a cost-effective and efficient solution, this research contributes to the improvement of public sanitation in various settings, including homes, schools, colleges, hospitals, businesses, and industries, thereby promoting urban sanitation in the contemporary environment

APLIKASI PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH RADIOAKTIF BERBASIS ANDROID DI KEDOKTERAN NUKLIR RSUP DR. KARIADI

The utilization of ionizing radiation sources for diagnostics and therapy, such as radioactive substances, including radionuclides and radiopharmaceuticals, generates radioactive waste. This radioactive waste poses potential radiation hazards for workers, members of the public, and the environment. Therefore, it is crucial to manage it correctly by established regulations. Radioactive waste resulting from the utilization of Nuclear Medicine varies in terms of activity value and mass, necessitating different storage times and appropriate management. Considering these factors, this study aims to develop an Android-based application called 'Si Mbah KeCE Kariadi' (Kalkulasi Limbah Kedokteran-Nuklir Cepat dan Efektif di RSUP Dr. Kariadi) for the management of low and medium-level open radioactive waste in Nuclear Medicine. This application aims to estimate when radioactive waste can be released before being discharged to the hospital's sanitation department. The research method employed in this study involves applying the principles of radioactive waste management, specifically the decay of activity. The radioactive waste release calculator application is generated by utilizing the radioactive decay equation derived from measuring the initial radioactive waste radiation exposure rate using a survey meter radiation measuring instrument and referencing the clearance level value to estimate the release time of the radioactive waste. The evaluation of this application indicates that the radiation exposure value of the radioactive waste is equivalent to the background radiation level at its release, suggesting that it can be disposed of in the hospital sanitation department for further management as infectious waste from patients. Keywords: radioactive waste management, activity decay, application of android, nuclear medicine, clearance level.

A “safety cap” for improving hospital sanitation and reducing potential disease transmission

BackgroundDuring endotracheal intubation, extubation, tracheotomy, and tracheotomy tube replacement, the splashed airway secretions of patients will increase the risk of transmission of SARS-CoV‐2 and many other potential viral and bacterial diseases, such as influenza virus, adenovirus, respiratory syncytial virus, rhinovirus, Middle East respiratory coronavirus syndrome (MERS-CoV), Streptococcus pneumoniae, and Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Therefore, it is necessary to establish a barrier between patients and medical workers to reduce the risk of operators’ infection with potentially pathogenic microorganisms.MethodsWe designed a “safety cap” that can be connected to the opening of an endotracheal tube or tracheotomy tube to reduce the diffusion area of respiratory secretions during the process of endotracheal intubation, extubation and tracheotomy tube replace, so as to reduce the infection risk of medical workers.ResultsThrough a series of hydrodynamic simulation analysis and experiments, we demonstrated that the use of “safety cap” can substantially limit the spatter of airway secretions, so as to improve the hospital sanitation.ConclusionThe “safety cap” can effectively limit the dissemination of patients’ respiratory secretions, thus reducing the risk of potential diseases transmission and may have certain application prospects.

Methicillin Resistant Staphylococcus Aureus Isolates From Bed Surface Contacts And Bed Sheets Of Surgical Wards In A Secondary Healthcare Facility In Gombe, Nigeria

Background: Methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) has become one of the most important human pathogens associated with hospital infections globally. It is responsible for a considerable number of infections but has received inadequate attention in our local communities. Objective: To determine the occurrence of Methicillin Resistance Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates from bed contact surfaces and bed sheets in the male and female surgical wards of State Specialist Hospital Gombe, Nigeria. Results: A total of 100 samples were collected purposively for the study. Overall, 79/100 (79%) were positive for S. aureus, and out of these, 42/50(84%) were from the male surgical ward and 37/50 (74%) from the female surgical wards (χ2=1.5, p=0.22). The Male surgical ward bed contact surfaces had the highest S. aureus colonization (92%), and the least affected was the female surgical ward bed contact surfaces (72%), and the difference was not statistically significant (χ2=3.388, p= 0.07). Out of the 79 samples that yielded S. aureus, 56(56%) were positive for MSRA while the remaining 23(23%) were MSSA. Comparing the two wards, we found that the rate of MRSA in the FSW (60%) was higher than that of the MSW (56%), but the difference was not statistically significant (χ2=0.65, p=0.42). The antibiotic sensitivity of the S. aureus isolated from the bed sheet of the MSW was higher (78.3%) compared to those isolated from the bed sheets of the FSW (38.9%) with χ2=6.58 and p value=0.01. However, there was no significant difference in the antibiotic sensitivity to (cefoxitin and ampicillin) of S. aureus isolated from the bed surface contacts of the MSW and FSW. Conclusion: This study reports a high occurrence rate of both S. aureus and the MRSA variant among the two wards studied. Regular fumigation and disinfection may help control the transmission via contact surfaces. Staff training on hospital sanitation and occupational safety will serve as an additional effort to ensure patients and visitors safety.

Analisis Manajemen Risiko Pengelolaan Limbah Medis dalam Upaya Pencegahan dan Pengendalian Covid-19 di RS MMC Jakarta

Hospitals are medical services that produce medical waste. The increasing number of positive cases of Covid-19 has resulted in an increase in the amount of medical waste. An assessment of the risks caused by the hazards is required. This study aims to analyze the risk management of medical waste in efforts to prevent and control Covid-19 at the MMC Jakarta Hospital. Using qualitative methods. Located at the MMC Hospital Jakarta in May-June 2022. Primary data collection comes from observations of waste management. Secondary data obtained from graphic documents. Risk identification was carried out from several problems by conducting interviews with the hospital. After that, an analysis is carried out based on the identification of the problem. MMC Hospital medical waste is treated in accordance with the designated waste designation based on applicable regulations. There are adequate policies and SOPs, human resources, funds, facilities and infrastructure. Sorting has been carried out between domestic waste and medical waste, with the exception of the Covid-19 treatment room. But still found disaggregation that is not appropriate. The volume of waste generated by the MMC Hospital from 2020-2021 has increased by 21.79% resulting in a 5x increase in spending. The regulations in force have not been implemented properly. Hospitals should increase monitoring and evaluation efforts in all aspects of managing Covid-19 medical solid waste. Conclusion There is a risk of increasing the volume of waste and increasing expenditure of funds in waste management. Research suggestions are to comply with the policies that have been made, adjust the budget based on needs evaluation, carry out guidance and supervision as evaluation material, conduct education and training related to waste management, pay attention to each component so that it is in line with hospital sanitation goals.

Survey of nosocomial gastrointestinal protozoa infections among hospitalized patients of a tertiary and a secondary hospital in Awka, Anambra state, Nigeria

The hospital environment often become contaminated by infectious agents either through patients or hospital sources. This cross-sectional hospital-based study was conducted to survey the epidemiology of nosocomial gastrointestinal protozoa infections among hospitalized patients in a tertiary and a secondary hospital, Awka, Anambra state. Stool samples were collected from 210 admitted patients and analyzed using direct wet mount and formol ether concentration technique. Demographic and risk factor information were gathered using a structured questionnaire. Data was analyzed using Pearson chi-square test and Probability values ≤ 0.05 were considered significant. From the 210 patients examined, 31(14.8%) contracted nosocomial gastrointestinal protozoa infections. Nosocomial gastrointestinal protozoa infection was recorded in all two hospitals with the tertiary hospital (COOUTH) having the highest infection prevalence of 15.7% at an occurrence rate of 80.6%. Female gender, 10-19years of age, patients with longer admission duration had more prevalent rates of 16.2%, 28.6% and 89.5% respectively. Also, patients admitted in the paediatric ward, those with only primary education and those who don’t always wash their hands before introducing any substance into the mouth had higher prevalence of 20.0%, 25.0% and 20.7% respectively. Nosocomial gastrointestinal protozoa infection was strongly associated with duration of hospital stay and hand washing habits P˂0.05. Among the five protozoa parasites seen, Entamoeba histolytica was the most prevalent 18(58.1%). There is an urgent need for improved patients and health workers personal hygiene, hospital sanitation, and the use of safer medical practices to stop the spread of nosocomial infection.

Effects of Occupational Stress, Self-Efficacy and Mental Health During the Pandemic on Hospital Sanitation Workers in Malaysia.

COVID-19 rapidly spread across the world, constituting a public health disaster unlike any other experienced in decades. The impact exerted on workplaces and their employees was dramatic, and an immense burden fell on healthcare provision globally. Along with "front-line" healthcare staff, sanitation workers at hospitals also had to cope with additional workloads, making them vulnerable to psychological trauma and affecting their quality of life at establishments. This study investigated how the factors of occupational stress, self-efficacy (belief in the capacity to carry out a task well) and mental health altered the WRQoL (Work-Related Quality of Life) of employees carrying out sanitation duties at hospitals in Malaysia. To this end, a survey translated into the Malay language was conducted among 449 such workers during a so-called "recovery movement control order", i.e. quarantine and control measures pertaining to an outbreak of Coronavirus disease. Research involved co-variance-based structural equation modeling, performed in IBM-AMOS-26 software, in order to discern the causal relationship of the aforementioned factors on WRQoL. Results revealed a high level of occupational stress, diminished self-efficacy and poor mental health among the employees surveyed. Such stress directly impacted the WRQoL of the second factor alongside an indirect effect on that of the third, i.e. anxiety stemming from potentially catching the virus and the experience of having to disinfect facilities for treating patients, undertake cleaning duties, and move corpses.

SISTEM PENGELOLAAN SAMPAH DI RUMAH SAKIT UMUM DAERAH TGK. CHIK DITIRO SIGLI KABUPATEN PIDIE

Hospital sanitation efforts are one of the supporting efforts in providing health services. Meanwhile, one of the hospital sanitation efforts is hospital waste management efforts (Permenkes No. 1204/Menkes/SK/X/2004). This research is descriptive with a cross-sectional design, where the author wants to know the description of the waste management system at the Tgk Regional General Hospital. Chik Ditiro Sigli, Pidie Regency in 2020. Sorting medical and non-medical waste at the Tgk Regional General Hospital. Chik Ditiro Sigli, Pidie Regency, Each room is separated and has a lid that is intact and easy to open, but the trash cans also have a plastic bag color according to the specified symbol and the garbage collection is made of materials that are not easy to rust, strong and water-resistant so that they are easy to clean and emptied, the shelter is resistant to sharp and pointed objects so that transportation is also available for transporting carts/garbage trolleys with a flat bottom surface and watertight so that the waste does not stick to the means of transportation and does not become a nest of insects, but the transportation of waste is transported to the TPS 2 times a day and to the TPA every day and garbage storage has a complete and open lid, the garbage storage place is also far from the Tgk Chik Ditiro Sigli General Hospital space agency, Pidie Regency and medical waste collection is carried out 24 hours a day and storage is according to the tropical climate, maximum during the rainy season. 48 hours of rain and a maximum of 24 dry season hours but the Tgk Chik Ditiro Sigli General Hospital, Pidie Regency does not have a waste disposal site, waste destruction is carried out or cooperates with a 3rd party PT. Cahaya Tanjung Tiram and final waste disposal, non-medical waste in collaboration with the Sanitation Department and do not destroy medical waste every day so that from the overall results of direct observations in the field. Based on the results of research on the Waste Management System at the Tgk Regional General Hospital. Chik Di Tiro Sigli, Pidie Regency in 2020 consisting of 59 samples or the entire room, the results that meet the requirements are 57 sample units or 96.61% while those who do not meet the requirements are 2 sample units or equal to 3.39%. Keywords: Waste Management, Hospital

Implementation of Work Environment Hygiene and Sanitation Standard in Public Health Facilities Sumbawa

Background: The implementation of sanitation standards and cleanliness of the work environment in health care facilities is an absolute must. Hospital Sanitation is an effort by the health care system in hospitals to create clean, comfortable, healthy hospital conditions, prevent cross-infection, and not discuss the environment.
 Objectives: This study aimed to determine the application of hygiene and sanitation standards to the work environment in health care facilities.
 Research Metodes: This study uses quantitative methods using a descriptive design. This research was conducted at the Sumbawa Hospital, and the data collection technique used an observation system and a checklist sheet whose results were calculated using a scoring system. The time of study was carried out in November 2021. 
 Results: The results/findings of the study showed that the achievement of implementing environmental sanitation was 90.4%, the achievement of environmental health was 91.6%, and the achievement of environmental sanitation was 92.3%.
 Conclusion: In conclusion, the study results indicate that the implementation of sanitation and hygiene in the work environment at the Sumbawa Hospital has met the requirements. It's just that there is still a need for improvement in aspects of environmental health implementation, especially in parts of air sanitation and waste management..

Implementation of Environmental Sanitation and Disinfection in Hospitals to Reduce the Spread of Covid19: A Literature Review

Introduction: SARS-CoV-2 is a new variant of virus that attacks the human respiratory tract which was declared by WHO as a Covid19 pandemic. Covid19 transmission through solid surfaces, air, and waste occurring in hospital areas require disinfection and sanitation monitoring to ensure that new clusters are not created and outpatients are not infected with the SARS-CoV-2 virus in hospitals. Discussion: Using literature review method, 11 relevant articles that meet the inclusion criteria were selected. In the results of the study, there was a collection of samples in the solid surfaces, air and waste in both medical and non-medical areas containing SARS-CoV-2 RNA. The common objects where SARS-CoV-2 was discovered include doorknobs, toilet bowls, toilet flush buttons, and medical devices. In non-medical areas, the objects include computer keyboards, mice, and monitors. Chlorine-based disinfection for surfaces, monitoring in environmental sanitation by changing pillow and bedsheets and cleaning tables regularly were subsequently implemented. Conclusion: The implementation of environmental sanitation and disinfection is effective in eliminating the SARS-CoV-2 virus in hospitals. Studies indicated that disinfection is 95% to 99.99% effective in eliminating the SARS-CoV-2 virus. In addition, the SARS-CoV-2 virus was not discovered in isolation rooms but was located in other public hospital areas.

Analysis of the current situation with water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) in rural hospitals

BackgroundDuring the COVID-19 pandemic, the implementation of Sustainable Development Goals (SDG) 6 and SDG 3 in rural areas of Kazakhstan is a huge problem that the state must address as soon as possible. Therefore, it is necessary to examine the state of the infrastructure and the quality of water, sanitation and hygiene (WASH) services in rural hospitals.MethodsThe study was descriptive and included an analysis and assessment of the current situation on the ground. The analysis of the situation was based on the official data. The current services were assessed using an observational cross-sectional study based at the hospital of Abay district (49°37′52″ N 72°50′17″ E, 6725 km2) of Central Kazakhstan.ResultsThe hospital in Abay district do not have a set of agreed WASH standards. When such standards exist, their implementation is limited by the lack of necessary conditions, sufficient funding or the interest of authorities. The budget of public health service is usually categorized by a disease group and covers expenditures for drugs and vaccines. The quality of WASH infrastructure in the hospital is poor due to deterioration or initial non-compliance with safety requirements. Investing in WASH infrastructure and its maintaining require effective intersectoral collaboration and financial resources. Another problem is the lack of motivation for improving WASH services among staff and managers of the hospital. If the former have no desire and knowledge in WASH due to their high workload, the latter often consider this problem insoluble and therefore do not want to spend their limited resources on it.ConclusionsThus, rural residents are at high risk of contracting and spreading COVID-19 due to deterioration of WASH infrastructure, non-compliance with requirements and insufficient funding of rural hospitals.AcknowledgementThis research is funded by the Science Committee of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Grant No. AP09058465).Key messages The lack of data on WASH services in hospitals by region and on a nationwide scale is currently an obstacle to an effective response to the COVID-19 pandemic in Kazakhstan.Fatal outbreaks and epidemics will continue until the WASH infrastructure and hygiene skills of the population improve at both the household and hospital’s levels.

An emerging innovative UV disinfection technology: virucide activity on SARS-CoV-2

Abstract Background Surface sanitation is one of the key points to reduce the risk of transmission both in healthcare and other public spaces. UV-C is already used in hospital and laboratory's disinfection procedure furthermore some recent studies show effectiveness on SARS-CoV-2. UV-C may be generated by Lamps and Light Emitting Diode, but novel sources are emerging. The aim of the study was to test a device having UV chips for inactivating SARS-CoV2. Methods The descriptive study was conducted in the period between June and July 2019, in laboratories of the University of Siena and of the scientific park of Toscana life sciences. The device, shaped in a rectangular box, contained six UV chips (10 mW each, with a peak at 264nm nm ranging from 260 to 350 nm) placed in the bottom. Central and short side long positions were tested expecting different dose levels. Each experiment was conducted in triplicate, with and without the device lid, at 3, 6 and 10 minutes. All repetitions were tested for SARS-CoV-2 having a virus suspension of 10^7.2. Results The zones with the higher value of irradiance (max 187.9 µW/cm2) were near the corners of the box, while the lowest (min 61.9 µW/cm2) near one of the long sides. The light distribution was almost symmetrical. The tests revealed a viral charge reduction from an initial concentration of virus suspension of 10^7.2 TCID50/mL, of more than 99.9% after 3 minutes of UV exposure; at 6 minutes, the minimum Log10 attenuation value was over 5 Log10(99,999%); the maximum detectable attenuation value of Log10 = 5.7 was measured at 10 minutes. Conclusions This device is the first one which introduces this novel UV chip source, similarly it is the first time it was tested against the SARS-CoV-2. Objects that need to be disinfected may benefit of such devices according a proper exposition time for homogeneous disinfections of the surfaces. Key messages Implementation of cleaning and disinfection devices has been shown to reduce Sars-cov-2 infection incidence. In the hospital sanitation field, but also in public places and homes, using viable alternatives as UV-C can contribute to the reduction of pandemic spread.

Awareness of nursing assistants regarding COVID-19 epidemiology and preventions: a hospital based cross-sectional study

Background: COVID-19 is a disease caused by a beta coronavirus belonging to the larger family coronaviruses. It is very important that health care workers have adequate knowledge regarding COVID-19 and epidemiological characteristics for disease prevention. This study was meant to assess awareness of nursing assistants working in a tertiary care institution in Kerala regarding COVID-19 infection, modes of transmission, symptoms, isolation, and preventive measures instituted for self-protection and hospital sanitation. The objectives of this study was to assess the awareness including the knowledge attitude and practices of hospital staff about basic infection control practices and epidemiological characteristics.Methods: The study was conducted in medical college, Thiruvananthapuram. Study objective was to study awareness of nursing assistants working in the hospital about COVID-19 preventive measures and epidemiology. Participants selected by simple random sampling with sample size 100. Data was collected using semi structured questionnaire was entered into MS Excel and analysis done using appropriate statistical software. Total score calculated for each of the questions for each participant by summing up the responses for each choice in the question, individual domain and grand total scores calculated. Finally a grand total was calculated for each participant.Results: Out of total participants 77 (68.8%) scored between 35-49 (good), 36 (31.2%) (average) between 18 and 34, and 0 below 18 (poor).Conclusions: The results obtained indicate the nursing assistants had good knowledge about COVID-19 epidemiology which will prevent hospital infections of COVID-19.

Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs: what about hospital sanitation personnel?

Occupational exposure to antineoplastic drugs (ANPs) occurs mainly through dermal contact. Our study was set up to assess the potential exposure of hospital sanitation (HS) personnel, for whom almost no data are available, through contamination of surfaces they regularly touch. In the oncology departments of two hospitals around Montreal, surface wipe samples of 120-2000cm2 were taken at 10 sites cleaned by the HS personnel and five other sites frequently touched by nursing and pharmacy personnel. A few hand wipe samples were collected to explore skin contamination. Wipes were analyzed by ultra-performance liquid chromatography tandem-mass spectrometry for 10 ANPs. Overall, 60.9% of 212 surface samples presented at least one ANP above the limits of detection (LOD). Cyclophosphamide and gemcitabine were most often detected (52% and 31% of samples respectively), followed by 5-fluorouracil and irinotecan (15% each). Highest concentrations of five ANPs were found in outpatient clinics on toilet floors (5-fluorouracil, 49ng/cm2; irinotecan, 3.6ng/cm2), a perfusion pump (cyclophosphamide, 19.6ng/cm2) and on a cytotoxic waste bin cover (gemcitabine, 4.97ng/cm2). Floors in patient rooms had highest levels of cytarabine (0.12ng/cm2) and methotrexate (6.38ng/cm2). Hand wipes were positive for two of 12 samples taken on HS personnel, seven of 18 samples on nurses, and two of 14 samples on pharmacy personnel. A notable proportion of surfaces showed measurable levels of ANPs, with highest concentrations found on surfaces cleaned by HS personnel, who would benefit from appropriate preventive training. As potential sources of worker exposure, several hospital surfaces need to be regularly monitored to evaluate environmental contamination and efficacy of cleaning.

Biomedical waste management – A review

Various national and international agencies have shown their concern toward proper handling, treatment and disposal of biomedical waste, asthey may cause serious infectious diseases such as hepatitis, tuberculosis, and HIV/AIDS. Most of the hospitals do not have effective disposalsystem leading to complex problem of hygiene and sanitation in hospitals. The use of disposable items has reduced the rate of infection but at the same time has increased the volume of the waste which needs to be disposed properly. Effective waste disposal can be achieved only by considering the various components of the waste management system and this should be made an integral part of hospital planning and designing.

Assessment of Services at Tertiary Care Hospital Located in Central India, using ‘Kayakalp Initiative Tool’

Background: Kayakalp is an innovative initiatory started by the Health and Family Welfare Ministry through Swachh Bharat Abhiyan campaign on 15th May 2015. These instructions concentrate on advancement of desirable schemes for housekeeping facilities, pest control procedure, water sanitation, appointment & tutoring of manpower, advancement and accomplishment of appropriate cleansing procedure in terms of protocols / Standard Operating Procedures (SOPs), powerful management and inspection by the employees and inherent Machinery in the treaties linked with an organizational framework which places a bonus on excellent cleaning services and sanitary facilities. This study aims to describe the experiences and knowledge based on assessment of Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha District using this tool.
 Objectives: To assess and document hospital upkeep, Sanitation, Hygiene Practices, Hygiene Promotion and to study Handling of Biomedical Waste, Infection Control and Hospital Support Services.
 Methodology: This cross sectional hospital based study that will be conducted at Acharya Vinoba Bhave Rural Hospital, Sawangi (Meghe), Wardha District.
 Apart from observation of various practices and Processes, the participants to be interviewed will be Nursing staff in-charge in different wards along with Biomedical engineers, Administrative officers and beneficiary patients. For Quantitative data collection, a kayakalp checklist will be used. Data will be collected through observation, staff interview, record keeping, and patient interview forms as per Kayakalp Initiative Tool.
 Results: This study would help to understand current hospital sanitation procedures, hospital hygiene, infection prevention, general maintenance, waste management, and support services, etc. and will help to improve services based on findings of the study so as to improve satisfaction of population catered by hospital and provide an ideal working environment for all stakeholders.
 Conclusion: This work will assist in improving hospital/facility management and will aid in improvement of sanitation and hygiene practices, it will also improve overall satisfaction of all stakeholders after due implementation of changes suggested at the end of study.

Studi Sanitasi RSU “ Dr. Koesnadi ” Kabupaten Bondowoso

The quality of the Hospital Environment (RS) that is good in terms of physical, biological, chemical, and social will make it a place of health services that can guarantee the maintenance and improvement of the health status of the community. Hospitals are places where there is close contact between humans (visitors, patients, and the community) with the surrounding environment, then the hospital must comply with the sanitation quality standards that have been regulated in the applicable law. Hospital health worthiness is carried out to prevent things that can cause problems in decreasing the quality of sanitation and the quality condition of hospital sanitation facilities, such as waste, clean water media, drinking water, food, air media, infrastructure and building quality as well as vectors/animals carrying disease. resulting in the transmission of disease in the hospital itself. The purpose of the study was to find out the description of the hospital's health-worthy quality which was determined through the achievement of standard environmental quality standards and fulfilled other health requirements at the "Dr. Koesnadi” Hospital Bondowoso. This type of research is classified as descriptive evaluative, namely wanting to obtain an explanation of the sanitary conditions in the hospital. The research subject is “dr. Koesnadi” Hospital Bondowoso and his environment in accordance with the reference to the use of the Hospital Environmental Health Inspection Form (IKL) in accordance with the Minister of Health Regulation No. 007/Menkes/Per/II/2019. The results of the research, in general the results of environmental supervision and inspection are very good (total score of 8,840) but still need improvement on variables, especially air health media on aspects of lighting quality standards and certain spaces, ready food health in the certificate process. Healthy Catering Services Category B and measuring vector density numbers, especially those that are still being carried out so that it will affect vector control activities. Keywords: Hospital, environmental quality, hospital category

Bacteriophages as a Potential 360-Degree Pathogen Control Strategy.

Bacteriophages are viruses that exclusively kill bacteria and are the most ubiquitous organisms on the planet. Since their discovery, bacteriophages have been considered an important weapon to fight human and animal infections of bacterial origin due to their specific ability to attack the associated target bacteria. With the discovery of antibiotics, phage treatment was progressively abandoned in Western countries. However, due to the recent emergence of growing antimicrobial resistance (AMR) to antibiotics, interest in phage use in human therapy has once again grown. Similarly, at the environmental level, the extensive use of disinfectants based on chemicals, including biocides in agriculture, has been associated with the emergence of resistance against disinfectants themselves, besides having a high environmental impact. Due to these issues, the applications of phages with biocontrol purposes have become an interesting option in several fields, including farms, food industry, agriculture, aquaculture and wastewater plants. Notably, phage action is maintained even when the target bacteria are multidrug resistant (MDR), rendering this option extremely interesting in counteracting AMR emergence both for therapeutical and decontamination purposes. Based on this, bacteriophages have been interestingly proposed as environmental routine sanitizers in hospitals, to counteract the spread of the pathogenic MDR bacteria that persistently contaminate hard surfaces. This review summarizes the studies aimed at evaluating the potential use of phages as decontaminants, with a special focus on hospital sanitation.

Knowledge, attitude and self-reported practice of healthcare workers on infection control in a health facility in Akure, Nigeria

Background: Infection control is pivotal in reducing healthcare-associated infections (HAIs), one of the leading causes of morbidity with growing prevalence in sub-Saharan Africa. Objectives: We investigated the knowledge, attitude and self-reported hygiene practices towards hospital infection control among healthcare workers (HCWs) at the State Specialist Hospital, Akure, Nigeria. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study involving self-administered, structured questionnaires administered to 137 randomly selected HCWs (19 doctors, 66 nurses and 52 health assistants) was conducted in 2015. Descriptive and inferential statistics were used for data analysis at 5% level of significance. Results: Mean age of HCWs was 39.81 ± 8.69 years. Majority (84.7%) was trained on hand hygiene and was knowledgeable about HAIs (86.9%), modes of transmission (57.7%) and effectiveness of hand hygiene (94.9%). However, about half (48.9%) of the HCWs reported did not adhere to hand hygiene often, because of the distance between a water source and the wards. This study also showed that there are relationships between categories of respondents and their knowledge of routes of HAI transmission (P < 0.01) and practice of hand hygiene after contacts with hospital surfaces (P < 0.01). Conclusions: Hospital and hand hygiene can be improved by ensuring water supply located close to the wards. There is need for the provision of clear guidance on procedures for hospital hygiene and sanitation.