Horn Shapes Research Articles

Genetic Variation and Genomic Constitution in The Spatulata Orchid Hybrids (Dendrobium spp.) Derived from Interspecific Hybridization Using SRAP marker

Dendrobium is the second largest genus in the Orchidaceae family. Dendrobium section Spatulata is widely cultivated in Indonesia due to its ease of cultivation, high economic value and adaptability, and extended flower shelf life. In this study, we have conducted a breeding program for developing new cultivar of Dendrobium section Spatulata through interspecific hybridization. This study is aimed to investigate the genetic variation and genomic constitution of the eight hybrids and their corresponding parental lines resulted from interspecific hybridization using SRAP markers. Dendrobium section Spatulata hybrids produced by interspecific hybridization are genuine hybrids with substantial genetic variability based on flower morphology, including labellum shapes and color intensities, as well as curly horn shapes and color intensities. The SRAP marker, which was utilized to genotype the hybrid and parental lines, exhibited a significant degree of polymorphism, and may be used to distinguish each accession. The UPGMA dendrogram and PCoA biplot showed that all the hybrids were grouped with their corresponding parental lines based on their genetic background and genomic constitution. These findings are critical for genetic improvement of the Spatulata orchid to develop novel varieties.

KARAKTERISTIK MORFOMETRIK KAMBING BOERKA PADA BERBAGAI TINGKATAN UMUR DI UPT. AGRI SCIENCE TECHNOPARK UNISLA

This study aims to identify the morphometric characteristics of male Boerka goats and female Boerka goats at different age levels as a basic step of selection in breeding and improving the genetic quality of goats. A total of 25 samples of Boerka goats, namely 10 male Boerka goats and 15 female Boerka goats were used to identify qualitative and qualitative traits at the age levels of 0-6 months, >6-12 months, and >12 months. The morphometric parameters observed consisted of qualitative characteristics, namely the diversity of coat colors, the diversity of horn shapes, the diversity of the color of the legs and the diversity of the front lines. While quantitative traits consist of body weight, height, body length, and chest circumference. The results of qualitative research found that Boerka goats had a dominant diversity of brown white fur color, short and small horns, black and white leg color, and a convex head shape. The average values ​​of body weight, height, body length, and chest circumference of male Boerka goats and female Boerka goats at various age levels were not significantly different except for chest circumference with age group > 12 months

How the geometry and mechanics of bighorn sheep horns mitigate the effects of impact and reduce the head injury criterion

Male bighorn sheep (Ovis canadensis) participate in seasonal ramming bouts that can last for hours, yet they do not appear to suffer significant brain injury. Previous work has shown that the keratin-rich horn and boney horncore may play an important role in mitigating brain injury by reducing brain cavity accelerations through energy dissipating elastic mechanisms. However, the extent to which specific horn shapes (such as the tapered spiral of bighorn sheep) may reduce accelerations post-impact remains unclear. Thus, the goals of this work were to (a) quantify bighorn sheep horn shape, particularly the cross-sectional areal properties related to bending that largely dictate post-impact deformations, and (b) investigate the effects of different tapered horn shapes on reducing post-impact accelerations in an impact model with finite element analysis. Cross-sectional areal properties indicate bighorn sheep horns have a medial–lateral bending preference at the horn tip (p = 0.006), which is likely to dissipate energy through medial–lateral horn tip oscillations after impact. Finite element modeling showed bighorn sheep native horn geometry reduced the head injury criterion (HIC15) by 48% compared to horns with cross-sections rotated by 90° to have a cranial–caudal bending preference, and by 125% compared to a circular tapered spiral model. These results suggest that the tapered spiral horn shape of bighorn sheep is advantageous for dissipating energy through elastic mechanisms following an impact. These findings can be used to broadly inform the design of improved safety equipment and impact systems.

High-Gain Lens-Horn Antennas for Energy-Efficient 5G Millimeter-Wave Communication Infrastructure

Lower efficiencies of power amplifiers and increased path losses at higher frequencies are two reasons why utilizing millimeter-wave frequencies for future wireless communications is challenging. In this article, a high-gain multilens-horn antenna system is presented. The antenna system provides highly effective isotropic radiated power by using only a few high-gain antenna elements, where each element only needs a low transmit power of 26 dBm to reach users at far distances. Moreover, due to channel reciprocity, both down- and uplink benefit from an increased antenna gain. It is shown that a reasonable number of high-gain antennas can provide coverage in a 60° sector with an inter-site distance of 300 m. Based on radio-planning simulations, three horn shapes are identified to provide sufficient coverage. The final optimized dual-polarized multilens-horn design is fabricated and experimentally verified. With a low transmit power at the base station (BS) of 26 dBm, a signal strength of at least −65 dBm is achieved in 98.9% of the sector at 28 GHz under non-line-of-sight conditions for the vertical polarization. For the horizontal polarization, an area of 96.2% is covered.

Identifikasi Sifat-Sifat Kualitatif Warna Bulu, Bentuk Tanduk, dan Bentuk Ekor pada Domba Priangan Betina di SP3TDK Tambak Mekar Kabupaten Subang

Qualitative trait is one of indicators of selection that can be used as a phenotypic character of a breed. There are many traits that are usually observed to include hair color, horn shape, and tail shape. The research about “Identification of Qualitative Traits of Hair Color, Horn Shape, and Tail Shape of Priangan Ewes in SP3TDK Tambak Mekar Subang Regency” was conducted to determine the qualitive traits of Priangan Ewes in SP3TDK Tambak Mekar Subang Regency. The research conducted for ten days from January 6 st 2020 to January 17 st 2020. The method used in this research was survey and data collections were conducted by census method to look at the parameters of hair color, horn shape, and tail shape of Priangan Ewe in SP3TDK Tambak Mekar Subang Regency. The results showed that Priangan Ewes in SP3TDK Tambak Mekar Subang Regency were dominated by white hair color (81,82%), combination hair color (13,64%), black hair color (4,54%), and brown Priangan Ewe was not found (0%). The horn shapes of Priangan Ewe in SP3TDK Tambak Mekar Subang Regency were dominated by unhorn (68,18%), muser (27,27%), and small horn (4,54%). The tail shapes of Priangan Ewe in SP3TDK Tambak Mekar Subang Regency were dominated by tail shape ngabuntut beurit (86,36%) and ngabuntut bagong (13,64%). In conclusion, SP3TDK Tambak Mekar Subang Regency has Priangan Ewes with the majority qualitative traits of white hair color, unhorn, and ngabuntut beurit .

Analysis of a hybrid ultrasonic horn profile using finite element analysis

Abstract Ultrasonic machining is among the non-conventional machining technique which is used to machine very hard and brittle material with help of abrasives. The ultrasonic horn is the most important part of USM which amplifies the vibration available at the transducer end to attain a required amplification factor. In the present research paper, an attempt has been made to develop a new variant of ultrasonic horn which could result in maximum magnification factor with minimum induced stresses. A comparative analysis has been made among eight different horn shapes using Modal & Harmonic Analysis in commercially available finite element package i.e. ANSYS and a new design profile i.e. a hybrid horn has been presented to attain maximum amplification factor with a reduction in the equivalent stresses.

Notch signaling patterns head horn shape in the bull-headed dung beetle Onthophagus taurus.

Size and shape constitute fundamental aspects in the description of morphology. Yet while the developmental-genetic underpinnings of trait size, in particular with regard to scaling relationships, are increasingly well understood, those of shape remain largely elusive. Here we investigate the potential function of the Notch signaling pathway in instructing the shape of beetle horns, a highly diversified and evolutionarily novel morphological structure. We focused on the bull-headed dung beetle Onthophagus taurus due to the wide range of horn sizes and shapes present among males in this species, in order to assess the potential function of Notch signaling in the specification of horn shape alongside the regulation of shape changes with allometry. Using RNA interference-mediated transcript depletion of Notch and its ligands, we document a highly conserved role of Notch signaling in general appendage formation. By integrating our functional genetic approach with a geometric morphometric analysis, we find that Notch signaling moderately but consistently affects horn shape, and does so differently for the horns of minor, intermediate-sized, and major males. Our results suggest that the function of Notch signaling during head horn formation may vary in a complex manner across male morphs, and highlights the power of integrating functional genetic and geometric morphometric approaches in analyzing subtle but nevertheless biologically important phenotypes in the face of significant allometric variation.

Improving the absorption of solar cells using antenna‐inspired cavities

AbstractWe present new types of nanocavities to improve the absorption of solar cells for energy harvesting in wide frequency ranges of the optical spectrum. Using a full‐wave approach, as opposed to the commonly used ray‐based modeling of the light, antenna‐inspired cavities with horn shapes are proposed and introduced. The effectiveness of the designed cavities is demonstrated in comparison to the conventional textures involving inverted pyramids and nanocones. Highly accurate numerical results show that solar‐cell structures with horn‐type cavities can provide excellent absorbance rates, even without using any matching layer.

Matched loads using substrate integrated waveguide and shaped absorbing material for KA‐/Q‐band applications

ABSTRACTTwo planar matched loads using substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) and absorbing material are presented. The magnetic‐loss absorbing material is cut into horn and concave shapes and loaded into SIW sections respectively to form two SIW matched loads. Measured results of the proposed SIW matched loads show comparable agreement with their corresponding simulations. Moreover, the proposed matched loads exhibit fractional bandwidths of 46.1 and 68%, respectively with a return loss over 18.5 dB, as well as system integration capability, low complexity and low cost, which demonstrate their suitability for Ka‐ and Q‐band applications. © 2017 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. Microwave Opt Technol Lett 59:1174–1178, 2017

Planar Heptathienoacenes Based on Unsymmetric Dithieno[3,2-b:3',4'-d]thiophene: Synthesis and Photophysical Properties.

The unsymmetric dithieno[3,2-b:3',4'-d]thiophene (ts-DTT) was efficiently synthesized, and two novel heptathienoacenes with linear and bull's horn shapes were designed and prepared via different ring cyclization connection manners. All intermediates and aimed heptathienoacenes were fully characterized by (1)H NMR, (13)C NMR, and HRMS. Their UV-vis absorption behavior, fluorescence, and electrochemical properties are characterized. In addition, DFT quantum calculation was employed to further understand the electron distribution and the origin of the absorption bands.

Acoustic horn reflectance: Equations and measurements

Reflectance is the transfer function between forward and reflected components of pressure waves that propagate in wave guides such as acoustic horns. Exact solutions to Webster's Horn Equation are only known for a few specific shapes, including parabolic, conical, and exponential. Explicit equations for reflectance in these three horn shapes were recently published for infinite-length horns. Measured reflectance in 3D-printed, finite-length examples of these horn shapes, show no similarity in the frequency-domain to exact reflectance for infinite-length horns. The similarity improves after adjustments to both the equations and the measurements. New equations were derived for exact reflectance of finite-length horns. Measured reflectance was smoothed by time-domain windowing. In contrast to frequency-domain reflectance, comparisons of time-domain reflectance prior to the time sound reaches the end of the horn were not much affected by these adjustments. Because exact equations are known and 3D-printed examples are easy to obtain, these three horn shapes may be useful as standards for comparing different reflectance-measurement systems.

Insights into the Development and Evolution of Exaggerated Traits Using De Novo Transcriptomes of Two Species of Horned Scarab Beetles

Scarab beetles exhibit an astonishing variety of rigid exo-skeletal outgrowths, known as “horns”. These traits are often sexually dimorphic and vary dramatically across species in size, shape, location, and allometry with body size. In many species, the horn exhibits disproportionate growth resulting in an exaggerated allometric relationship with body size, as compared to other traits, such as wings, that grow proportionately with body size. Depending on the species, the smallest males either do not produce a horn at all, or they produce a disproportionately small horn for their body size. While the diversity of horn shapes and their behavioural ecology have been reasonably well studied, we know far less about the proximate mechanisms that regulate horn growth. Thus, using 454 pyrosequencing, we generated transcriptome profiles, during horn growth and development, in two different scarab beetle species: the Asian rhinoceros beetle, Trypoxylus dichotomus, and the dung beetle, Onthophagus nigriventris. We obtained over half a million reads for each species that were assembled into over 6,000 and 16,000 contigs respectively. We combined these data with previously published studies to look for signatures of molecular evolution. We found a small subset of genes with horn-biased expression showing evidence for recent positive selection, as is expected with sexual selection on horn size. We also found evidence of relaxed selection present in genes that demonstrated biased expression between horned and horn-less morphs, consistent with the theory of developmental decoupling of phenotypically plastic traits.

Distributions of Pore Water Pressure Surround a Horizontal Drain Pipe on a Retaining wall Under Steady State Condition

AbstractThis article presents the results from a study of drainage rates and groundwater pressure distributions surrounding a horizontal drain pipe. The pipe is assumed to be applied on a retaining wall and reached a steady state condition. The optimized design pattern for horizontal drain pipes on a retaining wall is deeply related to the efficiency of dissipation of groundwater and the pore pressure behind the wall. Therefore, simulations of groundwater flow through a single horizontal drain pipe with different sizes (diameters and lengths) and depths by a 3-D finite element program model would lead us to find out the mechanism of the drainage pattern. The study has revealed the equalized water pressure contours surrounding the horizontal drain pipe exhibited horn shapes distributions. The biggest but still has a closed shape of horn was named Characterized Iso-pressure Surface (CIPS) in this research. It was found to be a good object to reflect the effects of single drain pipe so as to explore the mechanisms of drainage pattern. This research conducted a series study of dimension factor influence. It could be a help in developing assessment and design methods for horizontal drain pipes applied to the retaining wall.

Low pass filters and differential tympanal tuning in a paleotropical bushcricket with an unusually low frequency call

Low-frequency sounds are advantageous for long-range acoustic signal transmission, but for small animals they constitute a challenge for signal detection and localization. The efficient detection of sound in insects is enhanced by mechanical resonance either in the tracheal or tympanal system before subsequent neuronal amplification. Making small structures resonant at low sound frequencies poses challenges for insects and has not been adequately studied. Similarly, detecting the direction of long-wavelength sound using interaural signal amplitude and/or phase differences is difficult for small animals. Pseudophylline bushcrickets predominantly call at high, often ultrasonic frequencies, but a few paleotropical species use lower frequencies. We investigated the mechanical frequency tuning of the tympana of one such species, Onomarchus uninotatus, a large bushcricket that produces a narrow bandwidth call at an unusually low carrier frequency of 3.2 kHz. Onomarchus uninotatus, like most bushcrickets, has two large tympanal membranes on each fore-tibia. We found that both these membranes vibrate like hinged flaps anchored at the dorsal wall and do not show higher modes of vibration in the frequency range investigated (1.5-20 kHz). The anterior tympanal membrane acts as a low-pass filter, attenuating sounds at frequencies above 3.5 kHz, in contrast to the high-pass filter characteristic of other bushcricket tympana. Responses to higher frequencies are partitioned to the posterior tympanal membrane, which shows maximal sensitivity at several broad frequency ranges, peaking at 3.1, 7.4 and 14.4 kHz. This partitioning between the two tympanal membranes constitutes an unusual feature of peripheral auditory processing in insects. The complex tracheal shape of O. uninotatus also deviates from the known tube or horn shapes associated with simple band-pass or high-pass amplification of tracheal input to the tympana. Interestingly, while the anterior tympanal membrane shows directional sensitivity at conspecific call frequencies, the posterior tympanal membrane is not directional at conspecific frequencies and instead shows directionality at higher frequencies.

A Computational Investigation of Icing Effects on an S-Duct Inlet

The effects of a typical glaze ice accretion shape on the performance of the M2129 S-duct inlet are computationally investigated for a range of flight Mach numbers. A Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes (RANS) code with k-o> turbulence model is used to simulate the compressible viscous flow in the S-duct inlet. The glaze ice accretion on the cowl lip is modeled on a steady-state basis from NASA LEWICE3D code. The results show that the total pressure recovery is reduced and the compressor face distortion level is increased with flight Mach number. A reduction of 22.8% in total pressure recovery is calculated for a flight Mach number of 0.85 in fully-developed glazed ice condition. The massive flow separations in the inlet induced by the glaze ice horn shapes also create a mass flow reduction in the inlet between 27 and 33% as compared to clean inlet for flight Mach numbers of 0.13 and 0.475, respectively. The combined effects of reduced total pressure recovery and the reduced mass flow rate results in a reduction of engine thrust between ~30 and 60% from low speed flight to Mach 0.85.

Quantifying ecological, morphological, and genetic variation to delimit species in the coast horned lizard species complex (Phrynosoma).

Lineage separation and divergence form a temporally extended process whereby populations may diverge genetically, morphologically, or ecologically, and these contingent properties of species provide the operational criteria necessary for species delimitation. We inferred the historical process of lineage formation in the coast horned lizard (Phrynosoma coronatum) species complex by evaluating a diversity of operational species criteria, including divergence in mtDNA (98 specimens; 2,781 bp) and nuclear loci (RAG-1, 1,054 bp; BDNF 529 bp), ecological niches (11 bioclimatic variables; 285 unique localities), and cranial horn shapes (493 specimens; 16 landmarks). A phylogenetic analysis of mtDNA recovers 5 phylogeographic groups arranged latitudinally along the Baja California Peninsula and in California. The 2 southern phylogeographic groups exhibit concordance between genetic, morphological, and ecological divergence; however, differentiation is weak or absent at more recent levels defined by phylogeographic breaks in California. Interpreting these operational species criteria together suggests that there are 3 ecologically divergent and morphologically diagnosable species within the P. coronatum complex. Our 3-species taxonomic hypothesis invokes a deep coalescence event when fitting the mtDNA genealogy into the species tree, which is not unexpected for populations that have diverged recently. Although the hypothesis that the 3 phylogeographic groups distributed across California each represent distinctive species is not supported by all of the operational species criteria evaluated in this study, the conservation status of the imperiled populations represented by these genealogical units remains critical.

Corrections to the Plane-Wave Approximation in Rapidly Flaring Horns

The input impedance of an air column (horn) with a slowly varying cross section can be calculated approximately by solving the wave equation assuming plane waves (Webster equation). In some cases analytical solutions are possible. For an arbitrary horn shape described as a succession of short cones the one-dimensional transmission-line (TL) method can be used. This fails for horns with a large flare, where transverse flow demands kinetic energy, effectively increasing the local inertance. The quantities determining the magnitude of this correction appear from a variational calculation based on Rayleigh's principle. The magnitude of these quantities was determined by numerically solving the wave equation at low frequency in a number of horn shapes by a finite difference method. Studied are conical, hyperboloid and catenoidal horns. Since horns, in particular those found in wind instruments, are found in many other shapes, general use of this method is not practical. In this paper a simple formula is proposed useful for any horn shape to calculate approximately the additional inertance. It is introduced as a correction in the TL method and is applicable to any shape, even for a stepwise diameter change and for a flange. Its accuracy for most geometries found on wind instruments is within the detection threshold of the ear, a 0.2% frequency shift. It is not applicable any more when cross-dimensions become comparable to the wavelength.

Correlates of horn and antler shape in bovids and cervids

Using analyses that control for phylogeny, we examine whether the shapes of horns and antlers in ungulates are related to style of fighting, environmental factors, mating and social systems, or are simply arbitrary. Many of the predictions that relate horn shape to species' fighting tactics and to their mating and social systems are supported. Bovids with tips facing inwards are likely to wrestle with their horns, be monogamous and solitary, whereas those with tips facing out tend to be polygynous and live in large groups. Smooth horns are used for stabbing, and are found in females of polygynous species living in large groups. In female bovids, twisted horns are found in large species and are used in wrestling whereas, in male bovids, straight horns are found in solitary species. Finally, deer with more than five antler tines tend to be large and to fight by fencing. There was little support for shape of horns and antlers being related to environmental factors, nor were shapes arbitrary as might be expected if they had arisen through female choice. Body size had little effect on these results. In general, monogamous solitary bovids have straight inwardly facing horns whereas polygynous group-living species demonstrate a wide variety of horn shapes.

Study of the setting of Portland cement by an acoustic near field technique

The acoustic near field method consists in studying the alteration of the resonance curve of a horn whose tip, the probe, is immersed in the sample. The operating mode in a medium in which strong variations of the rheological properties take place, is modelled for two horn shapes, one with a conical probe, the second one with a stepped cylindrical probe. The experimental curves obtained during the cement setting prove the validity of the simulations. The sensitivity of the horn to a given step of the setting is achieved by adjusting the probe shape.

Modeling of surface roughness effects on glaze ice accretion

The cause and effects of roughness on accreting glaze ice surfaces were studied with microvideo observations. Distinct zones of surface water behavior were observed, including a smooth wet zone in the stagnation region with a uniform water film, a rough zone where surface tension effects caused coalescence of surface water into stationary beads, and a zone where roughness elements grow into horn shapes. In addition, a zone where surface water ran back as rivulets and a dry zone where rime feathers formed were observed. The locations and behaviors of these zones are discussed. A simple multizone modification to the glaze ice accretion model is proposed to include spatial variability in surface roughness. Two test cases using the multizone model showed significant improvements for the prediction of glaze ice shapes.