Hormones GA3 Research Articles

Plant growth regulators mitigate oxidative damage to rice seedling roots by NaCl stress.

The aim of this experiment was to investigate the effects of exogenous sprays of 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) and 2-Diethylaminoethyl hexanoate (DTA-6) on the growth and salt tolerance of rice (Oryza sativa L.) seedlings. This study was conducted in a solar greenhouse at Guangdong Ocean University, where 'Huanghuazhan' was selected as the test material, and 40 mg/L 5-ALA and 30 mg/L DTA-6 were applied as foliar sprays at the three-leaf-one-heart stage of rice, followed by treatment with 0.3% NaCl (W/W) 24 h later. A total of six treatments were set up as follows: (1) CK: control, (2) A: 40 mg⋅ L-1 5-ALA, (3) D: 30 mg⋅ L-1 DTA-6, (4) S: 0.3% NaCl, (5) AS: 40 mg⋅ L-1 5-ALA + 0.3% NaCl, and (6) DS: 30 mg⋅ L-1 DTA-6+0.3% NaCl. Samples were taken at 1, 4, 7, 10, and 13 d after NaCl treatment to determine the morphology and physiological and biochemical indices of rice roots. The results showed that NaCl stress significantly inhibited rice growth; disrupted the antioxidant system; increased the rates of malondialdehyde, hydrogen peroxide, and superoxide anion production; and affected the content of related hormones. Malondialdehyde content, hydrogen peroxide content, and superoxide anion production rate significantly increased from 12.57% to 21.82%, 18.12% to 63.10%, and 7.17% to 56.20%, respectively, in the S treatment group compared to the CK group. Under salt stress, foliar sprays of both 5-ALA and DTA-6 increased antioxidant enzyme activities and osmoregulatory substance content; expanded non-enzymatic antioxidant AsA and GSH content; reduced reactive oxygen species (ROS) accumulation; lowered malondialdehyde content; increased endogenous hormones GA3, JA, IAA, SA, and ZR content; and lowered ABA content in the rice root system. The MDA, H2O2, and O2- contents were reduced from 35.64% to 56.92%, 22.30% to 53.47%, and 7.06% to 20.01%, respectively, in the AS treatment group compared with the S treatment group. In the DS treatment group, the MDA, H2O2, and O2- contents were reduced from 24.60% to 51.09%, 12.14% to 59.05%, and 12.70% to 45.20%. In summary, NaCl stress exerted an inhibitory effect on the rice root system, both foliar sprays of 5-ALA and DTA-6 alleviated damage from NaCl stress on the rice root system, and the effect of 5-ALA was better than that of DTA-6.

Determining the Concentration Rates of Gibberellic Acid (GA3) as Ripening Inhibitor of Lakatan Banana (Musa acuminata AAA Group)

Lakatan (Musa acuminata AAA Group) is one of the most essential banana variety commodities in the Philippines as a tropical country. This present study was conducted to determine and investigate the effects of (GA3) Gibberellic Acid in different concentration rates as post-harvest treatments on the shelf life and quality of bananas like physiological weight, peel color, and its pulp-to-peel ratio to determine which of treatments can prolong the shelf life of the banana; and to evaluate the most effective rates of GA3 that have the highest efficacy against the rapid ripening activity of ‘Lakatan’ banana variety as well as banana sample are soaked into the different concentration of treatment with the duration of five minutes then air dried for ten minutes and put into a polyethylene plastic cellophane which was open with cardboard boxes in each replication and placed under room temperature. This study was arranged in a Completely Randomized Design (CRD) with five treatments and replicated three times. The treatments were: where T1 – is a control which contains 1000 ml pure distilled water, T2 -consists of 100 ml GA3 mixed with 900 ml water, T3 -comprised of 200 ml GA3 mixed with 800 ml water, T4 – consists of 300 ml GA3 mixed with 700 ml water and T5 – contained 400 ml GA3 mixed with 600 ml water. This design was utilized to show the results intended for this study. Results of the study revealed highly significant differences among using different concentration rates of plant growth hormones GA3 as post-harvest treatments like cumulative physiological loss in weight, shelf life, peel color index, pulp peel ratio, No. Of days that the samples start to ripen, no. of ripe fingers, no. of unripe fingers, no. of days that all the models are fully unripe, and no of days that the pieces are fully ripened. Keywords: plant growth hormones, ripening, Lakatan, Musa, postharvest, distilled water, gibberellic acid

Foliar Spray with Selenium to Mitigate the Impact of Water Stress on Chemical, Enzymatic, and Hormonal Parameters of Garlic Allium sativum L.

The current research explored the beneficial role of selenium (Se) in alleviating the negative impacts of water stress on the chemical, enzymatic, and hormonal parameters of garlic plants via manipulating chemo-physiological mechanisms. A field experiment was executed at the research station of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Kufa, Iraq in September 2022 using a randomized complete block design with three replicates based on a strip-plot system. Three water levels (100%, 80%, and 60%) were set up in the whole plots while foliar application of selenium (Se) with three concentrations (0, 10, and 20) mg.L-1 were assigned to the subplots. Our findings revealed a significant increase in the leaf content of free proline acid, sulfur, and ABA, as well as an increase in the activity of the antioxidant enzymes SOD and CAT when reducing irrigation levels from (100% to 60%) of the water requirement. While there was a significant decline in the plant hormones GA3 and IAA content in garlic leaves @ (60%) level of irrigation. The plants treated with foliar selenium @ (20 mg.L-1) enhanced most of the studied characteristics of garlic plants grown at different water levels. Moreover’ the full water requirement in combination with foliar Se @ (20 mg.L-1) provided the highest values of GA3 and IAA which were both comparable to the interaction treatment of water level @ (80%) and foliar Se @ (20 mg.L-1).

Chemical-Induced Dormancy Breaking of Freshly Harvested Potato Minitubers and Its Effect on Subsequent Growth and Yield

Tuber dormancy is an important phenomenon in potato seed production cycle and its duration can positively affect the number of crops and crop performance during the seed production. The present study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different factors which include potato genotypes (Roko and SM kaghan varieties), chemical treatments i.e GA3, thiourea, Thiourea+GA3 and sugar under light and dark storage conditions. It was found that between varieties, Roko responded better than SM kaghan to various chemical treatments regarding number of days to dormancy breaking. It was found that the growth hormone GA3 (gibberellic acid) in combination with thiourea can significantly increase sprouting percentage to 100% under dark conditions after 31 days of application. However, it was observed that after planting of the treated tubers the emergence percentage, and minituber yield did not show any significant effect of the three experimental treatments in comparison with control. It is therefore concluded that tuber treatment with thiourea+GA3 and store in dark can decrease the dormancy duration without having any negative effect on plant physiological growth and tuber yield.

Pengaruh Pupuk Organik Cair dan Hormon Giberelin Terhadap Pertumbuhan dan Produksi Benih Kacang Hijau (Vigna radiata L.)

One of the efforts to increase the growth and production of mung bean seeds can be done by applying NASA POC and GA3 hormones. This research was conducted to determine the effect of giving NASA Liquid Organic Fertilizer (POC) and giving the hormone Gibberellin (GA3) to increasing growth and seed production of mung bean (Vigna radiata L.). This trial was carried out in August-November 2022, at the Jember State Polytechnic agricultural land. The experimental design used in this study was a factorial Randomized Completed Block Design (RBD) consisting of two factors and repeated 3 times. The first factor was the NASA POC concentration (P), consisting of 5 ml/l (P1), 10 ml/l (P2), and 15 ml/l (P3). The second factor was the concentration of Gibberellins (G), consisting of 125 ppm (G1), 150 ppm (G2), and 175 ppm (G3). The results obtained were then analyzed using the F test or ANOVA (Analysis of Variance) and then the DMRT test was carried out. The treatment of the NASA POC application had a very significant effect (**) on the parameter number of productive branches. The best result was the P3 treatment (2.93 branches). The treatment with the hormone GA3 (Giberelin) had a very significant effect (**) on the parameters of plant height at 28 hst the best result was the G2 treatment (26.37 cm) and had a significant effect (*) on the parameters of plant height at 14 hst with the best treatment results G2 (12.72cm). The interaction between the application of NASA POC and the GA3 hormone had a significant effect (*) on the parameters of the amount of production per hectare with the best treatment interaction, namely P3G2 (738.35 kg)

Verification of gene function and interaction protein of PhPIF4

In order to investigate the molecular mechanism of PhPIF4 in response to gibberellin-regulated floral transition of Phalaenopsis, qRT-PCR and functional verification experiment of transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was carried out, and the results showed that PhPIF4 expression was significantly increased in flower buds, leaves and roots after spraying with growth regulator GA3. In PhPIF4 overexpressed Arabidopsis thaliana, hypocotyl elongation, early flowering and increased flowering amount were observed, especially after exogenous GA3 treatment. The content of the endogenous hormone GA3 in the transgenic Arabidopsis thaliana was higher. The interaction between PhDELLA and PhPIF4 was verified by Y2H experiment. The Y1H test demonstrated that PhDELLA could not interact with the PhPIF4 promoter but PhMYB which plays an important role in the regulation of flower development and flowering time could interacte with the PhPIF4 promoter. These findings indicated PhPIF4 participated in the flowering transition and might be directly regulated by GA and the PhPIF4 protein interacts with PhDELLA to go through the GA signaling pathway and the PhPIF4 gene was regulated by PhMYB.

Improvement of seedling quality of red jabon (Neolamarckia macrophylla (Roxb.) Bosser) through seed sowing techniques and seed invigoration

Red jabon (Neolamarckia macrophylla) is one of potential tree species, but there are some problems in its cultivation. Intermediate seed character and very small seed sizes with little food reserves often cause the low germination, low growth of the seedlings, and the sowing of the seeds to be too dense, resulting in an abnormal number of seedlings. The purpose of the research was to improve the seed germination and seedling quality of red jabon by adjusting the sowing density and seed invigoration treatment using hormonal and biopriming. Two experiments were conducted, that is, (1) identification of optimal seed density on the several combinations of sowing media (top soil, rice husk and compost) and (2) evaluation of the most suitable hormonal priming (GA3) and biopriming (liquid organic fertilizer, LOF) applications. The use of top soil media with a seed density of 0.5 g/400 cm2 can produce the highest pure live seed (PLS), that is, 721.67 seedlings/0.5 g. The seed treated by hormonal and bio-priming significantly affected the seed germination and seedling growth. Soaking seed in GA3 100 ppm for 4 days produced the highest of the PLS (764 seedlings/0.5 g), followed by soaking in LOF for 3 days and GA3 50 ppm for 4 days. The highest seedling height was generated from soaking the seeds using LOF for 3 days. The highest root collar diameter and biomass of red jabon seedlings were obtained from the treatment of seeds immersed in the GA3 50 ppm for 3 days. The best quality index value of red jabon seedlings was produced from the treatment of seeds immersed in the hormone GA3 50 ppm for 3 days. In general, a sowing density of 0.5 g/400 cm2 in top soil media and seed soaking treatment in GA3 50 ppm or LOF for 3 days can improve germination and growth of red jabon seedlings.

Exogenous gibberellic acid shortening after-ripening process and promoting seed germination in a medicinal plant Panax notoginseng

BackgroundPanax notoginseng (Burk) F.H. Chen is an essential plant in the family of Araliaceae. Its seeds are classified as a type of morphophysiological dormancy (MPD), and are characterized by recalcitrance during the after-ripening process. However, it is not clear about the molecular mechanism on the after-ripening in recalcitrant seeds.ResultsIn this study, exogenous supply of gibberellic acid (GA3) with different concentrations shortened after-ripening process and promoted the germination of P. notoginseng seeds. Among the identified plant hormone metabolites, exogenous GA3 results in an increased level of endogenous hormone GA3 through permeation. A total of 2971 and 9827 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in response to 50 mg L−1 GA3 (LG) and 500 mg L−1 GA3 (HG) treatment, respectively, and the plant hormone signal and related metabolic pathways regulated by GA3 was significantly enriched. Weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that GA3 treatment enhances GA biosynthesis and accumulation, while inhibiting the gene expression related to ABA signal transduction. This effect was associated with higher expression of crucial seed embryo development and cell wall loosening genes, Leafy Contyledon1 (LEC1), Late Embryogenesis Abundant (LEA), expansins (EXP) and Pectinesterase (PME).ConclusionsExogenous GA3 application promotes germination and shorts the after-ripening process of P. notoginseng seeds by increasing GA3 contents through permeation. Furthermore, the altered ratio of GA and ABA contributes to the development of the embryo, breaks the mechanical constraints of the seed coat and promotes the protrusion of the radicle in recalcitrant P. notoginseng seeds. These findings improve our knowledge of the contribution of GA to regulating the dormancy of MPD seeds during the after-ripening process, and provide new theoretical guidance for the application of recalcitrant seeds in agricultural production and storage.

Mechanism and Persistence Dormancy of Ground Cherry Seeds (Physalis peruviana L.) at Different Maturity Stages

Ground cherry (Physalis peruviana) seeds have a period of dormancy after ripening. A study was conducted to understand the mechanism of dormancy, the duration of after ripening persistence, and to determine the effective methods to break dormancy. The study was conducted in an experimental field at Ciwidey, West Java, Indonesia, and the Seed Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Agriculture, Department of Agronomy and Horticulture, IPB University, in February to November 2020. The first study examined the effects of the storage temperatures, i.e. 20 ±2 oC and 25 ± 2oC, and the seed maturity stages, i.e. 49 days after anthesis (DAA), 58 DAA and 62 DAA. Several methods to break seed dormancy were tested, i.e. soaking seeds for 24 hours in distilled water, in 0.5% or 1% KNO3 and, 50 ppm GA3. The results showed that the seed dormancy was broken at 7 weeks after treatment, indicated by seed germination of >80%. The ABA levels of the seeds declined from week 0 to week 11, and the seed ABA and GA reached a balance from week 7 to week 11. Seeds treated with KNO3 or distilled water break dormancy after 8 weeks. The most effective treatment to break seed dormancy is the use of exogenous hormone GA3 at 50 ppm, with seed germination of >80% at week 5.

Effect of post-shooting bunch spray of growth hormone and fertilizer on yield attributing characters of banana

An experiment was conducted at a commercial banana orchard in Chitwan to find out the best chemical to increase the yield and quality of banana during the fruit development stage. The research was laid out in a randomized complete block design (RCBD) with seven treatments and three replications. The treatment included plant growth hormones GA3 and Naphthalene acetic acid (NAA)@ 50 ppm and 100 ppm each. Similarly, Sulphate of Potash (SOP) was applied @ 1.5% and 2%. The first spray was applied soon after the bunch had completely opened, and the second spray was applied 15 days later. The effect of these chemicals on yield and quality parameters was observed. The result revealed that the application of GA3 @ 100 ppm increased the length, girth and weight of the bananas. Likewise, the highest weight of the third hand of the banana was also observed in GA3 @ 100 ppm, whereas minimum physiological loss in the weight of the finger and maximum pulp to peel ratio was observed in SOP @ 1.5%. Analyzing all these observed parameters, GA3 @ 100ppm was found to be the most suitable growth hormone to increase the overall yield while SOP @ 1.5% SAARC J. Agric., 20(1): 157-169 (2022)

Comparative transcriptomics analysis reveals MdGRAS53 contributes to disease resistance against Alternaria blotch of apple

Alternaria blotch disease, caused by Alternaria alternata apple pathotype (AAAP), is one of the most prevalent diseases in apple production. To identify AAAP resistance-related genes and provide a theoretical basis for Alternaria blotch disease resistance breeding, we used two apple cultivars, ‘Jonathan’, a variety resistant to AAAP infection, and ‘Starking Delicious’, a variety susceptible to AAAP infection, as materials to perform transcriptome sequencing of apple leaves 72 h after AAAP infection. A Venn diagram showed that a total of 5229 DEGs of ‘Jonathan’ and 4326 DEGs of ‘Starking Delicious’ were identified. GO analysis showed that these DEGs were clustered into 25 GO terms, primarily “metabolic process” and “catalytic activity.” Functional classification analyses of the DEGs indicated that “MAPK signaling pathway-plant pathway” is the most significant metabolic pathway among the top 15 KEGG pathways, followed by the “plant hormone signal transduction” pathway. There are more DEGs in ‘Jonathan’ that are significantly classified GO terms and KEGG pathways than in ‘Starking Delicious’. Specifically, 13 DEGs were identified as involved in the GA-GID1-DELLA module, and the expression of MdGRAS53, a homologous gene of DELLA, was significantly upregulated in ‘Jonathan’ compared with ‘Starking Delicious’. Phenotype analysis revealed that exogenous hormone GA3 suppressed apple resistance to AAAP infection and reduced the expression of MdGRAS53. The opposite result was observed for exogenous spraying of paclobutrazol (PAC), an inhibitor of gibberellin synthesis. Overexpression of MdGRAS53 in apple leaves by transient transformation decreased lesion area and the number of spores in leaves infected with AAAP, while silencing MdGRAS53 showed the opposite result. Meanwhile, SA/JA signaling pathway-related genes were upregulated significantly in MdGRAS53-overexpressed leaves and downregulated significantly in MdGRAS53-silenced leaves. The findings suggest that the GA-GID1-DELLA module is involved in apple resistance to AAAP, and MdGRAS53, a DELLA homologous gene, may play a positive role in this resistance by modulating cooperative JA- and SA-dependent pathways.

Gibberellic acid maintains postharvest quality of Agaricus bisporus mushroom by enhancing antioxidative system and hydrogen sulfide synthesis.

The application of gibberellic acid (GA3 ) treatment to the postharvest quality maintenance of white button mushroom (Agaricus bisporus) was investigated. The optimum concentration of exogenous GA3 was 100mg/L. At this concentration, the color change was inhibited, the firmness was maintained, and the weight loss and respiratory rates were reduced. The GA3 group had significantly lower malonaldehyde (MDA) content and membrane permeability. Reactive oxygen species accumulation was reduced due to the regulation of polyphenol oxidase (PPO), peroxidase (POD), and superoxide dismutase (SOD) enzyme activities. Moreover, the production of endogenous gaseous signaling molecule hydrogen sulfide (H2 S) was triggered by GA3 treatment, which enhanced cystathionine γ-lyase (AbCSE) and cystathionine β-synthase (AbCBS) activities alongside the corresponding gene expressions. The preservation of button mushroom postharvest storage quality by GA3 was most likely due to the regulation of reactive oxygen species metabolism and hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: Mushroom is rich in nutrients and functional substances. However, due to the lack of cuticle, high respiration rate, and moisture content, mushroom's postharvest quality deteriorates rapidly. A safe and effective reagent that prevents the senescence and quality deterioration of harvested mushroom is urgently needed. The effects of plant hormone GA3 on the postharvest quality of edible fungi remain unclear. The present study provided convincing evidence that 100mgL-1 of GA3 effectively maintained postharvest button mushroom quality by regulating reactive oxygen species metabolism and hydrogen sulfide biosynthesis.

Pathogenicity and Detection of Phytohormone (Gibberellic Acid and Indole Acetic Acid) Produced by Fusarium spp. that Causes Twisted Disease in Shallot

The twisted disease is one of the essential diseases in shallots caused by Fusarium spp. This study aimed to study pathogenicity and identify Fusarium species isolated from shallot plants with twisted symptoms in Nganjuk and Bantul areas. The Fusarium isolates were identified and then tested for pathogenicity levels and the effect of the hormones GA3 and IAA on shallot symptoms. Molecular identification using NF2 and NF4 successfully identified one isolate of Fusarium oxysporum, three isolates of F. acutatum, and three isolates of F. solani. Each of these species produces different symptoms. Pathogenicity test showed that all isolates had disease incidence reaching 100%, except isolates of F. solani1 causing wilt and F. solani3 causing twisted have the lower disease incidence were 77.8% and 77.7%, respectively. The investigation caused twisted shallot related to different symptoms was tested using the Thin Layer Chromatography (TLC) method. The result indicates that all isolates did not find IAA hormone. In contrast, the hormone GA3 was found in F. solani2 and F. solani3 isolates, caused bulb rot and twisted disease, respectively. Detection of IAA, GA3, and other hormones in shallot plants showed different symptoms should be studied further.

Study of Germination Efficiency and Temperature/Drowning Resistance in some Ornamental Plants treated with Ultra High Dilute Compounds

Background: The ultra-high dilutions (UHDs) can used for decreasing stress conditions causing by climate variations. Present research, it was investigated the effects of the ultra-high dilutions (UHDs) on some ornamental plants, germination, and hormonal variations.
 Methods: In order to study the effect of UHDs (Calendula officinalis Calen. and Arnica montana Arn.) on the physiological, primary metabolite and hormonal variations of the Oryza sativa L. (rice), 104 experiments were designed and statistically analyzed using the Design Expert 7.0.1 software over the general factorial design methodology. Two qualitative factors including the UHDs/placebo usage and the type of plant usage and two quantitative factors including temperature and irrigation were studied. The validated analysis was subjected to more extended studies on the variations in physiological growth, carbohydrate, protein content and levels of plants hormones including gibberellic acids, indole acetic acid, abscisic acid and salicylic acid.
 Results: The statistical analysis resulted in a prediction model which was more than 75% correlates with experimental results. The results showed that the UHDs increased the carbohydrate and protein content of seedlings. Also compared to placebo, the levels of hormones GA3 and IAA in all samples increase and the amount of GA4 decreases. The amount of ABA and SA hormones in S. officinalis increased under UHDs treatment while they decreased in the other two samples.
 Conclusion: The use of UHDs leads to an increase in the production of carbohydrate and protein content. Moreover, it causes significant variations in the growth inducing hormone and increase the tolerance of seeds under higher/lower temperature and draught/drowning. The results of this study open up a window to reduce the germination survival and increase their resistance to sudden climate change.

Effect of Mechanical, Chemical, Growth Hormone and Biofertilizer Treatments on Seed Quality Enhancement in Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal)

The investigation on effect of mechanical, chemical, growth hormone and biofertilizer treatments on seed quality enhancement in Ashwagandha (Withania somnifera Dunal) was conducted at Department of Seed Science and Technology Laboratory, B. A. College of Agriculture, AAU, Anand during 2017-18. The experiment was laid out in Completely Randomized Design (Factorial) with two varieties, viz., JA 134 and GAA 1. Seeds of both the varieties were treated with different scarification, growth hormones and biofertilizer treatments and their combined effect on germination and other seed quality attributes was studied. The effect of pre-sowing seed treatment with growth hormone GA3 (200 ppm), bio-fertilizer treatment Phosphorous Solubilizing Bacteria and varieties showed significant effect on germination per cent, seedling length and seedling vigour indices of aswagandha. The maximum germination per cent was attained by the GAA 1 compared to JA 134.

PENGARUH PEMBERIAN MACAM HORMON DAN KONSENTRASI TERHADAP PERKECAMBAHAN KOPI LIBERIKA

Benih kopi pada umumnya sulit untuk berkecambah dengan waktu dormansi yang cukup lama, hal ini yang menjadi aspek penting dalam penelitian ini terhadap respon dan guna hormon selaku zat perangsang tumbuh untuk proses semai biji kopi Liberika agar cepat berkecambah. Penelitian ini menggunakan 2 faktor yaitu hormon dan konsentrasi sebagai konsep dasar untuk memberi perlakuan benih kopi dengan mekanisme direndam menggunakan hormon dengan taraf konsentrasi larutan yang berbeda. Hormon sebagai zat perangsang tumbuh (ZPT) dan dasar dari proses stimulasi perkecambahan. Hormon yang digunakan untuk penelitian ini adalah hormon GA3/ Giberelin, IAA/ Auksin dan BAP/ Sitokinin. Larutan hormon tentunya tidak lepas dari konsentrasi atau normalitas di dalam larutan tersebut, oleh karena itu penelitian ini menerapkan 3 level konsentrasi diantaranya 250ppm, 500ppm dan 750ppm sebagai kombinasi dari hormon dan normalitas untuk menguji viabilitas daya berkecambah, tinggi tanaman, diameter batang, berat basah tanaman, dan panjang akar sebagai parameter pengamatan. Selanjutnya nilai dari hasil pengamatan akan dianalisis menggunakan sidik ragam dengan tingkat kepercayaan 5% dan dilanjutkan dengan uji BNT 5%. Dari hasil analisis, didapatkan pengaruh yang paling baik dari perlakuan kombinasi hormon GA3 dengan konsentrasi 250ppm yaitu 1,5273 (cm) dan untuk perlakuan individu paling baik pada hormon GA3 untuk tinggi tanaman dengan hasil 2,627 (cm).

Effect of exogenous GA₃ and DPC on active components of Lonicera japonica and its mechanism

To reveal the effect of plant growth regulator GA₃ and DPC on the active components and its possible mechanism of Lonicera japonica. GA and DPC were applied at the stage of flower bud differentiation, and the content of active ingredients was measured by LC-MS-MS, the content of endogenous hormones were measured by ELISA, and the expression of key enzyme enes expression was determined by qRT-PCR. The level of endogenous hormone GA₃, IAA, ZR, DHZR and iPA in the GA treatment group was significantly improved, the expression of C4H1, C4H2, 4CL1 and HQT2 were also significantly increased. The content of chlorogenic acid, luteolin, luteoloside, isoquercetin and caffeic acid increased significantly. Spraying DPC did not affect or inhibit the accumulation of active components of L. japonica. Spraying GA can increase the content of endogenous GA₃, thus enhance the expression of C4H1, C4H2, 4CL1 and HQT2, and then increase the content of chlorogenic acid and luteolin.

Physiological and Molecular Analysis of Sugarcane (Varieties—F134 and NCo310) During Sporisorium scitamineum Interaction

Sugarcane smut is a prevalent fungal disease, which causes considerable cane yield loss in China. However, limited information is available for sugarcane infected by the pathogen Sporisorium scitamineum at the different developmental stages. The present study evaluated the physiological, cytological, biochemical, and molecular changes in two sugarcane varieties: F134 and NCo310, at consecutive time intervals (30–180 days) after S. scitamineum infection. qRT-PCR examination results showed that the expression level of chitinase (ScChi) was higher (4, 5, 6, and 40 times) in F134 and that of glucanase (ScGluD1) was 2 times higher at 30, 90 and 180 days as compared to NCo310. Similarly, the elevated levels of the hormone GA3, ABA, and IAA showed incompatible results in leaf and root tissues in both sugarcane varieties. The results confirmed the disease resistance in sugarcane variety F134 against pathogen S. scitamineum after the interaction. In addition, SDS-PAGE assay showed the induction of some protein bands in infected NCo310 at 60 days, and anatomical changes in the nucleus and chloroplast structure in stem tissues were also confirmed by TEM, showing highly disrupted in NCo310 as compared to F134. All physiological parameters decreased more in NCo310 than F134, as compared to control. The overall studies revealed that the variety NCo310 had higher disease severity than F134. The present findings will shed new light on the role of differential expression of stress-related genes and biochemical changes playing important role in sugarcane smut infection.

Influence of Different Methods of Pre-Sowing Treatments to Overcome The Seed Dormancy and Seed Germination of Khaya Grandifoliola (WELW) CDC

Khaya grandifoliola is a Medicinal plant. It is of great importance to the health of individuals and society. The medicinal value of this plant lies in some chemical substance that produces a physiological action on human body. The stem and bark of the plant is used as a remedy against rheumatoid arthritis it is also attracting the attention on herbal medicine as alternative to orthodox drugs and this necessitates the study to evaluate the germination potential of seeds of Khaya grandifoliola and to find out different method to break the seed dormancy. The treatment with hot water for 15 minutes and sulfuric acid treatment for 10 minutes was found satisfactory to enhance the overall germination percentage of seeds. The treatment given with growth hormones GA3 500 ppm, Kinetin 500 ppm was also found significant to break the seed dormancy and to increase the overall germination percentage. Treatment with glutathione 200 ppm also found useful to enhance the germination of seeds. The mechanical scarification by sand paper technique for 5 minutes also gave significant result to overcome the seed dormancy.

Seed dormancy is modulated in recently evolved chlorsulfuron-resistant Turkish biotypes of wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis).

Biotypes of the broad-leaved wild mustard (Sinapis arvensis L.) found in wheat fields of Aegean and Marmara region of Turkey were characterized and shown to have developed resistance to sulfonylurea (chlorsulfuron), an inhibitor of acetolactate synthase (ALS). DNA sequence analysis of the ALS genes from two such resistant (“R”) biotypes, KNF-R1 and KNF-R2, revealed point mutations, CCT (Pro 197) to TCT (Ser 197) in KNF-R1 and CCT (Pro 197) to ACT (Thr 197) in KNF-R2; these substitutions are consistent with the presence of chlorsulfuron-insensitive ALS enzyme activity in the “R” S. arvensis biotypes. An additional phenotype of chlorsulfuron resistance in the Turkish S. arvensis “R” biotypes was revealed in the form of an altered seed dormancy behavior over 4–48 months of dry storage (after-ripening) compared to the susceptible (“S”) biotypes. Seeds of the “S” biotypes dry stored for 4 months had a higher initial germination, which sharply decreased with storage time, while the seeds of the “R” biotypes had lower germination after 4-months storage, rising sharply and peaking thereafter by 24 months' of dry storage. The “R” biotype seeds continued to maintain a higher germination percentage even after 48 months of after-ripening. The seed weight of “R” and “S” biotypes after-ripened for 4 months was similar but those after-ripened for 48 months differed, “R” seeds were significantly heavier than those of the “S” seeds. Differential seed germinability between “S” and “R” biotypes was found not a case of differential viability, temperature regimen or non-response to pro-germination hormone GA3. These studies are of relevance to ecological fitness of herbicide-resistant biotypes in terms of seed viability and germination.