Horizontal Trust Research Articles

Sources of trust in the healthcare context. A multilevel relationship with work engagement and organisational outcomes.

The present study analysed the mediating role of interactional justice and horizontal trust between transformational leadership and organisational outcomes (i.e., job performance and service quality) at the work team level and the cross-level relationship of team horizontal trust with job performance at the individual level, controlling for work engagement based on the HERO Model. Through structural equations and hierarchical linear models, the proposed hypotheses were addressed. The sample corresponds to 1,638 workers grouped into 109 work teams belonging to 28 hospitals in Spain. First, Structural Equation Modelling analysis revealed that, as expected, at the team level, interactional justice and horizontal trust mediate positive and significantly the relationship between transformational leadership and organisational outcomes (i.e., job performance and service quality). Secondly, the results of the Linear Hierarchical Models showed a positive relationship between work engagement and individual level performance. Finally, the multilevel analysis revealed that horizontal trust at the team level is positively related to work engagement at individual level; however, there is no cross-level relationship between horizontal trust at the team level and individual performance controlled by work engagement. Horizontal trust, at the team level, is positioned as a mediating variable between resources and organisational outcomes. Furthermore, it proves to be a key cross-level element for generating work engagement and job performance. The theoretical and practical implications of the study based on the HERO Model are discussed.

Horizontal Trust and Intra-Group and Inter-Group Processes in Enterprises in Innovative Industries

Horizontal Trust and Intra-Group and Inter-Group Processes in Enterprises in Innovative Industries

On the question of the importance of trust in criminal procedure regulation

The article is devoted to the phenomenon of trust in criminal proceedings. By analyzing the criminal procedure form and its current state, the authors conclude that the problems inherent in it at the present stage in the form of increasing transformation, formalization, overload of rules, conditions and grounds can be overcome by referring to the genetic Russian code, which is based on ethical and moral values, a worthy place among which is occupied by trust. The paper reveals the essence of two areas of trust: vertical trust as an indicator of the legitimacy of government and state institutions and emphasizes that currently the court and the police are institutions with a negative level of trust in Russian society. In relation to horizontal trust as trust in another subject, participant in public relations or to an object, the work analyzes coercive measures, the admissibility of evidence, challenges, as well as the institution of representation.

Trust chains in public sector organizations and their significance for work unit performance and employee turnover intention

In this study, we propose that the concept of trust chains can be used to combine two influential traditions in organizational theory – Luhmann´s work on vertical trust and Putnam´s ideas on horizontal trust as a collective asset. Trust chains are then studied empirically by exploring how trust is assessed in the relationships between the employees in work units, the immediate managers, and the top management, including politicians and expert functions in a municipal organization. Aggregated data from questionnaires completed by 1,579 employees and their first-line managers in a Swedish municipality resulted in 126 work units. Cluster analysis identified five different configurations of trust chains with convergent and criterion validity. A solid trust chain with reciprocal links between employees in work units via layers of managers to the top management is clearly the most beneficial situation, while other configurations represent a variety of breaches, with less beneficial outcomes in terms of performance and turnover intentions.

Perceived climate of Cha-xu and trust on knowledge sharing: a moderated mediation model

PurposeThis study aims to identify an antecedent that hinders knowledge sharing, namely, the perceived climate of Cha-xu. Based on the social exchange perspective, the authors propose a theoretical model that links the perceived climate of Cha-xu to employee knowledge sharing. This model focuses on the mediating role of two types of trust (vertical and horizontal trust) and the moderating role of task interdependence in influencing the mediation.Design/methodology/approachUsing a sample of 509 Chinese employees, this study carried out a survey on an online platform. This study developed a structural equation model and tested the moderated mediation hypothesis by using Mplus 8.0.FindingsThe results showed that two types of trust act as mediators in the relationship between the perceived climate of Cha-xu and knowledge-sharing processes. The mediating effect of horizontal trust is stronger. Most significantly, findings show that this mediated relationship is contingent on the level of task interdependence.Originality/valueThis paper provides evidence for distinguishing vertical trust and horizontal trust in the field of knowledge management. From a managerial perspective, this study identifies traditional cultural factors for hindering knowledge-sharing processes within Chinese organizations.

Determinants of knowledge sharing among civil servants and the moderating effects of leadership styles

Leadership style can encourage the behavior of employees in the organization. Several previous studies have shown the effect of leadership style on knowledge sharing. Nevertheless, more empirical proof is needed to show the various leadership style’ moderation effect. We conduct a literature review to analyze the determinants of knowledge sharing and empirical studies of the moderation effects of leadership styles on the determinants of knowledge sharing in government. The questionnaire survey collected 619 civil servants from a ministry in Indonesia. The test model uses the PLS-SEM method. The results showed that the factors that significantly influenced knowledge-sharing behavior were self-efficacy, horizontal trust, IT adoption, and organizational commitment. The results reveal that transformational leadership significantly moderates recognition reward and knowledge-sharing behavior. Furthermore, transactional leadership significantly moderates IT adoption and knowledge-sharing behavior. However, charismatic and servant leadership do not positively moderate these determinants of knowledge-sharing behavior. This research contributes to the literature on leadership styles and knowledge sharing. This research integrates several past research to confirm the factors influencing knowledge-sharing behavior among civil servants in developing countries. This research is expected to help governments and practitioners consider appropriate policies to encourage knowledge sharing within government organizations. This research filled a gap in the previous study by investigating the moderation effects of various leadership styles on the determinants of knowledge-sharing behavior among civil servants.

The Spatial Nature of Trust in Cosmopolitan Education

This paper investigates the core moment of cosmopolitan education by considering trust in education. Critical and postcolonial approaches recognize that dialogue plays a crucial role in cosmopolitan education. However, dialogue is not possible without sharing a fundamental platform. Trust could encourage us to construct this platform, and should thus be examined in an educational context. Previous studies on trust in education have mainly focused on the asymmetric relationship between educators and children, offering the impression that trust strengthens authoritarian order. However, in this paper I propose that trust in education needs to be recognized for containing a spatial and contextual nature, that is, a vertical trust between educators and children, and a horizontal trust especially between friends. Such spatial trust is based on trust in matters and therefore an open trust that embraces all matters in the world. This spatial trust could contribute to reinforcing cosmopolitan education, and furthermore, to formulating a post-anthropocentric cosmopolitan education.

Services purchase from the informal economy using digital platforms

ABSTRACT This paper evaluates the extent to which digital platforms are used to purchase services from the informal economy and how this can be tackled. Reporting data from a 2021 survey involving 1209 consumers in Romania, 33% had purchased services from the informal economy and 36% of these purchases had been bought via digital platforms. To explain and tackle this, a logistic regression analysis reveals that informal purchases decrease significantly when both the level of horizontal trust as well as the level of sanctions and risk of detection increase. These results support the use of the holistic approach for tackling informal economy, advocated by the European Platform Tackling Undeclared Work of the European Commission, to achieve progress on the United Nations Sustainable Development Goal (SDG) Indicator 8.3.1 (Proportion of informal employment in non-agriculture employment, by sex).

TRUST BARRIERS TO INTERCULTURAL COMMUNICATION

Trust is the lifeblood of all interpersonal and social relationships. Gaining and maintaining trust ininterpersonal relationships is a long and ongoing process that requires continuous investment. Many studies showthat people naturally react more strongly to dishonesty than to any other trait. One of the biggest causes of mistrustis the different ways of looking at the world resulting from different typological orientations. Different personalitytypes are often not communicated on the "same frequency". Believing in people that they can do the best on theirown leads to greater inefficiency and dissatisfaction. Whether the message will be well understood depends on: thecontent, the choice of certain signals, the way of communication, the form (the functioning of the verbal and nonverbalcommunication system). There are many barriers to intercultural communication such as anxiety, stereotypes,prejudice, non-verbal interactions, ethnocentrism, xenophobia, racism, discrimination and acceptance of similaritiesinstead of differences (Zhu, 2020, p. 1651-1655). Trust is a part of many factors. Reciprocity and the exchange ofinformation by revealing the factors that led to mistrust in intercultural communication are key elements inmaintaining relationships.Trust is necessary because no one is independent of others, no one is self-sufficient, we are all interdependent interms of meeting basic needs. The overall characterization of trust as a complex, multifaceted phenomenon can beclassified according to different distinguishing criteria, primarily between interpersonal and institutional, verticaland horizontal trust. Interpersonal trust refers to the belief that most people can be trusted, while institutional trustincludes trust in various institutions, such as the government, judiciary, health system, education system, media, etc.Vertical means trust in public organizations (government, church, trade unions, etc.), and horizontally - trustbetween people, independent of their various forms of social consciousness (custom, morality, religion), belongingto macrosocial groups (nation, race, class) and of different social status (gender, age, education). The importance ofreputation is reflected in the fact that it is in a sense an investment, i.e. a resource that allows us to obtain otherimportant resources, among which is the trust of others and all the benefits that trust brings (Eisenegger, 2009, p. 11-23).

THE INFUENCE OF TRUST ON THE ATTITUDE TO TAX DISCIPLINE IN THE CONTEXT OF ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENT IN THE COUNTRIES OF THE UNION STATE

The article is devoted to the category of trust and its role in the development of the economy and finance for the Russian Federation and the Republic of Belarus. The purpose of the study is to correlate the dynamics of horizontal and vertical trust, as well as attitudes towards tax discipline, taking into account the age characteristics of respondents in the countries of the Union State. The study is based on longitudinal data from the World Values Survey project since the 1990s. It was shown that with the common historical, economic and cultural origins of the economic and financial systems of the countries of the Union State, the level of horizontal trust and the rate of change in vertical trust in the countries differ. The results of surveys of respondents in the analyzed countries indicated an increase in leniency towards tax cheating over the past thirty years, though not supported by a corresponding increase in tax arrears. For the entire observation period, an increase in intolerance to tax cheating with an increase in the age of respondents is true. When interpreting the results of assessing the opinions of students as future taxpayers, it is important to take into account that they reflect a rather radical position and tax discipline potentially increases with age.

More than the Sum of Its Parts: Donor-Sponsored Cash-for-Work Programmes and Social Cohesion in Jordanian Communities Hosting Syrian Refugees

Cash-for-Work (CfW)/public works programmes have gained great interest recently because they can deliver employment and income for vulnerable households, in addition to dearly needed infrastructure. Studying donor-funded CfW programmes for Syrian refugees and their local neighbours in Jordan we show that CfW can also improve social cohesion, which is particularly important in the context of state fragility and migration. The studied programmes strengthen the sense of belonging and horizontal trust of participants and non-participants, refugees and locals, and in particular women. Their effect on vertical trust, however, is more ambiguous because many Syrians and Jordanians attribute positive effects to donor support rather than to Jordanian authorities. We use a mixed method approach including semi-structured interviews with 390 CfW participants, other community members and neutral observers and a quantitative analysis of a survey covering all 1847 participants of one CfW programme.

The Effects of Social Protection and Social Cohesion on the Acceptability of Climate Change Mitigation Policies: What Do We (Not) Know in the Context of Low- and Middle-Income Countries?

Significant climate change mitigation policies are urgently needed to achieve emissions reduction targets. This paper shows that social protection and social cohesion play a critical role in making climate policies more acceptable to citizens by summarizing existing streams of research focusing on industrialized countries. Further, the empirical analysis explores whether these relationships also hold for low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), which are increasingly implementing climate change mitigation policies. The results show that vertical and horizontal trust increase acceptability in all countries. However, preferences for social protection have a positive effect only in industrialized ones. This may suggest a contrast between social and environmental goals in LMICs, where social goals are prioritized. The analysis also revealed a significant interaction between social cohesion and social protection. The paper concludes by discussing the existing research gap as to LMICs and outlines policy options to overcome the conflict between social and environmental goals.

Social factors associated with trust in the health system in northern Sweden: a cross-sectional study

BackgroundDespite the importance of having trust in the health system, there is a paucity of research in this field in Sweden. The aim of this study was to estimate the level of trust in the health system and to assess the factors associated with it in northern Sweden.MethodsA cross-sectional survey was conducted in 2014 in the four northern regions of Sweden. A total of 24 795 participants (48% response rate) aged 18 to 84 years were involved in the study. A log-binomial regression was used to measure the association between sociodemographic factors and trust in the health system.ResultsTwo thirds of the participants (68.5%) reported high trust in the health system i.e. had very much or quite a lot confidence in the health system. Women had lower prevalence of trust compared to men (PR = 0.96; 95% CI = 0.94–0.98) while older participants had a higher trust compared to youth (PR = 1.11; 95% CI = 1.06–1.16). Participants with lower level of education, those who experienced economic stress, those who were born outside Sweden and those living in small municipalities also had lower prevalence of trust in the health system. Conversely, lower income was associated with higher trust (PR = 1.08; 95% CI = 1.04–1.12). Finally, a strong relationship between higher social capital (having emotional and instrumental support, horizontal trust, and higher social participation) and trust in the health system was also found.ConclusionsTrust in the health system was moderately high in northern Sweden and strongly associated with sociodemographic and social capital factors. Trust is a complex phenomenon and a deeper exploration of the relation between trust in the health system and sociodemographic factors is needed.

We must deter, but not without trust: a case of formalising informal micro-entrepreneurs in Pakistan

PurposeThe policy approach in Pakistan with regard to combating the informal economy has remained quite myopic and skewed in its reliance on measures informed by the rational economic-actor theory as opposed to the social-actor approach. Thus, this study attempts to evaluate and synthesise the two alternative policy approaches and formulate a more theoretically integrative understanding of the subject.Design/methodology/approachThe authors gather data from 600 micro-entrepreneurs operating in the retail and wholesale sector of Lahore, Pakistan, which is then analysed using an ordered logit regression technique.FindingsIn contrast to more developed countries, the finding here is that higher perceived penalties have a highly significant and positive impact on the level of formality of Pakistani micro-entrepreneurs. The perceived risk of detection, meanwhile, has only a moderately significant impact on the micro-entrepreneurs level of formality. Likewise, the level of vertical and horizontal trust has a positive but moderately significant impact on the level of formality. Nonetheless, both the vertical and horizontal trust exhibit a very significant moderating effect on the relationship between the use of penalties and the level of formality, that is, the higher the level of trust that the micro-entrepreneurs have in the state and other businesses, the lower is the effectiveness of punitive measures.Practical implicationsDeterrence is an effective way to enhance the level of formality in the case of the Pakistani context. Nonetheless, the authors imply that without building trust, this overreliance on punitive and detective measures can actually be counter-productive. A combined and congruent (not sequential) use of voluntary compliance measures is thus warranted.Originality/valueIt is a unique attempt to evaluate and synthesise the global policy theorisations in a non-mainstream and antagonistic climate, such as Pakistan.

Reject, limbo, and accept: the effect of migration decisions on asylum seekers

ABSTRACT What is the effect of the state’s decision to grant or reject a residence permit on asylum seekers? Relying on repeated surveys with recently arrived asylum seekers to Sweden, we examine what seems to be a random migration decision from the perspective of the asylum seekers to evaluate how the “limbo” nature of the waiting period, and the subsequent rejection or acceptance, shapes asylum seekers’ life satisfaction, health, horizontal trust in Swedes, and vertical trust in Swedish institutions. The migration decision meaningfully affects not only their well-being, but also shapes their attitudes towards the host country’s institutions and people: “acceptance” yields positive evaluations of their personal lives and the host country, while “rejection” renders the opposite. Importantly, few differences in evaluations emerge between those in “limbo” and those denied. As potential future members of the state, these findings inform our understanding of how the migration decision is meaningful for asylum seekers’ experiences with exclusion and inclusion.

Auditoria ao Stresse no contexto Laboral: uma proposta de intervenção nos Riscos Psicossociais

Introduction and objectives In the workplace context, there may be a multiplicity of psychosocial risks that interfere with the health and well-being of workers, influencing productivity, absenteeism, presenteeism, employee satisfaction and motivation. On the other hand, the coping strategies used, as well as individual and organizational resources, promote a better management of work stress. This study aims to assess the perception of psychosocial risks, health and coping of employees of an institution. Methods A descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out, using instruments such as the Copenhagen Psychosocial Questionnaire - COPSOQ-II, Brief Symptom Inventory - BSI and Brief Cope. Results and discussion The general data indicate a greater risk in terms of work demands, with cognitive dimension and work pace being more prevalent. Furthermore, role conflict is perceived as a serious risk. Difficulties in the balance between family life and work are also highlighted, as well as the need to improve vertical trust, which is mutually established between management and employees. Regarding the organization and content of work, even though they are considered moderate risks, it is worth emphasizing the importance of factors such as influence on work and commitment, in promoting and maintaining job satisfaction. On the other hand, it is also important to take into account the resources that can work as protectors of the mental health of employees as positive points were identified the possibility of development, the meaning of work, predictability, rewards, transparency on paper, the quality of leadership, job satisfaction (although these two should be reinforced), support from colleagues, job security, horizontal trust, as well as the social community. Regarding to the symptoms, there are some situations that deserve an individualized intervention, in order to promote its stabilization and mitigate its consequences. Concerning the most used coping strategies, the results show greater resort to acceptance, active coping and planning, although these two are less relevant. Conclusion The data alerts to the need to intervene, resorting to measures centered on the individual, but also on the organization, to prevent, minimize and repair the damage arising from the psychosocial risks found, as well as to strengthen existing resources. Keywords: psychosocial risks; stress; auditing; health promotion; stress prevention; occupational health.

Knowing and Unknowing Purchases of Undeclared Healthcare Goods and Services: The Role of Vertical and Horizontal Trust.

Although major advances have been made in relation to explaining the supply side of the informal economy, this is not the case for the demand-side of the informal economy. This study analyses for the first time the purchasers of undeclared goods and services in the healthcare sector. To evaluate the purchase of undeclared healthcare goods and services, logistic regression analysis and robustness tests are used on 3048 interviews in Cyprus, Greece, Italy and Malta. The finding is that an important share of the purchasers make this type of purchase unknowingly. However, no difference in terms of socio-economics characteristics of those who knowingly and those who unknowingly made purchases of undeclared healthcare goods and services was identified. Meanwhile a significant influence of trust (in government and in other citizens) has been identified in relation to those who made these purchases knowingly. As such, policy measures aimed at decreasing unknowing purchases and at nurturing trust are discussed in the concluding section.

Real-time Structural Stability of Domes through Limit Analysis: Application to St. Peter’s Dome

ABSTRACT A digital tool is presented and made available for the rapid structural assessment of historic masonry domes. It is especially suited for masonry domes that present long meridian cracks; ergo partitioned slices governed by a pushing failure mode. The proposed procedure considers a Heyman’s no-tension mechanical model that has been implemented within a user-friendly visual programming environment. The numerical approach includes parametric modelling of the failure mechanism that allows exploring the domain of solutions using the kinematic theorem of limit analysis. A heuristic search method is subsequently adopted to refine the geometry of the collapse mechanism and to compute the value of the horizontal trust. Validation of the results has been achieved considering St. Peter’s dome. As reported in the literature, the behaviour of this dome shifted from a rigid shell-type — stiffened by hoop stresses — towards a pushing type of dome partitioned by long meridian cracks. Unlike time-consuming and advanced methods of analysis, the present procedure allows the users to perform a structural assessment of a historic masonry dome in a few seconds and offers the possibility of including: (i) the dome’s drum in the analysis, if applicable; and (ii) rings as strengthening measure, whose number, position (dome or drum) and material (capacity) are user-defined. The goal is to make the tool easily and freely available at the disposal of students, researchers, and structural engineers.

Analysis of Seismic Action on the Tie Rod System in Historic Buildings Using Finite Element Model Updating

Historic buildings have a high architectural value and their maintenance, repair and rehabilitation require a special approach. This approach is mainly based on the buildings’ performance under non-destructive tests such as operational modal analysis (OMA). Under extreme loads, such as earthquakes, these buildings require representative numerical models to simulate their expected response. In historic buildings, tie rods transfer axial loads and are typically used to balance horizontal trust due to static and dynamic loads associated with seismic actions. It is very important to determine the possibility of exceeding their load-bearing capacity under extreme loads, such as an earthquake. In this context, this paper presents an approach for the analysis of seismic action on the tie rod system in a historic building. The analysis was performed by combining the on-site experimental testing and the finite element model updating (FEMU) of the local models of tie rods and the global model of the structure. It was shown that the combination of analyzing local and global structural models, experimental on-site testing and FEMU is a viable solution for assessment of historic buildings’ load bearing capacity.

Tackling Undeclared Self-Employment in South-East Europe: from Deterrents to Preventative Policy Measures

This paper evaluates two contrasting policy approaches for tackling those working on an own-account basis who do not declare all their paid activities to the authorities for tax, social security and/or labour law purposes. The conventional deterrence approach, based on a rational economic actor view, has sought to raise the costs of engaging in undeclared work by increasing the expected sanctions and risk of detection. Recently, an alternative preventative approach has emerged viewing participants more as social actors operating in the undeclared economy when there is a lack of vertical trust (in government) and horizontal trust (in others to operate legitimately).Consequently, this seeks to improve vertical and horizontal trust in order to elicit voluntary compliance. To evaluate the effectiveness of these contrasting policy approaches in tackling undeclared self-employment, evidence is reported from a 2019 Eurobarometer survey in seven South-East European countries (Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Greece, Hungary, Romania and Slovenia). This reveals that the likelihood of participation in undeclared selfemployment is not significantly associated with the deterrent measures of increasing the perceived sanctions and risk of detection but is significantly associated with the preventative measures of improving vertical and horizontal trust. The implications for theorising and tackling undeclared self-employment are discussed.