Horizontal Tree Research Articles

Habitat Characteristics of the Endangered Himalayan Red Panda in Panchthar–Ilam–Taplejung Corridor, Eastern Nepal

The Panchthar–Ilam–Taplejung Corridor in Eastern Nepal, managed through community forestry, is a crucial habitat for the Himalayan red panda, an endangered carnivore threatened by forest degradation and illegal trade. We deployed the altitude line intercept and ten-tree plotless methods to evaluate the distribution of Himalayan red pandas and the environmental factors affecting them within four community forests, namely Singhadevi, Chitre-Hile, Chhipchhipe, and Kalikhop-Dadehli, of the corridor. We established a total of 23 transects and 92 plots, identifying 41 plots with evidence of the Himalayan red panda’s presence. The sign occurrence revealed a clumped distribution of the species across all four community forests. The Himalayan red panda signs were observed between 2200 m and 2700 m above sea level (asl) and the majority of them were from habitats with a moderate slope within elevations of 2400 m to 2500 m asl. The primary sites for the defecation were large horizontal tree branches (78.12%), followed by forest ground (15.62%) and rocks (6.25%). The dominant tree species in their habitats included Lithocarpus pachyphylla (Importance value index, IVI = 45.05), Symplocus theifolia (IVI = 37.19), Symplocos pyrifolia (IVI = 20.99), Quercus lamellosa (IVI = 19.25), and Magnolia campbellii (IVI = 17.25). Among the thirteen environmental variables examined, proximity to water, distance to road, bamboo density, and Normalized Difference Vegetation Index were identified as the major factors influencing the Himalayan red panda’s distribution. This research provides crucial insights to develop site-specific habitat management plans for community forestry.

Practical, effective and safer: Placing traps above ground is an improved capture method for the critically endangered ngwayir (western ringtail possum; Pseudocheirus occidentalis).

The capture of wild-living animals can provide valuable information that is critical in developing and implementing effective conservation actions. These capture procedures, however, often require direct handling of individuals by researchers, and conservationists should constantly seek to improve capture methods so that the impacts on animal welfare are minimised. The ngwayir (western ringtail possum; Pseudocheirus occidentalis) is a critically endangered arboreal marsupial in need of effective conservation. It is, however, not amenable to conventional trapping, leading to the use of methods such as nest robbing and tranquilisation using dart guns or pole syringes, which involve potentially serious animal welfare risks and longer exposure of animals to humans as compared to conventional trapping. In pursuit of an improved capture method, we investigated opportunistically whether placing traps above the ground would increase the capture success rate of the species, using wire cage traps baited with universal bait and fruit. Between 2010 and 2019, we deployed trapping grids in Locke Nature Reserve and adjacent campsites near Busselton, WA, Australia, with traps placed on the ground for 1,985 trap nights and traps placed on horizontal tree branches, fallen trees or fences, 1-2 m above ground for 694 trap nights. With the above ground traps we trapped 82 ngwayirs out of 694 trap nights, 27 in autumn and 55 in spring. We also captured eleven common brushtail possums (Trichosurus vulpecula; 1.6% trap success rate), 12 King's skinks (Egernia kingii; 1.7%) and five black rats (Rattus rattus; 0.7%). Trapping success rate was higher in elevated traps (up to 18.3%) compared to traps on the ground (0.5%) and using fruit as bait increased the trap success rate. These results suggest that using elevated traps baited with fruit is a practical, effective method to capture the ngwayir.

:Lines of Thought: Branching Diagrams and the Medieval Mind

:<i>Lines of Thought: Branching Diagrams and the Medieval Mind</i>

Impact of Transhumant Livestock Grazing Abandonment on Pseudo-Alpine Grasslands in Greece in the Context of Climatic Change

Pseudo-alpine grassland ecosystems have started to decline during the past few decades. According to many studies, climate change and abandonment of traditional anthropogenic activities are directly linked to this phenomenon. However, the interaction of these two factors with pseudo-alpine grasslands has not been studied in Greece. The aim of this study was to assess the impact of climatic change and abandonment of transhumant livestock grazing on pseudo-alpine grassland ecosystems structure and stability in Mt Vermio and Mt Zireia. Geographic Information System data on land use/land cover from 1945 and 2020, as well as climatological and livestock data, have been examined and presented. Landscape metrics were also used to quantify landscape structure changes. Although both mountains’ pseudo-alpine grasslands have reduced in size, Mt Zireia has experienced an upward treeline shift, which seems to be the result of climate change, while in Mt Vermio, the more severe transhumance abandonment caused horizontal tree expansion. There are strong indications that a rise in temperature is the main driver for the upward increase in treeline.

Seasonally disparate responses of surface thermal environment to 2D/3D urban morphology

The driving mechanisms of urban surface thermal environments usually differ with season. However, to date, the seasonal differences in the impacts of two-dimensional (2D) and three-dimensional (3D) building and tree morphologies on land surface temperature (LST) remain poorly understood. Additionally, there has yet to be a quantitative attempt to separate the direct effects of building and tree morphologies on LST from the indirect effects from 3D perspectives. Here, using Nanjing, China as an example, we investigated the seasonally disparate responses of LST to the 2D and 3D building and tree morphologies, by combining boosted regression trees and a structural equation model (SEM). Our findings show that the predominant factor that affects the spatial pattern of LST is the percent cover of buildings (PER_Build) in spring and summer, while the sky view factor (SVF) dominates LST variations in autumn and winter. The LST responsiveness to changes in these factors also showed a large seasonal variation. In summer, LST increased with PER_Build, and the greatest warming effect occurred when the building surface and tree canopy fractions were lower than 25% and 40%, respectively. In winter, by comparison, the variations in SVF and PER_Tree led to a larger change in LST. Further results using the SEM model suggest that LST variation is governed by more 2D building structures in spring and summer, whereas 3D building structures have a more dominant impact on LST in autumn and winter. Most of the overall impacts resulting from the 3D building and horizontal tree structures are direct throughout each season. However, the overall impacts of the 2D building structure on LST are mainly direct in spring and summer yet indirect in autumn and winter. In all seasons, the indirect impacts of 2D and 3D building structures on LST primarily originate from the horizontal and vertical tree structures, respectively. We consider that these findings can guide designing optimization strategies for urban heat mitigation for different seasons from 2D and 3D perspectives.

Mixing degree, stand density, and water supply can increase the overyielding of mixed versus monospecific stands in Central Europe

Tree species mixtures can overyield monospecific stands and provide many other advantageous regulating and provisioning ecosystem services. So far, the effect of mixing on growth were mostly described at the individual tree level or cumulatively at the stand level. How overyielding emerges from the mixing pattern, how it is modulated by the current environmental conditions, and how overyielding develops with progressing stand age is largely unexplored. However, such knowledge might promote the silvicultural design of mixed stands.Here, we use 50 long-term experimental plots in Germany with repeated spatially explicit stand inventories. They cover monospecific and mixed species stands of Norway spruce (Picea abies [L.] Karst.) and European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.), sessile oak (Quercus petraea [Matt.] Liebl.) and European beech, and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.) and European beech. The stands represent medium to very good site conditions, fully to moderately thinned 15–238 years-old stands with mixing patterns ranging from single-tree and group-mixture to monospecific stands.The main hypothesis is that mixing pattern, environmental conditions, and stand age modulate the stand growth and overyielding of mixed versus monospecific stands. Based on metrics of mixing the mixing pattern and indices of environmental conditions we show that mixed stands of European beech were on averaged by 12–36% more productive than respective monocultures. Overyielding can increase with stand density, mixing degree, regularity of horizontal tree distribution, tree size variation, site index, and water supply. Overyielding continued throughout the whole rotation time.The found overyielding suggests general facilitative effects of mixing in terms of bioclimate or soil conditions, independent of the mixing pattern. In addition to this general effect, overyielding was increased by stand density and mixing degree. This suggests a strong competition reduction due to structural complementarity. That the overyielding increases in moist years, points to the competition reduction as dominant cause. We hypothesize that in moist years competition for light and nutrient becomes stronger, so that species complementarity is more important and competition reduction may operate stronger and more beneficial for growth than in years with growth limitation by water.The findings stress the relevance of spatially explicit approaches of analyzing and modelling facilitation and competition at the stand and tree level. Silvicultural prescriptions may incorporate the findings that the analyzed mixtures with European beech in general overyield monospecific stands and that the benefit can be further increased by stand density, mixing degree, and tree size variation. Beneficial effects of mixtures can be expected on medium to high quality sites, in dry years, and even more in moist periods.

Spatial structure – case study on experimental plots of beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and scots pine (Pinus sylvestrisL.) in Olovo, Bosnia and Herzegovina

Spatial structure is the horizontal and vertical arrangement of individual trees. It affects many processes in the stand such as stability, production and regeneration. Stand structure parameters are used to describe spatial structure on experimental plots. The paper presents methods that describe the stand structure through three levels of diversity related to position, species and size. Research has been conducted on two experimental plots from the area of Olovo. Referent trees and their competitors were selected on both experimental plots, and competitors were defined by referent tree distance. The aim of this paper is to describe the spatial structure on experimental plot of European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and experimental plot of European beech and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Indicators of spatial diversity, dimensional diversity and diversity of tree species have been determined to achieve that aim. For each experimental plots are described: horizontal tree distribution (Poisson Distribution, Clapham's Variance – Mean Ratio and Morisita's Index of Dispersion), diameter differentiation (Diameter Differentiation by Füldner and Dominance Index by Hui et al.), species diversity and structural diversity (Species Profile Index by Pretzsch) and species intermingling (Species Intermingling Index by Füldner). Obtained results show that the stand structure of both experimental plots deviates from random distribution. Dimensional diversity parameters indicate stronger intensity of competition for beech trees. Analysis of species diversity showed that beech trees occur in groups or patches, and the other represented species mix more intensive.

New approach to calculating tree height at the regional scale

BackgroundDetermining the spatial distribution of tree heights at the regional area scale is significant when performing forest above-ground biomass estimates in forest resource management research. The geometric-optical mutual shadowing (GOMS) model can be used to invert the forest canopy structural parameters at the regional scale. However, this method can obtain only the ratios among the horizontal canopy diameter (CD), tree height, clear height, and vertical CD. In this paper, we used a semi-variance model to calculate the CD using high spatial resolution images and expanded this method to the regional scale. We then combined the CD results with the forest canopy structural parameter inversion results from the GOMS model to calculate tree heights at the regional scale.ResultsThe semi-variance model can be used to calculate the CD at the regional scale that closely matches (mainly with in a range from − 1 to 1 m) the CD derived from the canopy height model (CHM) data. The difference between tree heights calculated by the GOMS model and the tree heights derived from the CHM data was small, with a root mean square error (RMSE) of 1.96 for a 500-m area with high fractional vegetation cover (FVC) (i.e., forest area coverage index values greater than 0.8). Both the inaccuracy of the tree height derived from the CHM data and the unmatched spatial resolution of different datasets will influence the accuracy of the inverted tree height. And the error caused by the unmatched spatial resolution is small in dense forest.ConclusionsThe semi-variance model can be used to calculate the CD at the regional scale, together with the canopy structure parameters inverted by the GOMS model, the mean tree height at the regional scale can be obtained. Our study provides a new approach for calculating tree height and provides further directions for the application of the GOMS model.

The influence the horizontal structure of the forest on the passing the L1 range of navigation satellites signals

Experimental data on the passing of signals from navigation satellites of the L1 range through forest plantations with an anisotropic horizontal tree arrangement structure are presented. A feature of the studied environment is an irregular distance between trees in rows and a constant distance between rows. Signals were recorded by an antenna located inside the forest at heights of 0.5 and 10 meters. Based on the results of processing the amplitude-time dependences of the recorded signal by means of fast Fourier transform, qualitative differences were revealed depending on the orientation of the probe signal path in the forest stand.

From Completion to Production Without Intervention in a Subsea Well

This article, written by JPT Technology Editor Judy Feder, contains highlights of paper OTC 30697, “From Completion to Production Without Intervention in a VXT Subsea Completed Well,” by Susanne Loen Ommundsen, Interwell, and Berit Sara Schiefloe and Olle Balstad, Equinor, et al., prepared for the 2020 Offshore Technology Conference, originally scheduled to be held in Houston, 4-7 May. The paper has not been peer reviewed. Copyright 2020 Offshore Technology Conference. Reproduced by permission. As part of an improvement program focused on increasing standardization and efficiency on subsea well operations on the Norwegian continental shelf, the operator aimed to standardize future subsea wells using vertical trees (VXT) instead of horizontal trees. This would enable batch completion of several wells with a rig, followed by XT installation with an installation, maintenance, and repair (IMR) vessel, eliminating the need for a rig or lightweight intervention (LWI) vessel. The complete paper describes the development and implementation of a glass-plug solution that closed the technical gaps that had previously inhibited fully intervention-free operation for completion installation. Background and Field Information Trestakk is an oil and gas field in the Norwegian Sea in Block 6406/3. The field lies in 300 m of water approximately 27 km southeast of Åsgard A. Trestakk was discovered in 1986 and the plan for development and operation was approved in 2017. Equinor operates the field with 59.1% ownership interest, with Vår Energi owning the remaining 40.9%. The field development covers a subsea template with four well slots and one satellite well. A total of five wells will be drilled - three for production and two for gas injection. Production from the Trestakk subsea field on Haltenbanken in the Norwegian Sea began 16 July 2019. Trestakk is tied back to the Åsgard A floating production vessel. The Petroleum Safety Authority Norway and the Norwegian Petroleum Directorate approved the application for extending the lifetime of the installation to 2031 as a result of the additional recoverable volumes from Trestakk, for which field production is expected to last for 12 years. The goal for Trestakk was to achieve first recoverable oil at surface as soon as possible. The method selected was deployment of the completion string and VXT from a rig. The proposed solution was a barrier valve to be integrated as part of the completion string. As an operational improvement, the Trestakk team decided to design the wells with the intention of excluding wireline. Common methods for suspension and initiation of subsea wells during blowout-preventer (BOP) removal and VXT installation include installing shallow-set bridge plugs in the tubing or a tubing hanger plug. The plug is then removed using a riserless LWI vessel or rig. This method is often associated with high cost and enhanced operational risk.

Experimental Assessment of the Flow Resistance of Coastal Wooden Fences

Wooden fences are applied as a nature-based solution to support mangrove restoration along mangrove coasts in general and the Mekong Delta coast in particular. The simple structure uses vertical bamboo poles as a frame to store horizontal bamboo and tree branches (brushwood). Fence resistance is quantitatively determined by the drag coefficient exerted by the fence material on the flow; however, the behaviour of drag is predictable only when the arrangement of the cylinders is homogeneous. Therefore, for more arbitrary arrangements, the Darcy–Forchheimer equations need to be considered. In this study, the law of fluid flow was applied by forcing a constant flow of water through the fence material and measuring the loss of hydraulic pressure over a fence thickness. Fences, mainly using bamboo sticks, were installed with model-scale and full-scale diameters applying two main arrangements, inhomogeneous and staggered. Our empirical findings led to several conclusions. The bulk drag coefficient ( C D ¯ ) is influenced by the flow regime represented by Reynolds number. The drag coefficient decreases with the increase of the porosity, which strongly depends on fence arrangements. Finally, the Forchheimer coefficients can be linked to the drag coefficient through a related porosity parameter at high turbulent conditions. The staggered arrangement is well-predicted by the Ergun-relations for the Darcy–Forchheimer coefficients when an inhomogeneous arrangement with equal porosity and diameter leads to a large drag and flow resistance.

Reliability and availability modeling of Subsea Xmas tree system using Dynamic Bayesian network with different maintenance methods

Subsea Xmas tree is a vital equipment for offshore oil and gas development. Aiming at the fault mode of subsea Christmas tree system under production conditions, the fault tree of subsea tree system was established, which was transformed into Dynamic Bayesian network, and the reliability and availability of subsea tree system with different repair states are quantitatively analyzed. In this paper, the DBNs are partially verified by the method based on three axes. The results show that the reliability of subsea vertical tree system is slightly higher than that of subsea horizontal tree system. After repair and maintenance, the performance of subsea tree system has been significantly improved, and the improvement of the system performance by preventive maintenance is more obvious. Compared with the perfect repair, the performance of the system with imperfect repair is not significantly reduced. Compared with perfect repair & preventive maintenance, the performance of the system with imperfect repair & preventive maintenance is slightly reduced. In addition, the influence of failure rates and degradation probability on reliability and availability is analyzed. By comparing the influence of failure rates on the system performance of non-maintenance and maintenance, it is found that the change of failure rates has the greatest influence on the reliability and the least influence on the availability of perfect repair & preventive maintenance. By comparing the performance of each component in the subsea tree system, it is found that the failure rates has the most obvious influence on the chock module, and gate valve and tree cap have the most significant influence on the reliability of the system. In order to improve the reliability of subsea tree system, it is necessary to improve the reliability of chock module, gate valve and tree cap.

Seasonal Variation and Characterization of the Micrometeorology in Linpan Settlements in the Chengdu Plain, China: Microclimatic Effects of Linpan Size and Tree Distribution

Linpan settlements (abbreviated as Linpan) are the most important traditional type of rural settlement in the Chengdu Plain, and they are an important part of the agroforestry ecological system in southwest China. In this study, we measured the micrometeorological parameters (air temperature, solar radiation, relative humidity, and wind speed) in 12 Linpans for two years to determine the seasonal micrometeorology variations; then, we explored the impacts of Linpan size and tree distribution on the Linpan micrometeorology. The results show that the Linpans undergo seasonal cooling (from 0.6 to 1.3°C), humidification (from 0.9% to 4.1%), reduction in solar radiation flux (from 92.1 to 496.0 W/m2), and changes in wind speed (by 0.4 to 0.5 m/s) compared to the surrounding environment. Both solar radiation flux and wind speed showed the following decreasing trend with respect to sampling positions in the Linpan: outside &gt; edge &gt; center. The Linpan size did not affect the solar radiation flux or wind speed over the four seasons. The main factor affecting solar radiation flux and wind speed was the horizontal tree distribution not the Linpan size. However, the Linpan size was significantly correlated with the air temperature in summer and winter. Large Linpans (&gt;5 × 103 m2) showed better ability to control the temperature to within a comfortable range in extremely hot and cold seasons. The Linpan size also showed a negative relationship with the relative humidity, but only in winter. Among the tree distribution patterns, a scattered distribution was optimal to achieve a comfortable micrometeorology over the course of the year. In addition, we suggest some ways to adapt the Linpan micrometeorology, which could be used to protect traditional Linpans, as well as for ecological restoration.

Еталон лісових насаджень на заповідних територіях Національного природного парку «Сколівські Бескиди»

Облік лісових масивів природоохоронних об’єктів є первинним етапом оцінення їх потенціалу. Об’єктом дослідження є лісові насадження заповідної зони Національного природного парку «Сколівські Бескиди». Метою дослідження передбачено відібрати еталон, тобто лісові насадження із максимальним біорізноманіттям та продуктивністю, складною вертикальною структурою. Методику вибіркової лісової інвентаризації вважають найбільш адекватною для отримання репрезентативних даних. Для таких об’єктів лісівничо-таксаційна характеристика доповнюється аналізом просторової структури насаджень та оцінкою біорізноманіття.&#x0D; На території Майданського лісництва виявлено еталон лісових насаджень. Еталон представлений триярусними деревостанами. Після розроблення моделей залежності середнього приросту деревостану від середнього віку, а також запасу деревостану від середнього діаметра дерев першого ярусу, усі об’єкти розділено на дві групи. До першої групи відібрано об’єкти, котрі за величиною запасу (приросту) потрапляють до верхньої частини довірчої зони моделі з одностороннім обмеженням 1-2 стандартні відхилення.&#x0D; Відібрано шість еталонів у віковому діапазоні 55-136 років. Яруси лісового насадження складаються із бука лісового, ялиці білої та ялини європейської. Один еталон характеризує деревостан з модрини європейської, явора, ялини та ялиці. Частка дерев в першому ярусі змінюється в межах 43-63%, у другому – 4-32%, у третьому – 24-31%.&#x0D; Високопродуктивні структурно складні еталони є типовими природними утвореннями, на котрі повинна орієнтуватися господарська діяльність підприємства.

基于水平树结构的可变权重代价聚合立体匹配算法

基于水平树结构的可变权重代价聚合立体匹配算法

Recapturing the canopy: stimulating Bornean orang-utan (Pongo pygmaeus) natural locomotion behaviour in a zoo environment

Orang-utans are the largest mainly arboreal animal: wild orang-utans rarely come to the forest floor. In contrast, the locomotion behaviour of captive orang-utans encompasses more time on the ground and they spend less time on locomotion than their wild conspecifics. Moreover, their most frequently employed climbing postures differ from those of wild orang-utans. More natural locomotion behaviour may be stimulated by the design of appropriate enclosures. This study aimed to investigate how the design of orang-utan enclosures influences locomotion behaviour both quantitatively (i.e. time spent above ground and on locomotion) and qualitatively (i.e. types of movement). We collected continuous focal samples from 11 captive Bornean orang-utans ( Pongo pygmaeus ) at Apenheul Primate Park (Apeldoorn, The Netherlands). During the study, Apenheul offered two types of outdoor enclosures to their orang-utans: horizontal trunk enclosures with a relatively high number of large-diameter, horizontal tree trunks; and multiple rope enclosures with a relatively high number of small-diameter ropes. The results showed that the orang-utans’ quantitative locomotion behaviour was more natural in the horizontal trunk than in the multiple rope enclosures: they spent less time on the ground and more time on above-ground locomotion. However, the orang-utans’ qualitative locomotion behaviour seemed more natural in the multiple rope enclosures than in the horizontal trunk enclosures. This indicates that both horizontal trunks and small-diameter substrates are required to stimulate natural quantitative and qualitative locomotion behaviour. Zoos can apply our recommendations to stimulate natural locomotion behaviour in captive orang-utans, which may improve their physical condition and thereby increase their wellbeing.

Risk-Based Abandonment-Prioritization Strategy for Inactive Subsea Wells

This article, written by Special Publications Editor Adam Wilson, contains highlights of paper SPE 181020, “Risk-Based Abandonment-Prioritization Strategy for Inactive Subsea Wells,” by Abimbola Oladipo, Maersk Oil North Sea UK, and Adrian Houlbrook, DNV GL, prepared for the 2016 SPE Intelligent Energy International Conference and Exhibition, Aberdeen, 6–8 September. The paper has not been peer reviewed. This paper describes how an exploration-and-production company successfully developed and applied a qualitative risk-based abandonment-prioritization strategy for an inventory of inactive subsea wells. The exercise entailed a qualitative-assessment methodology using 25 well-integrity-related criteria. An aggregate of weighted scores was subsequently applied to the company’s corporate risk-assessment matrix on the basis of the escalation potential in the event of a loss of containment. The results clearly highlighted the wells with the highest risks. Well History The inactive subsea wells relevant to the exercise are distributed across the central North Sea in water depths ranging from 244 to 474 ft. These normal-pressure/normal-temperature subsea wells are all located in the mature UK Central North Sea offshore basin and were completed in relatively benign reservoirs with comparatively low corrosion susceptibility. Each inactive subsea well evaluated had functioned earlier in its life as an oil producer (with gas lift capability), water injector, or aquifer well. The majority of these subsea wells were shut in and disconnected from their flowlines and hydraulic-control and data-acquisition systems. However, the wells’ physical isolation from the flowlines and great distance from the host installation meant that they presented negligible safety risks to personnel onboard the installations. Methodology Because degradation is not driven solely by age, and having recognized that each well behaves differently, the methodology (Fig. 1) required each well to be assessed on the basis of evidential information presented and in accordance with how closely the well followed the corporate standard ideal integrity model of its well type. A specific set of scoring guidelines was developed and reflected corporate risk-management protocols to achieve a consistent, fair, and accurate risk ranking. These guidelines were based on a number of factors, including but not limited to the technical integrity of key elements, evidential documentation, field service history, incident records, and well-integrity maintenance records. An initial classification was applied on the basis of the available design life of key surface equipment (in this case, subsea horizontal spool trees and wellheads) and well functionality, thus enabling each well to be classified broadly into one of three preliminary-risk-assessment categories: high, medium, or low.

VISUALIZING NARRATIVE STRUCTURE IN THE MEDIEVAL UNIVERSITY: DIVISIO TEXTUS REVISITED

The early thirteenth century saw the rise of a new exegetical technique: divisio textus, or text division. Commentators engaged in subtle structural analyses, parsing texts into increasingly smaller units, and at times represented these structures as complex tree diagrams. For a case study of this technique, this essay presents a previously unnoticed series of such marginal diagrams in MS Assisi, Bib. Com. 51 that depict the structure of the first three chapters of the Book of Job. Following the manner in which the author analyzes the narrative functions of character description, dialogues, and other aspects, the essay reconstructs the narratological principles embedded in these diagrams, and compares them with other divisions of Job by thirteenth century theologians. It sets the diagramming of divisiones textus in its the broader context of medieval horizontal tree diagrams and discusses the peculiar implications of the spatialization of biblical narrative. Appendices include full transcriptions, translations and auxiliary materials for comparison.

Schemata as Maps and Editing Tools in Thirteenth-Century Scholasticism

The essay introduces the reader to thirteenth-century horizontal tree diagrams representing the structure of scholastic questions. Analysis of diagrams in two manuscripts from the early Franciscan school of Paris is enriched with notions from cognitive studies, in order to use these drawings as a lens into scholastic cognitive strategies and perception of texts. While previous scholarship about medieval diagrams has focused on mnemonic and pedagogical functions, I argue that these drawings were used as road maps and as editing tools for both navigating and constructing the increasingly sophisticated forms of scholastic writing. This application of the diagrammatic mode to text structure, I suggest, both reflected and encouraged a new perception of texts as modular, spatial, and hierarchical entities.

The Proposal of a Evolutionary Strategy Generating the Data Structures Based on a Horizontal Tree for the Tests

Abstract The aim of the article is to present a mathematical definition of the object model, that is known in computer science as TreeList and to show application of this model for design evolutionary algorithm, that purpose is to generate structures based on this object. The first chapter introduces the reader to the problem of presenting data using the TreeList object. The second chapter describes the problem of testing data structures based on TreeList. The third one shows a mathematical model of the object TreeList and the parameters, used in determining the utility of structures created through this model and in evolutionary strategy, that generates these structures for testing purposes. The last chapter provides a brief summary and plans for future research related to the algorithm presented in the article.