Horizontal Roughing Filter Research Articles

Analysis of Decision Making on Wastewater Use Technology in the Universitas Pertamina Area

Wastewater available through the sewerage system can be reused as a daily need. With a sewer system, the Universitas Pertamina Area can utilize water according to Government Regulation of the Republic of Indonesia Number 82 of 2001 Class 4. Reuse of wastewater within this scope can improve sustainable development goals. This study aims to analyze the decision-making of sewerage water treatment so that it can be reused according to the class 4 quality standard. The first alternative consists of a collection tank, bar screen, pre-sedimentation, rapid sand filter (RSF), and disinfection. The second alternative consists of a collection tank, bar screen, horizontal roughing filter (HRF), RSF, and disinfection. The two alternatives provided have met the required quality standards. However, the area of land required in alternative one is too large compared to the second alternative. This causes the second alternative to be more appropriate to be applied in the Universitas Pertamina Area. Analysis of decision-making on the use of RSF media is carried out using the Analytical Hierarchy Process (AHP). The alternative media for RSF are sand, granular active carbon (GAC), and zeolite. The criteria for BOD removal, total coliform removal, cost, headloss, and replacement period of the most appropriate zeolite media for use in the RSF unit process.

Wastewater reclamation design from sewerage system for gardening activity in Universitas Pertamina

Wastewater recycling is one of the criteria for continuous innovation at the campus level. Reclamation of water from the sewage system for gardening activities is one way to achieve this target at Universitas Pertamina. The aim of this study is to design and verify a water treatment unit from sewage to ready-to-use water for gardening activities. The units needed for the wastewater treatment system are a tank, Horizontal Roughing Filter (HRF), Rapid Sand Filtration (RSF), reservoir, and disinfection. The expected quality of effluent from processing is TDS 278 mg/L; TSS 1.3 mg/L; Turbidity 0.17 NTU; BOD5 0.63 mg/L; COD 6.12 mg/L; Total phosphate 0.95 mg/L; Nitrate 0.07 mg/L; detergent 0.7 mg/L; and total coliform MPN/100mL. The most important parameter in the sewerage water treatment process is the total coliform which must achieve an efficiency of 99%. This conventional method of water treatment is used because the availability of land is still sufficient, if it is not sufficient then further processing that is efficient, environmentally friendly, and has economic value is required.

Horizontal roughing filter for reducing emitter composite clogging in drip irrigation systems using high sediment water

Composite clogging substance is an inevitable issue in irrigation systems that use high-sediment water (HSW), consequently leading to emitter clogging, which may damage the whole irrigation system. So far, settling tanks allow particle deposition before water is applied in the drip irrigation systems, so they reduce particle load and therefore clogging risk is reduced. However, these tanks do not always perform properly, particularly when controlling biologging and organic matter clogging. This study proposed using a Horizontal Roughing Filter (HRF) to relieve composite clogging in irrigation systems using HSW. Results revealed that HRF reduced Sediment concentration (SC), Chemical Oxygen Demand (CODcr), Total Organic Carbon (TOC), and Biochemical oxygen demand (BOD5) by 73.6–89.6%, 8.1–62.2%, 15.3–51.8%, and 22.8–53.1%, respectively. In addition, compared with control treatment (CK), HRF decreased the clogging substance of lateral and emitter by 32.4–37.6% and 25.5–29.4%, respectively, which obviously alleviated the risk of emitter clogging. Finally, compared with CK, HRF increased the Christiansen of Uniformity (CU) of drip irrigation system and average discharge variation ratio (Dra) 9.2–27.1% and 12.3–22.5%. Moreover, the filter performance of HRF under medium thickness of 60 cm was obviously higher than those with thicknesses of 20 cm and 40 m, only slightly lower than those with thicknesses of 80 cm. The results demonstrated that HRF is an effective filtration treatment with great potential applications for controlling the composite clogging in irrigation systems using high-sediment water.

Suspended Solid Removal of Palm Oil Mill Effluent Using Horizontal Roughing Filter and Calcinated Limestone

Severe environmental pollution could occur in water bodies which serve as the discharge sites for improperly treated palm oil mill effluent (POME). This is because POME increases the chemical oxygen demand (COD) and suspended solids (SS) of the water body. This issue is addressed by investigating the use of raw and calcined limestone (800 °C) in a horizontal roughing filter to eliminate SS from POME in this work. The horizontal roughing filter was designed using various sizes of limestone (4 mm, 12 mm, and 20 mm) at various filtration rates (20, 60, and 100 mL/min). In order to model the experimental design, a method achieving ideal process conditions and optimum values of process variables, central composite design (CCD), and response surface methodology (RSM) were employed. From the column study conducted, a higher SS removal (75%) was obtained at a lower flow rate together with a smaller-sized (4 mm) calcined limestone (LS). The statistical analysis produced an SS removal model with considerable probability values (0.000). The Langmuir and Freundlich isotherms were also used to characterize the adsorption equilibrium during the removal of SS. However, the Langmuir isotherm proved to best fit the data.

Removing Iron and Manganese by Using Cascade Aerator and Limestone Horizontal Roughing Filters

The quality of groundwater at Rumah Nur Kasih consist high concentration of iron (6.12 mg/L) and manganese (0.56 mg/L). The groundwater only used for external usage such as cleaning purposes. In order to reduce iron and manganese, it is proposed cascade aerator system for oxidation process and horizontal roughing filter using limestone as the media for further removal. The oxidation process can reduce iron and manganese in water by increasing the dissolved oxygen. Meanwhile, the filtration by various size of the limestone can help to reduce the concentration of heavy metals as these limestones able to adsorp heavy metals into theirs surface. In this study, two lab scale cascade aerators with different in height of cascade were used to find the highest removal of iron and manganese. It was found out that the optimum flowrate for both cascade aerator was 22mL/s. Model B with higher in height has higher dissolved oxygen and aeration efficiency. The highest removal of iron and manganese for model B are 45.2% and 21.68% respectively. The highest removal of iron and manganese for model A are 39.95% and 12.09% respectively. Three different sizes of limestone were filled into horizontal bed filtration for further removal. The adsorption of these limestone was observed and the smallest range of the limestone has the highest removal for both iron and manganese. The optimum sizes of the limestone are 0.425mm – 2.35mm with removal of 82.75% for iron and 56.78% for manganese.

Behavior of schmutzdecke with varied filtration rates of slow sand filter to remove total coliforms

The previous research showed that slow sand filtration (SSF) can remove the total coli by approximately 99% because of the schmutzecke layer in the filter. The presented study aimed to complete the previous research on SSF, especially on the schmuztdecke layer mechanism, to remove total coli. Total coli is a parameter of water quality standard in Indonesia, and the behavior of schmutzdecke affects the total coli removal. In the present study, the raw water from Amprong River was treated using horizontal roughing filter (HRF) and SSF. The variations in SSF rate used were 0.2 and 0.4 m/h. Total coliforms were analyzed using the most probable number test, and schmutzdecke visualization was conducted through scanning electron microscopy–energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM–EDX). The best coliform concentration in water treated by the combination of HRF and SSF was 4,386 colonies per 100 mL of sample using the filtration rate of 0.2 m/h, and its removal efficiency was 99.60%. However, the quality of water treated by the combination of HRF and SSF did not meet the drinking water quality standard because the removal of total coli must be 100%. The SEM–EDX visualization results in schmutzdecke showed that the average bacteria in the schmutzdecke layer were small, white, opaque, and circular, with entire edge and flat elevation. The Gram test results showed that the schmutzdecke bacteria consisted of Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with basil as the common cell form.

Performance of pilot Horizontal Roughing Filter as polishing stage of waste stabilization ponds in developing regions and modelling verification

Roughing Filters are natural systems widely used as an efficient, cost-effective and simple treatment method, especially in low income regions. In this study, an experimental Horizontal Roughing Filter (HRF) with two design modifications, i.e., varying (3 and 4) number of compartments and gravel media sizes, was operated and monitored for 2 years under three filtration rates (0.5, 1.0 and 2.0 m/h) as polishing stage of a Waste Stabilization Ponds facility. The proposed modification of the WHO-approved HRF with 3 instead of 4 compartments and with modified gravel sizes showed an improved performance in terms of turbidity, TSS, BOD5, COD and chlorophyll-a reduction, complying with the local standards for irrigation reuse, while lower filtration rates were found to further enhance the efficiency. The experimental results were successfully modelled with the Subwet software, which proved to be a reliable tool for performance verification and HRF design. This study demonstrated that the combined system of Waste Stabilization Ponds and Roughing Filters can be an attractive and effective treatment scheme based only on ecological processes, providing a high treated effluent quality with limited costs and simple operation and maintenance.

Calcined limestone horizontal roughing filter for treatment of palm oil mill effluent polishing pond

In this paper, palm oil wastewater treatment was investigated via a filtration process using raw and calcinated limestone (CL). The column studies were conducted using different limestone particle sizes (4, 12, and 20 mm), calcined at 800 °C and run at different flow rates of 20, 60, and 100 mL/min, compared to raw limestone under the same conditions. The response surface methodology using central composite design (CCD) was employed in the optimization process. The experimental data were analysed via the analysis of variance to identify the interaction mechanism between the variables and the dependent variable on the COD removal. The results showed that the COD removal increased with an increase in temperature (800 °C), filtration rate of 20 mL/min, the retention time of 317 min, and smaller size (4 mm) of limestone, but decreased with increase in filtration rate and size of raw limestone. Based on the statistical analysis, quadratic models for the response (COD) demonstrated significant values (0.0001). High temperatures and bigger surface area and pore volume increased the COD removal efficiencies. The highest predicted COD removal achieved was about 51% for calcined limestone at the optimum condition of 20 mL/min flowrate and 4 mm particle size, respectively, compared to raw limestone. Freundlich and Langmuir’s isotherms provided good correlation coefficient for the COD removal and the data agreed with the Langmuir isotherm with the best fit model (R2 = 0.916).

Pilot study of a horizontal roughing filtration system treating greywater generated from a peri-urban community in Durban, South Africa

Abstract There is a growing pressure on the available freshwater resources in South Africa and many other countries around the world. This has led to a large scale of interest in the application of water reclamation and reuse of wastewater as alternative water supply sources. This is becoming critical to sustain development and economic growth in the southern Africa region. This study investigated the performance of a horizontal roughing filtration system treating greywater generated from a peri-urban settlement in Durban, South Africa. The horizontal roughing filtration system consists of three compartments containing different sizes of gravels that serve as the filter media. The horizontal roughing filter was operated at a filtration rate of 0.3 m/hr for 90 days. The results indicated that at this low filtration rate, effective reduction in turbidity, conductivity, chemical oxygen demand and total solids can be achieved. Overall average removal efficiencies of 90% turbidity, 70% chemical oxygen demand, 86% conductivity, and 84% total solids were obtained for the entire duration of operation of the horizontal roughing filtration system. Thus, it was concluded that the horizontal roughing filtration system is suitable for the treatment of greywater for non-potable reuse applications although further investigation needs to be conducted for the microbial removal during the treatment.

Efficiency of Horizontal Roughing Filter in Removing Suspended Solids from Effluent of Waste Stabilization Ponds in 2013

Background & Aims of the Study: The Horizontal roughing filters (HRF) are generally formed with three layers. The size of the course at the beginning of the flow path is large and at the end is small. This kind of layering increases absorption capacity while the solids entering the bed–depth gradually separate because of the decline in the holes’ diameters. This study aimed to examine the efficiency of HRFs in removing total suspended solids (TSS) from effluent of a waste stabilization pond.Materials and Methods This experimental study was conducted in 2013. The pilot project was transferred to the Karaj wastewater treatment plant (waste stabilization pond), Alborz province of Iran. Then, the installation, equipping and start-up of the system began, using an effluent treatment plant. Sampling was done from March to August in 3 rates of 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m/h, which was included simultaneous sampling from inlet and outlet HRF to determine the concentrations of TSS.Results The results showed that at filtration rates of 0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/h, the average of TSS removal was equaled to 42.46, 56.65 and 33.22%, respectively. The removal efficiency of TSS at the rate of 1m/h was more than 0.5 and 1.5 m/h rate (pConclusion According to the results of this study, the HRF function was approximately adequate in TSS removal and can be a suitable option for improving the quality of stabilization ponds effluent.

Nitrogen and phosphorous removal from aerated lagoon effluent using horizontal roughing filter (HRF)

Traditionally, aerated lagoons are not reliable wastewater treatment systems to eliminate nutrient contents of municipal wastewater. This study aimed to enhance the aerated lagoon effluent quality by applying a simple filtration system. Removal of nitrogen and phosphorous from aerated lagoon effluent using horizontal roughing filter (HRF) was investigated. Also, the “1/3–2/3 theory” was applied to predict the TSS concentration of HRF effluent. An experimental setup of HRF was used to receive the continuous effluent from wastewater treatment plant. HRF was operated at three consecutive filtration rates, including 0.5, 1 and 1.5 m3 m−2 h−1. At the first filtration rate (0.5 m3 m−2 h−1), the removal efficiencies of total Kjeldahl nitrogen, total phosphorous, TSS, and COD were reported 50, 54, 63, and 68%, respectively. Decreasing the removal efficiency was occurred during raising the filtration rate (p < 0.05). Applying the “1/3–2/3 theory” revealed the significant correlation between predicted and measured TSS values. The capacity of HRF to retain nitrogen, phosphorous, and COD during the filtration runs was 24.3, 10.1, and 435.4g m−3 d−1, respectively. HRF can be applied as an appropriate alternative for tertiary treatment of the aerated lagoon effluent.

Characterization and treatment of flour mills wastewater for reuse – a case study of Al-kausar Flour Mills, Pakistan

Pakistan is increasingly confronted with shortage of fresh water resources, as annual per capita water availability has reduced to less than 1,000 m3. Wastewater reclamation and reuse practices must be adopted to deal with the situation. For this purpose, small and medium scale industries can play a vital role. With this mind set, wastewater from Al-Kausar Flour Mills Islamabad (AFM), Pakistan was investigated using physico-chemical treatment options. Total water consumption of AFM is 74.1 m3/d, and groundwater is being pumped for 8 h/d. Four experimental trains were tested using various combinations of pre-sedimentation, horizontal roughing filter, coagulation/flocculation/settling setup, and multimedia filtration. Ferric chloride and alum were used as coagulants. Results revealed that flour mill wastewater had high concentration of total suspended solids. Ferric chloride provided appreciable suspended solids removal in terms of turbidity. While, every option tested, removed over 98% of turbidity but option C, with 25 mg/L ferric chloride dosage, produced effluent fit for water reuse in the industry. It was also evaluated that AFM could save up to PKR 83,500.0 (US $800) in terms of energy cost and ground water volume of at least 1.6 ML per year.

Using Horizontal Roughing Filter as an Effective Post-Treatment System for Palm Oil Mill Effluent (POME): Effect of Media Sizes and Filtration Rates

In this study, palm oil mill effluent (POME) from polishing pond of palm oil mill treatment plants has been chosen to be treated in laboratory experiment using horizontal roughing (HRF) filter system. The purpose of this article was to evaluate the effect of three filter media sizes on the removals of COD, NH3-N and turbidity and as well as to evaluate the effect of three filtration rates on the removal of color, turbidity and suspended solid from POME using limestone media in HRF system. The results indicated that the removal of smaller filter media gave higher removal efficiency and larger size of filter media gave lower removal efficiency. Optimum removal of COD, NH3-N and turbidity were 27%, 51% and 32%, respectively, which were obtained at lowest filter media size (i.e. 3-6 mm). Similar result was also obtained in studying the effect of filtration rates. It was found that the optimum reduction of turbidity, suspended solid and color were up to 38.6%, 57.4%, and 34.5%, respectively, at lowest filtration rates of 0.3 m h-1. These results were supported by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Keywords: Color, removal of COD, NH3-N, suspended solid, turbidity.

Horizontal Flow Filtration Bed: Impact on Removal of Natural Organic Matter and Iron Co-Existing in Water Source

Removal of natural organic matter and iron co-existing in water source is a challenge and a major problem in the developing world where the most commonly applied process in water treatment is pre-chlorination which results in early formation chlorinated by-products. Results from this study proved that horizontal roughing filter system with natural pumice is a promising option for pre-treatment of such waters. The filter recorded average reductions of total and ferrous iron of 39% and 89%, respectively, and trihalomethanes formation potential of 35% after 1 hour and 29% after 6 hours along the filter. Further reductions of 49% and 61% were achieved when the pretreated water was subjected to coagulation.

A comparison of horizontal roughing filters and vertical roughing filters in wastewater treatment using gravel as a filter media

Roughing filtration can be considered as a major pretreatment process for waste water, since the process efficiently separate fine solid particles over prolonged periods without addition of chemicals. Roughing filters mainly act as physical filters and reduce the solid mass. However, the large filter surface area available for sedimentation and relatively small filtration rates also supports adsorption as well as chemical and biological processes. Therefore besides solid matter separation, roughing filters also partly improve the bacteriological water quality and to a minor extent, change some other water quality parameters such as colour or amount of dissolved organic matter. This article evaluates modifications to roughing filtration technology, which may address these limitations without compromising the simplicity of the treatment process and also compare the efficiency of horizontal roughing filters and vertical roughing filters. Successful modifications include the design concept and process capabilities for roughing filter. Achieved results in this study shows that Horizontal roughing filters perform better than vertical roughing filters due to unlimited filter length, simple layout and less susceptible than vertical-flow filters to solid breakthroughs caused by flow rate changes in the filters. Key words: Roughing filters, horizontal roughing filters, adsorption and vertical roughing filters.

Verification of filter efficiency of horizontal roughing filter by Weglin's design criteria and Artificial Neural Network

Abstract. The general objective of this study is to estimate the performance of the Horizontal Roughing Filter (HRF) by using Weglin's design criteria based on 1/3–2/3 filter theory. The main objective of the present study is to validate HRF developed in the laboratory with Slow Sand Filter (SSF) as a pretreatment unit with the help of Weglin's design criteria for HRF with respect to raw water condition and neuro-genetic model developed based on the filter dataset. The results achieved from the three different models were compared to find whether the performance of the experimental HRF with SSF output conforms to the other two models which will verify the validity of the former. According to the results, the experimental setup was coherent with the neural model but incoherent with the results from Weglin's formula as lowest mean square error was observed in case of the neuro-genetic model while comparing with the values found from the experimental SSF-HRF unit. As neural models are known to learn a problem with utmost efficiency, the model verification result was taken as positive.

Purification and removal of Ascaris and Fasciola hepatica eggs from drinking water using roughing filters

The performance of a horizontal roughing filter (HRF) and a downflow roughing filter (DRF) in the removal of Ascaris and Fasciola hepatica eggs was investigated. The experiments were performed at three filtration rates of 0.5, 1.0 and 1.5 m/h and different influent concentrations of Ascaris and Fasciola hepatica eggs. Alteration of the filtration rate in the range of 0.5–1.5 m/h did not have significant influence on the effectiveness of the roughing filters. The HRF had higher efficiency in the removal of both Fasciola hepatica and Ascaris eggs in comparison with the DRF, so that the average efficiencies of the HRF for the removal of Fasciola hepatica and Ascaris eggs at filtration rate of 1.0 m/h were determined to be 89.0 and 57.3%, respectively, whereas the same values of the DRF were 77.2 and 52.5%, respectively. The straining was confirmed to be the main mechanism of helminth eggs removal by the roughing filters, because Fasciola hepatica eggs with larger size were removed more effectively than Ascaris eggs. The results of this study indicate that the roughing filters, especially the HRF, had promising performance in the removal of helminth eggs and could be used for water and secondary effluent treatment.

Calcite-amended horizontal roughing filtration for clay turbidity removal

Crushed basaltic river rock, calcite limestone, and calcite-amended basalt were three types of media tested in pilot-scale horizontal roughing filters pretreating slow sand filters fed from the Santiam River over 60-day periods. Montmorillonite and kaolinite clay challenge tests were conducted on ripened and unripened roughing filters to test performance at turbidities greater than 150 NTU, and clay removal trends were qualitatively examined using clay peak area ratios derived from X-ray diffraction. Enhanced montmorillonite removal was evident in the calcite roughing filter, but schmutzdecke growth was inhibited in the calcite-fed slow sand filter. The basalt, calcite and calcite-amended roughing filters in combination with slow sand filtration achieved 88.0, 95.3 and 99.6% clay turbidity removal, respectively, during the challenge tests. The slow sand filter pretreated with a calcite-amended roughing filter was the only configuration to produce effluent that complied with the 1 NTU regulatory requirement using influent of

Clay removal in basaltic and limestone horizontal roughing filters

Dolomite limestone, high-calcium limestone and river rock primarily composed of basalt were three types of filter media aggregate tested in a laboratory-scale horizontal roughing filter for removal of smectite and non-expanding clays from water that simulated a western Cascade Mountain Range flood event. Removal efficiencies were determined by examining total suspended solids (TSS), turbidity, inorganic carbon and X-ray diffraction patterns generated from influent and effluent samples. Smectite removal was quantified by subtracting calcium carbonate from solids measurements and applying a ratio equation developed from diffractometer analysis. Turbidity, TSS and smectite removal averaged 79, 94 and 99%, respectively, in the high-calcium filter. Zeta potential comparison and statistical analysis of smectite d-spacing changes suggested the primary clay removal mechanism was sedimentation initiated by destabilization from the dissolving limestone media.