Horizontal Instruments Research Articles

When Matthew met Matilda: the Argentinean gender gap in the allocation of science and technology public grants

ABSTRACT This article analyses the presence of the gender gap in the process of allocation of public grants for science and technology activity – the Matilda effect – in Argentina. The empirical approach is based on the Argentinean Scientific and Technological Research Projects programme (in Spanish PICT), the main national public grant for scientific and technological projects, for the period 2003–2015. Two manifestations of the Matilda effect are verified. First, entry barriers since female researchers have lower probabilities of being selected for the first time than their male counterparts. Then, persistency barriers are also demonstrated, given that being awarded when funded immediately before is only significant among male researchers. The gap is even larger for the case of science, technology, engineering and mathematics fields of science. The cumulative nature of the Matilda effect calls for deliberated public actions to reduce the gap since horizontal instruments tend to increase the biases over time.

Transition from Vertical to Horizontal Industrial Policy in Ukraine: Effects on Industrial Sector Growth

This paper explores the determinants of industry’s value added growth related to transition of Ukrainian industrial policy from vertical to horizontal type in 2015. The method used is econometric modelling through building multiple linear regression, where the real rates of value added growth from year to year represent the dependent variable. As explanatory variables the real rates of capital investments, structural changes, institutional indicators of regulatory quality and index of economic freedom as well as dummy-variables denoting the periods associated with industrial policy transit were introduced into the model. The main finding of the study is the revealed negative effect of horizontal industrial policy on industrial sector productivity. Other results showed the significant contribution of capital investments growth rates and government support’s share in the State budget expenditures. The included institutional determinants as well as structural changes indicator didn’t play any significant role in providing of industry’s value added growth. The results of modelling were used in recommendations for matrix (combination of vertical and horizontal instruments) policy implementation in Ukraine.

NEW INDUSTRIAL POLICY IN CENTRAL AND EASTERN EUROPE: DEVELOPMENT'S EXPERIENCE AND CONCLUSIONS FOR UKRAINE

In this article, the experience of the new going is analyzed near industrial politics of successful countries of region of Central and East Europe (CEE). Research method. The method of comparative analysis of new industrial politician is used for research of similar with Ukraine economies of Poland, Chech Republic and Hungary. By the method of ascent from part to general we defined such general and distinctive signs politician of countries of region of CEE. Main part. We are studied, analyzed and groupped an instruments of industrial politics in area of stimulation of Export, including for the enterprises of small and middle businesses (SME). These mechanisms were worked out and successfully mastered in the United States of America and were used on the stages of economic transformation of post-socialistic countries. We distinguished the features of vertical and horizontal instruments of industrial politics and then the most often applied events of Hard and Soft variants of industrial politics are structured in a CEE region. In this Region it was come forward basis of successful stimulation of height of industry such as presence of own currency (zloty, chech crowne and forint) and realization of independent currency-course politics, creation of industrial parks and special economic zones, and also application of mechanisms of reduction of prices and insurance of export by means of Export-credit Agencies. By the distinctive feature of Poland in realization of industrial politics there is reducing of greater part and successful restructuring of remaining volume of a Sovereign debt on new basis. This Debt was re-profiled on the advantageous terms for Poland both before international financial organizations (IMF, World bank etc.) and before large private creditors. Reduction of promissory burden pawned basis for creation of new workplaces and technological rearmament in industry, that resulted in the speed-up economy growing of Poland. The feature of new industrial politics of Hungary are state measures on support of enterprises with specialization on NT with the large stake of value-added — in particular electronics. It distinguishes Hungary from nearby Republic of Slovakia, where by a government a course was taken on stimulation of creation of cluster of automobile and motor industry. Also the feature of Hungary is the developed system of trade houses with the purpose of advancement of the Hungarian export abroad at the financial assistance of the state participating Export-import bank and Export-credit agency, working in close cooperation. We recommend within the framework of realization of new industrial politics in Ukraine actively to bring over small and middle enterprises (SME) to export activity. We proposed for stimulation industrial policy as important institutional mechanism to establish the specialized state Agency of development of small and midsize businesses in Ukraine. It can become for example of the United States of America, with the use of real experience of countries of region of CEE. Using experience of Hungary, we offer creation by Government the National Trade House in Ukraine for financial and organizational support of advancement of export in co-operating with state specialized Ukreximbank and accrued Export-credit Agency of Ukraine. Also we consider a necessity to used Poland's and Chech Republic's experience on creation of the ramified network of Industrial parks on all territory of the country in Ukraine.

New Tasks for Industrial Policy in Germany

State intervention in market processes has always been controversial within the European Union and its Member States. Since the beginning, industrial policy in Germany and the EU has been a mixture of vertical and horizontal instruments with a focus on horizontal approaches. State aid control has led to a more rule-based use of this instrument. Subsidies related to industrial policy have been significantly reduced in the last 20 years and play only a minor role for European countries. However, transformative developments with potential disruptive effects may now require a more active approach to industrial policy, where State aid can play a greater role. Climate change and the necessity to finance low-carbon production capacities that are not competitive on international markets can justify financial assistance. At the same time, trade conflicts with China are at least partly caused by uncontrolled State aid in the State-capitalist Chinese economic system. An international agreement on State aid rules would be a better solution than continuous trade distortions or countermeasures in form of additional European subsidies. Finally, the Covid-19 crisis has triggered additional public funds for private companies. While short-term rescue measures and medium-term investment programmes are important, a return to lower pre-crisis level of State aid and government intervention into market processes cannot be taken for granted. Keywords: industrial policy; transformation; economic crisis; Germany; China

Limits and Enablers of Data Sharing. An Analytical Framework for EU Competition, Data Protection and Consumer Law

Data sharing presents many opportunities in terms of stimulating innovation and creating a level playing field between businesses, but also carries risks by potentially decreasing incentives for data collection and analysis, facilitating collusion between firms or exploiting consumers as well as undermining privacy. The paper maps the limits and enablers of data sharing in the fields of EU competition, data protection and consumer law and illustrates how an optimal regulatory framework for data sharing can maximise the benefits while minimising the risks. The paper sets out an analytical framework for data sharing by outlining how the three regimes complement each other in either limiting or enabling data sharing, and by outlining the tensions within and between these three regimes. Considering their different scope, it is of the utmost importance that the three legal instruments are applied consistently. This means, on the one hand, that any conflict should be alleviated or minimised and, on the other hand, that the instruments should be applied more as complements than as substitutes. Such an objective can only be achieved if the authorities in charge of enforcement of the different legal instruments cooperate closely with each other to ensure consistent and complementary interpretation. The paper concludes that the three horizontal instruments, if implemented effectively, already facilitate or even impose the sharing of data in many circumstances. As a result, the existing horizontal rules should be complemented with new sectoral rules only when they have proved to be insufficient given the particular characteristics of the sector.

The reshaping of Ibero-American cultural diplomacy in the beginning of the XXI century: the declining of the Spanish historical hegemony?

ABSTRACT Francoist cultural policy in Latin America – itself based on Hispanist philosophy – and the Spanish activity in the Organization of Ibero-American States (1949) promoted the emergence of Ibero-American cultural diplomacy. The return of democracy to Spain in 1978 turned these projects into more horizontal instruments of cultural cooperation. After a process of institutionalization that led to the creation of SEGIB and the establishment of the Ibero-American Cultural Letter in 2006, this multilateral diplomatic system was called into question due to its economic asymmetries and its ideological basis. However, the relative influence of this process in reformulating the system and in creating a shared identitarian discourse within Ibero-America has never been properly weighted, nor has the importance of each actor within this process. This article analyses the multilateral Ibero-American cultural diplomacy in order to understand its recent transformations in terms of the importance of both national power and symbolic hegemony.

Accountability Social – Um Instrumento de Participação Ativa da Sociedade na Vida Pública

O objetivo deste artigo é refletir sobre a necessidade de aprimoramento da accountability social no Brasil. Através de pesquisa bibliográfica, analisou-se a formação da sociedade brasileira, constatando-se a presença de vícios como patrimonialismo, patriarcalismo e personalismo, presentes também nas instituições públicas, razão de seu baixo índice de institucionalidade e do enfraquecimento dos mecanismos de accountability horizontal. Nesse contexto, surge como importante instrumento para fortalecer a fiscalização de agentes e instituições públicas o aprimoramento da accountability social, conscientizando a sociedade para seu papel fiscalizador, o que contribui para o aprimoramento dos instrumentos horizontais de controle e para o fortalecimento da democracia.

Some Possible Causes of and Corrections for STS-1 Response Changes in the Global Seismographic Network

The Global Seismographic Network (GSN) (Figure 1) plays a key role in providing seismic data for global earthquake monitoring ( e.g. , Benz et al. 2005), earthquake science ( e.g. , Tsai et al. 2005), and studies of Earth structure ( e.g. , Dalton et al. 2008). One of the key GSN design goals is to “provide high fidelity digital recordings of all teleseismic ground motions (adequate to resolve at or near ambient noise up to the largest teleseismic signals over the bandwidth from free oscillations (10-4 Hz) to teleseismic body waves (up to approximately 15 Hz))” (GSN ad hoc Design Goals Subcommittee 2002). To help meet this goal, Streckeisen STS-1 seismometers were deployed at 80 GSN stations. Some of the GSN sensors have been deployed for more than 25 years. Several recent studies (Davis et al. 2005; Ekstrom et al. 2006; Davis and Berger 2007) have examined the question of overall calibration of the GSN. Ekstrom et al. (2006) indicated that a number of sites showed anomalous responses and suggested a gradual decay in the sensitivity. We have investigated the anomalous responses at several GSN sites. At least some of the problems observed by Ekstrom et al. (2006) may be attributed to humid air leaking into the feedback electronics of the STS-1 seismometers, which produces lower than normal sensitivities near the long-period corner of the instrument (360 seconds period). It appears that even though the feedback electronics boxes are designed to be sealed, water vapor can penetrate their interior after they have been exposed to highly humid seismometer vault air for extended periods. Highly humid air was also found to be present inside some STS-1 bell-jars (especially horizontal instruments) after loss of vacuum, resulting in corrosion and leakage between electrical conductors in connectors. This also resulted in a lowered …

Industrial Policy in Chile

This paper studies three horizontal policy instruments and two vertical ones in Chilean industrial policy, particularly regarding small and medium enterprises (SMEs). The horizontal instruments are (1) a guarantee program for borrowing by SMEs (FOGAPE), (2) a small subsidy to new exports that was applied from 1985 through 2003, and (3) the innovation subsidies provided by the Corporacion de Fomento de la Produccion (CORFO). The vertical policy instruments are the activities of Fundacion Chile (FCh), a semi-public entrepreneur cum venture capitalist, and a CORFO program to attract foreign direct investment in information technology. Although most programs are well designed, they are numerous and insufficiently funded; Chile could benefit from a prioritization of needs and consolidation of these programs. Moreover, the instruments for making strategic bets on new sectors are particularly weak. In particular, FCh needs to refocus its activities on high-risk projects with long payoffs, something it cannot do with its small endowment.

The Institutional Interplay Regarding the New Architecture for the EC's External Assistance

Abstract: The article concerns the inter‐institutional relations and describes the dynamics between the main EC institutions in the decision‐making process regarding the adoption of the new external action instruments. In 2004, the Commission had proposed a set of new external action instruments as base for the delivery of the Community's external assistance. By that time, the existing instruments amounted to more than 30 different legal instruments, which implicated a loss of efficiency in the management of the EC's external assistance. After 2 years of inter‐institutional negotiations between the European Parliament, Council and the Commission, the new set of instruments was finally adopted. Compared to the initial Commission proposals, the design of the new instruments got significantly reshaped in the course of the inter‐institutional decision‐making procedure. In particular, the European Parliament had gained an unprecedented degree of power over the legislative framework for external spending.Compared to the former range of geographic and thematic regulations, the new external action instruments fundamentally reform the delivery of external financial assistance with their streamlined and simplified structure. They consist of three horizontal instruments to respond to particular needs or crisis situation: an Instrument for Stability, an Instrument for Nuclear Safety Co‐operation) and a European Instrument for Democracy and Human Rights. With regard to geographic coverage, four instruments will implement particular policies: the Instrument for Pre‐accession Assistance, the European Neighbourhood and Partnership Instrument and the Instrument for Development Co‐operation and an Instrument for Co‐operation with Industrialised Countries.

The Lasagna pain scale (LPS)

In 1960 Lasagna recommended a vertical scale to measure pain intensity (PI), different from most (horizontal) instruments.1 We (BPS) had discussed the sensibility of a vertical PI scale with Dr. Lasagna and noted the sensitivity of his “pain thermometer” when used by children to demonstrate analgesic activity,2,3 but we had applied this type of rating scale to adults only once.4 Methods We designed a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial on adults with severe sore throat that included a 0-to-10 vertical PI scale (the LPS) with conventional horizontal visual analog PI and categorical relief rating scales. Results 131 patients used the LPS and conventional scales to distinguish valdecoxib 20 mg BID from placebo within 1 hr, over 12 hrs, and over 24 hrs (all P<0.05). The analgesic effects recorded on the LPS were validated by the standard PI and relief rating scales (Pearson correlation coefficients: 0.98 and 0.96, P<0.001). Patients found the LPS easy to use, perhaps because, as on a thermometer, higher values are associated with a worse condition, lower values with an improving condition (which was Lasagna's hunch). Conclusions Based on these and previous results, we conclude that the LPS is a sensitive rating scale of familiar dimension, a useful addition to our armamentarium as clinical investigators studying pain in adults and children. Clinical Pharmacology & Therapeutics (2005) 77, P93–P93; doi: 10.1016/j.clpt.2004.12.249

Interaction between horizontal scanning instruments and surfaces

Interaction between horizontal scanning instruments and surfaces

Accurate field calibration of pyranometers

The relative calibration of pyranometers in the field (as opposed to laboratory calibration) is discussed. Measurements performed both for horizontal instruments and for those at normal incidence are analysed. It is found that the normal incidence geometry results in relative calibration constants with a precision of a few parts per mille (for instruments with tilt-independent outputs). This is considerably more accurate than results obtained using the horizontal geometry. The reason for this difference is discussed. It is pointed out that a combination of calibration measurements performed successively at both geometries can serve to identify common instrument deficiencies such nonlinearity, poor cosine response, and built-in leveling errors.

Excavation of an Instrumented Earthen Liner: Inspection of Dyed Flow Paths and Morphology

A small, 3 by 9 by 0.9 m, experimental earthen liner was constructed using full-size compaction equipment. The liner was built utilizing six 15 cm thick compacted lifts. Water containing fluorescein and rhodamine WT dyes was allowed to infiltrate under ponded conditions for 46 days. Dye patterns observed during excavation of the liner indicated that lateral flow occurred between lifts. Although the US EPA hydraulic conductivity criterion for liners (<l×l0−7 cm/sec) was met, the dye experiment shows a need for better bonding between lifts to prevent preferential flow at lift interfaces. Morphological study of two profiles in the liner revealed variation in the degree of compaction within lifts. Vertical and horizontal installation techniques for moisture and solute monitoring devices (tensiometers, gypsum blocks, and soil-water suction lysimeters) were compared. Instruments functioned in either orientation. However, the horizontal instruments, which were installed during liner construction, were necessarily installed at lift interfaces which may be preferential flow paths. In addition, horizontal instruments may be destroyed if the lift thickness is decreased and/or longer compactor feet are used. No evidence of channeling was observed along vertically installed instruments, which were deemed more satisfactory than horizontally installed instruments.

Linear and Rotational Quartz Fiber Accelerometers for Geophysical and Inertial Use

Theme T quartz fiber accelerometers are being developed for geophysical and inertial use. Prototype models of the vertical and horizontal instruments exist and are undergoing tests. A rotation sensor capable of measuring rotational accelerations about a single axis is being designed. While most of the data gathered to date pertains to geophysical phenomena, these instruments may be used directly in any application requiring sensitive, low drift accelerometers.

ESTIMATION OF SEISMIC NOISE STRUCTURE USING ARRAYS

A theoretical study of the use of arrays for the analysis of seismic noise fields has been completed. The frequency‐wavenumber power spectral density [Formula: see text] is defined and techniques for estimating it are given. The estimates require that the auto‐ and crosspower spectral densities be estimated for all elements in the array. Subject to certain asymptotic properties of these auto‐ and crosspower spectral density estimates, expressions for both the mean and variance of the estimates of [Formula: see text] have been obtained. It has been demonstrated that if [Formula: see text] is estimated by the Frequency Domain Beamforming Method, then the estimate has the same stability as the estimates of auto‐ and crosspower spectral density. [Formula: see text] has been estimated from both long‐ and short‐period noise recorded by the Large Aperture Seismic Array in Montana. At frequencies higher than 0.3 Hz, a compressional body‐wave component which correlates with atmospheric disturbances over distant oceans has been detected. In the frequency range of 0.2 and 0.3 Hz both body waves and higher mode Rayleigh waves are observed. At frequencies below 0.15 Hz the organized vertical component of microseisms consists primarily of fundamental mode Rayleigh waves. Appreciable amounts of fundamental mode Love wave energy may also be present on horizontal instruments at these low frequencies.

On elastic strain of the earth in the period range 5 seconds to 100 hours

abstract Observations of earth strains, covering a wide spectrum of periods, have been made with a three component installation located 1800 feet below the surface in a deep mine at Ogdensburg, New Jersey. This paper is a description of the strain meters and their environment and is a report of several studies based largely on strain observations. The instruments, modeled after those of Benioff, employ quartz tubes as their standard of length, use variable capacitor transducers, and record simultaneously tidal data at low gain and seismic data at a sensitivity about 40 times that of the tidal signal. A significant reduction of the noise level in the seismic spectrum has been achieved by sealing the tube rooms against air pressure fluctuations. The present secular strain rate is less than 1.7 × 10−8 per month, almost an order of magnitude less than that observed by Benioff in California, and almost two orders of magnitude less than that observed by Takada in Japan. A transient strain with a duration of about 100 hours was associated with the storm tide which damaged the eastern coast of the United States on March 5-8, 1962. The strain corresponds to that produced by an anomalous high water mass whose seaward extent was limited to 100 ± 30 km in the azimuth southeast from Sandy Hook. Direct observation of the seaward extent of such storm tides, for areas off coastlines bordering the open ocean, has not been possible in the past because of the lack of deep water tide recorders. Love's number h and Shida's number l are determined to be 0.53 and 0.037, respectively, from observations of strains associated with the M2 tidal constituent, on the basis of the assumption that the ocean load generated strain has the same phase on both horizontal instruments. The uncertainty in h and l is large, as it is in other measurements of these numbers, because of the effect of ocean load. This uncertainty is examined in a quantitative manner by mapping h and l as functions of ocean load amplitude and phase in the vicinity of the solution. Strain seismograms of the Kenai Peninsula earthquake of September 5, 1961, and the Prince Edward Island earthquake of December 29, 1961, are unique. The exceptional long period response of the strain seismometers has made it possible to record, on the first pass, waves associated with the group velocity maximum of the Rayleigh wave dispersion curve over a purely continental path across North American and an almost pure oceanic path across the Atlantic. Such data have never before been reported. The shield area of North America is characterized by higher than average Rayleigh wave velocities. The Atlantic data, when compared with data from the Pacific, do not indicate any appreciable difference between the mantle structure below the Atlantic and that below the Pacific.

Repair and adjustment of telescope calipers for internal measurements

It is not advisable to raise the technical requirements specified for horizontal instruments by GOST 5405-54, since for the majority of plants a reading stability of 1μ is sufficient.

An investigation of two‐second microseisms associated with cold fronts and a new method for tracking the cold front center

Two tripartite stations have been set up six miles apart. Each consists of three two‐second horizontal seismographs recording at a drum speed of 600 mm/min.In addition, three stations equipped with two‐second vertical and horizontal instruments have been set up on a triangle with sides of 8.3, 6.75 and 6.0 miles.Results to date are somewhat confusing. There is evidence of a microseismic source southwest of New York. There is also evidence of wave trains identifiable between two stations six miles apart indicating a velocity of microseismic waves of less than one mile per second. A new method is presented of recording microseisms on an oscilloscope and reading the time differences of each pair of stations along the axis of the observed Lissajous ellipse.