Horizontal Division Research Articles

A brotherhood of nations: Imagining the nation-based order during the Springtime of Nations (1848)

Abstract Much like nations, the nation-based order and the domestic and international hierarchies it produces are imagined. Benedict Anderson and scholars in Historical International Relations have frequently approached nationalism and nations as a horizontal division of the world. By contrast, this article explores the imagined hierarchies within and between nations during the 1848 Springtime of Nations. Through an examination of fraternal images found in a variety of textual and visual sources, I investigate how the European national imaginary of 1848 translated into the nation-based order and its corresponding domestic and international hierarchies. The collapse of the 1848 Revolutions brought about a crisis in the national imaginary. The revolutionary fraternity was co-opted in a distorted form by dynastic regimes and opposed by socialists advocating for the international brotherhood of workers. The Springtime of Nations, with its successes and failures, was a pivotal chapter in creating, shaping, legitimising, and challenging the nascent nation-based order.

A dual fusion recognition model for sleep posture based on air mattress pressure detection

In order to solve the difficult portability problem of traditional non-invasive sleeping posture recognition algorithms arising from the production cost and computational cost, this paper proposes a sleeping posture recognition model focusing on human body structural feature extraction and integration of feature space and algorithms based on a specific air-spring mattress structure, called SPR-DE (SPR-DE is the Sleep Posture Recognition-Data Ensemble acronym form). The model combines SMR (SMR stands for Principle of Spearman Maximal Relevance) with horizontal and vertical division based on the barometric pressure signals in the human body’s backbone region to reconstruct the raw pressure data into strongly correlated non-image features of the sleep postures in different parts and directions and construct the feature set. Finally, the recognit-ion of the two sleep postures is accomplished using the AdaBoost-SVM integrated classifier. SPR-DE is compared with the base and integrated classifiers to verify its performance. The experimental results show that the amount of significant features helps the algorithm to classify different sleeping patterns more accurately, and the f1 score of the SPR-DE model determined by the comparison experiments is 0.998, and the accuracy can reach 99.9%. Compared with other models, the accuracy is improved by 2.9% ~ 7.7%, and the f1-score is improved by 0.029 ~ 0.076. Therefore, it is concluded that the SMR feature extraction strategy in the SPR-DE model and the AdaBoost-SVM can achieve high accuracy and strong robustness in the task of sleep posture recognition in a small area, low-density air-pressure mattress, taking into account the comfort of the mattress structural design and the sleep posture recognition, integrated with the mattress adaptive adjustment system.

Average trapping time on horizontally divided 3-dimensional 3-level Sierpinski gasket network

An important characteristic of random wandering is the average trapping time, which is a hot issue in current research. The average trapping time is an important measure of the transmission efficiency of random wandering in a network. In this paper, we construct a 3-dimensional 3-level Sierpinski gasket network divided horizontally by the horizontal division plane P s , that is, the division coefficients s. We study the capture problem on the network and obtain an analytical expression for the average trapping time (ATT). Then, by adjusting the number of iterations and the values of the division coefficients, we obtained the relationship between ATT and them. As can be seen from our numerical simulation plots, ATT is affected by s. The larger s is, the more the self-similar structure of the three-dimensional residual network gradually transforms towards the structure of the two-dimensional complete Sierpinski gasket network. Meanwhile, the shorter ATT is, that is, the more efficient the transmission on the network.

Creating a place for open innovation among diverse players - a perspective from practitioners at a science park

Twenty years after the concept of open innovation was first proposed, entrepreneurship and horizontal division of labor have become popular in Japan, following the global trend. However, in the life science field, the foundation for open innovation is still in its infancy due to the high degree of specialization, large scale of required investment, and low probability of success. For the five years since its opening in 2018, Shonan Health Innovation Park (Shonan iPark) has taken on the challenge of building an ecosystem to create a place where a diverse range of players can realize open innovation. The key points of the efforts are the multifaceted approach taken by the governing body, which is well versed in life sciences, and on the other hand, the fostering of a mutually supportive mechanism and culture by actively borrowing the strength of the community's constituent members. In this article, we introduce the efforts to support diverse players, including venture companies, from the perspective of a science park that creates a place for open innovation.

Analysis of the Effectiveness of Generative Adversarial Technology in Intelligent Buildings in terms of Design

Abstract This paper combines the training method of generative adversarial network and the robust row layout design method of building based on CGAN, and selects pix2pix model to carry out the spatial layout design of intelligent building, to explore the actual effect of intelligent building design. Using the building layout design of a generative adversarial network, different parameters and residual block numbers are set to compare the impact of building texture generation. The intelligent building using GAN technology is selected to carry out the spatial design characterization of both Light and shadow and luminance, and the SD spatial environment evaluation factor is used to refine the discussion of the spatial design experience of intelligent buildings designed using generative adversarial technology. The Light and shadow distribution of intelligent building design is mainly presented as four types, in which the light and shadow location types of reading room, hall, rest space and exhibition hall are primarily offered as horizontal division types. In a public intelligent building, the rest area is separated into 25% of the distance and 25% of the vertical division, with an improved design balance.

Study on the Development Prospects of China-Japan Trade in the Context of Global Value Chains

Abstract This paper proposes a value-added trade measurement model after a specific analysis of the extent of China and Japan’s participation in GVCs, the mode of participation and the status of division of labor, and the characteristics of the participation structure. Combined with the ratio of value-added to total exports, China is compared with major trading countries to study China’s level of value-added in GVCs, trade characteristics, and the proportion of China’s industry-wide development. Combined with the WIOD data, based on the model proposed in this paper, the bilateral trade interests of China and Japan, the bilateral export value, and the trade interest rate of both sides are measured from 2000 to 2014. The classification method of HS commodity code is used to extract the trade data of important time nodes between China and Japan and analyze the development of the structure of commodity trade between China and Japan. It measured that in 2014, the trade interest rate of China to Japan was 81.95%, and the export of 172.911 billion dollars contained 141.707 billion dollars of trade interest. Japan’s trade benefit rate to China was 73.94%, with $95.615 billion of trade benefits included in $129.314 billion of exports. It shows that as of 2014, China has replaced Japan in the bilateral trade between China and Japan to occupy a relatively favorable position, indicating that the international division of labor between China and Japan has gradually shifted from a vertical division of labor to a horizontal division of labor.

일본 모빌리티 산업동향 및 토요타자동차 전략

Purpose: The purpose of this study is to look at trends in the Japanese mobility industry, analyze Toyota Motor’s mobility strategy, and then seek implications for the Korean government and companies. The reason for looking at Japan’s industrial trends is that not only has Japan made various efforts early on in this field, but Korea is similar to Japan in demographic structure, and so there are many things to refer to from Japan’s industrial trends. Also, looking at Toyota Motor’s case in relation to corporate strategy, we can find that the company not only clearly presents its strategy as a mobility company, but is actually implementing it by launching various products and services.
 Research design, data, and methodology: As to the Japanese mobility industry trend, we first briefly look at the Japanese government’s policies, and then look at the trends by components of the mobility industry such as electric vehicles, autonomous driving, personal mobility, and flying cars. And regarding Toyota Motor’s mobility strategy, we look at electric vehicle strategies and development organizations, and look at strategies for each field, including automobiles, MaaS, personal mobility, and flying cars.
 Results: As a result of analyzing trends in the Japanese mobility industry, the following points were confirmed. At first, the basic direction of mobility policy in the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry was securing mobility services that provide new value, realizing carbon neutrality and reducing traffic accidents, and strengthening the industry’s international competitiveness. In the automobile industry, we find that the electrification of automobiles had a significant impact on the industrial structure, resulting in the weakening of the vertical division of labor and the advancement of the horizontal division of labor. In the mobility field, not only automobiles but also personal mobility plays an important role. The Japanese government was promoting deregulation in this field, and startups were playing a large role in the private sector. In addition, in the field of UAM, or flying cars, the government and the private sector were cooperating to improve various standards. In addition to industry trends, this study examined the strategy of Toyota Motor Corporation, and found that the company is advancing into each field that makes up the mobility industry and pursuing business in all directions. First, in the automobile sector, the company was a little late in moving to electric vehicles, but it set a new direction by announcing a large-scale electric vehicle investment plan in December 2021. In addition to investing in electric vehicles, the company was pursuing a transformation of its automobile business from hardware-centered to MaaS-centered, the key elements of which were MSPF and Autono-MaaS. The company also actively entered the personal mobility field and the UAM or flying car business.
 Implications: This study presented the following implications for Korea through consideration of the Japanese mobility industry. First, there is a need to actively refer to Japanese policies when establishing mobility-related policies at the Korean government level. Second, Korean companies also need to actively utilize the experience of Japanese companies, especially in the service sector, when establishing mobility strategies. Thirdly, there is a need for companies in the two countries to jointly solve social problems of both countries and to explore the global market through cooperation, and to this end, the government’s efforts to revitalize exchanges between companies from both countries are needed.

The role of specialization in increasing farmers' income: Horizontal or vertical?

AbstractBased on the theory of division of labor and specialization, this article attempts to address the problem of “splitting horizontal and vertical division of labor” by innovatively integrating horizontal specialization, vertical specialization, and farmers' income into a unified analytical framework. Using the data for 416 chicken farmers in four districts and counties of Guangdong Province as the sample, the theoretical framework proposed in this article is tested by constructing multiple linear regression models and structural equation models. The results are as follows: Both vertical and horizontal specialization can bolster the income of farmers, but they have different specific mechanisms of action. Vertical specialization promotes agricultural income through the mediating effect of horizontal specialization. It is evident that the discussion of horizontal specialization of farmers should not be separated from the conditions of vertical specialization. The policy effect of emphasizing horizontal specialization alone may be limited. Especially for those farmers who are limited by their own endowments and objective conditions to increase their horizontal specialization level and production scale in the short term, it is more important to promote their vertical specialization level.

Structural Racism in Sweden: Framing Attitudes towards Immigrants through the Diversity Barometer Study (2005–2022)

This article presents a theoretical framework for analysing the findings derived from the Diversity Barometer, a longitudinal study that collected data on immigration and diversity-related topics in Swedish society from 2005 to 2022. This article examines attitudes towards immigrants and migration in Sweden and how the historical context of Swedish race relations and structural racism shapes these attitudes. Specifically, the article focuses on attitudes regarding immigrants’ social rights and responsibilities, workplace diversity, cultural diversity, and spatial segregation. Our findings and analysis demonstrate how structural racism manifests itself through attitudes towards individuals with immigrant backgrounds in Sweden. Research has also revealed the pervasive nature of racial discrimination across various aspects of Swedish society, contributing to a divided society based on racial markers. However, the findings also show complexity in how Swedes’ attitudes toward immigrants are to be understood when they do not follow a simple horizontal division between Swedes and immigrants. Instead, it appears as an intricate vertical division where immigrants, their culture and their labour are accepted, albeit in a subordinate manner.

Rząd a parlament w III Republice Francuskiej (do I wojny światowej)

The omnipotence of the parliament in the. Third Republic came about to counteract the constitutional division of authority into the legislative and executive one, and therefore could not be free from hence ensuing contradictions. This tendency was reflected by the attempts to furnish the parliament with powers relating not only to the appointment of ministers and undersecretaries (and thus to manifest its supervision over the government) but also to dissolving ministries and transfering the competence from some to others (this pertained to the very organization of the government). Thus the parliament attempted to abolish the main attribute of the executive, i. e. the right to decide about its interior organization, somas it is the case with the regulation of inner activities of the legislature (the regulations of the houses). The standpoint of the parliament resulted in such an arrangement that actually the ministries were set up and their competence determined by the president, under the political supervision of the parliament and on the condition that respective credits had been granted. The exponents of the doctrine acknowledged the right of the executive to determine about its own functions and offices, even though the praxis had no legislative background. The former right was even recognized as constitutional, since the head of the state was the main executive of the resolutions, and in consequence the competence to organize the executive, i. e. respective offices and to divide competence among them, lay with him.Moreover, in spite of the parliament’s supremacy over the government, the resolutions of the former did not predominate the governmental legislation in the form of the president’s decrees. The latter were actually adopted by ministers during the Council, or outside and independently, and next submitted to the head of the state to be signed. For, apart from the decrees which were to carry out the resolutions, there also existed independent decrees — the remnants of the government legislation (domaine règlementaire), which dated back to the limited monarchy and the traditional, horizontal division of legislature, not the vertical one, put forward by Carré de Malberg. Without any constitutional foundations and oposition on the part of the doctrine the custom of the legislative activity of the president was continued into the Third Republic, although he was provided with no legislative commission whatsoever, either explicit or implicit. The said legislative activities related mainly to the administration of colonies, the order, security, structure and functioning of the public administration — hence the autonomic decisions of the government regarding the ministries. Finally, the president — ’’the civil servant” — though effaced by the parliament, in the doctrinal terms was the ’’only agent of the state” and from time to time he could again play the role of the main political, executive leader, thwart the plans of the candidates for the office of the president of the Council of Ministers, affect the ministerial nominations, play a real part in foreign policy. The mentioned facts indicate that within the said parliamentary system of the political accountability of the French government there were certain elements, or even a trend of the balanced parliamentarianism, where the activities of the government became detached from the parliament, and the former could be autonomous in organizational, legislative and even political terms. However the trend was manifested in legal-organizational sphere rather than in the political one. Consequently there was a political domination of the houses over the executive. Nevertheless the discussed trend gained permanent supporters (so as the case was with the parliamentary absolutism) who considered the executive to account for the actual, natural and primary life of the country and opposed the former being dominated by the legislature.

1203 Increased horizontal cell division and suppressed cell differentiation of pigmented basal keratinocytes in senile lentigo

1203 Increased horizontal cell division and suppressed cell differentiation of pigmented basal keratinocytes in senile lentigo

Chronic exposure to (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine induces developmental neurotoxicity in hESC-derived cerebral organoids

(R,S)-ketamine (ketamine) has been increasingly used recreationally and medicinally worldwide; however, it cannot be removed by conventional wastewater treatment plants. Both ketamine and its metabolite norketamine have been frequently detected to a significant degree in effluents, aquatic, and even atmospheric environments, which may pose risks to organisms and humans via drinking water and aerosols. Ketamine has been shown to affect the brain development of unborn babies, while it is still elusive whether (2 R,6 R)-hydroxynorketamine (HNK) induces similar neurotoxicity. Here, we investigated the neurotoxic effect of (2 R,6 R)-HNK exposure at the early stages of gestation by applying human cerebral organoids derived from human embryonic stem cells (hESCs). Short-term (2 R,6 R)-HNK exposure did not significantly affect the development of cerebral organoids, but chronic high-concentration (2 R,6 R)-HNK exposure at day 16 inhibited the expansion of organoids by suppressing the proliferation and augmentation of neural precursor cells (NPCs). Notably, the division mode of apical radial glia was unexpectedly switched from vertical to horizontal division planes following chronic (2 R,6 R)-HNK exposure in cerebral organoids. Chronic (2 R,6 R)-HNK exposure at day 44 mainly inhibited the differentiation but not the proliferation of NPCs. Overall, our findings indicate that (2 R,6 R)-HNK administration leads to the abnormal development of cortical organoids, which may be mediated by inhibiting HDAC2. Future clinical studies are needed to explore the neurotoxic effects of (2 R,6 R)-HNK on the early development of the human brain.

Discharge predicted in compound channels using adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS)

Abstract Some hydraulic structures and phenomena, including compound channels, must be studied in relation to open channel flow. Despite the fact that the primary channel and watersheds share a similar degree of roughness, estimating discharge in composite channels with mainstreams and flood plains has proved tricky. The flow discharge for a compound channel with different roughness in the primary and flood plain channels has been studied, and the results computed experimentally using horizontal division level have been compared with those predicted using dimensional analysis and an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system. The results show good agreement between experimental and numerical for discharge calculation according to root-mean-square error, MARE, R 2, SI, and Nash–Sutcliffe efficiency, with a percentage error not exceeding ±5%.

Key issues in microstructure modeling of 3D braided composites

Numerical analysis based on micromechanics is an effective method to study the mechanical properties of three-dimensional (3D) braided composites, in which the establishment of micromechanics model is the basis of mechanical analysis. The direction cosine of fiber yarns and the characterization of geometric parameters of microstructure are two key issues in the modeling of microstructure. Focusing on these two key issues, the three-cell model of 3D four-directional braided composites are studied to comprehensively analyze various spatial directions of fiber yarns in the 45° division and horizontal division of unit cell, so as to obtain the detailed fiber yarn direction cosine. Aiming at the cross sections of three types of fiber yarns, the complex relationship between the braiding process parameters and the geometric parameters of the unit cell is analyzed and deduced. The unit cell structure is quantitatively characterized by using the braiding process parameters as the initial parameters, and the calculation methods of the volume fraction of fiber yarns and yarn filling coefficient are obtained. Finally, the predicted elastic constants by stiffness-volume averaging method are compared with experimental results, demonstrating the analysis results of fiber yarns directions. This paper can provide a theoretical reference for the microstructure modeling of 3D multi-directional braided composites, and has certain practical value in engineering.

Impact of Agricultural Division of Labor on Fertilizer Reduction Application: Evidence from Western China.

Nowadays, environmental friendly agriculture has become the world trend of modern agricultural development; fertilizer reduction application is an essential way to achieve sustainable development goals. With the deepening development of the agricultural specialized division of labor and socialized services, the division of labor economy can promote the economic input of fertilizer. Based on 540 survey data of farmers in the main rice-producing areas of Sichuan Province, this paper constructs a theoretical analytical framework for the impact of agricultural division of labor on fertilizer reduction application. A binary probit model was used to empirically analyze the effect of agricultural division of labor on fertilizer reduction application, and its mechanism was examined. The results show that: (1) both horizontal and vertical agricultural divisions of labor have positive and significant effects on the reduction in fertilizer application by rice farmers. All above results remain stable after treatment of endogeneity; (2) due to the migration of the rural labor, the horizontal division of labor is expressed as changes in the structure of labor and cultivation within the household which has changed. To achieve economies of scale, farmers increase specialization in production, resulting in reducing marginal cost and application of fertilizer; (3) the vertical division of labor is expressed in the adoption of external socialized services by farmers, which improves the land resource endowment of fragmentation and hydraulic conditions. Thus, it creates a good environment for fertilizer application to improve its application efficiency, which in turn promotes fertilizer reduction by farmers. Based on this, this paper proposes that the government should motivate farmers to deepen their participation in the horizontal and vertical division of labor. Meanwhile, it is also necessary to improve the agricultural specialization continuously and further promote the development of socialized services market.

DPD Performance Implementation in The Supervision Function Based on The Dignity of Justice

The authority of the DPD is regulated in Article 22 D of the 1945 Republic of Indonesia Constitution which states that there are three functions of the DPD, namely the functions of legislation, consideration and supervision. However, these three functions are carried out by the DPD in a very limited manner. The existence of the DPR and the Supreme Audit Agency (BPK) as one of the state institutions is an implementation of the horizontal division of powers. The House of Representatives is an institution that has legislative, budgetary and supervisory functions, while the Supreme Audit Agency is an institution with the main function of auditing state finances. However, the supervisory function in regional budget matters carried out by the DPD is still part of the financial audit by the BPK. The principle that applies in state administrative law is that if an institution, including the DPD RI can measure performance, it means that the institution can know many things, such as being able to reward those who succeed, as well as being able to provide sanctions or recommend sanctions for those who fail; be able to know the actual cost; can link between costs and results; can determine whether it is better to do it yourself or need to outsource (outsourcing); can improve performance; can choose the best alternative

Co-Authorship in Russia and Germany: General and Special

The paper analyzes the provisions of Russian and German legislation on the regulation of co-authorship relations. The study revealed the following features. By virtue of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, the joint work of several persons can be carried out in the mode of both separate and inseparable co-authorship, including intermediate modes allocated doctrinally. The German legislator names only inseparable co-authorship as a basis for the appearance of co-authors, all other cases are covered by the regime of linked works. Co-authorship can only arise if there is a joint creative work, which implies the understanding of the co-authors that they work together (subjective criterion), as well as a single period of time, being at the same «stage of production», the existence of an agreement between the co-authors, etc. (objective criterion). German jurisprudence clarifies: co-authorship is not excluded in the case of incremental contributions, but it assumes that each participant has made his own creative contribution, subject to a common idea. It is not required that the co-authors simultaneously participate in all stages of the development of the work. Accordingly, the so-called vertical division of labor is possible, in which the co-authors rely on already created preliminary versions of the work, as well as the horizontal division of labor, when the co-authors simultaneously create separate parts of the work, which then merge into a single work. The presumption in Russia of equal contribution of co-authors to the creation of a common work is applied in Germany on a subsidiary basis, if it is objectively impossible to determine this contribution. The main regulators of the rights of co-authors (authors) in Russia and Germany are the law and the contract, sometimes a court decision. The use of a work created by co-authors is carried out jointly, taking into account the principle of good faith, which is explicitly present in German law and follows from a systemic interpretation of the Civil Code of the Russian Federation.

Multidirection and Multiscale Pyramid in Transformer for Video-Based Pedestrian Retrieval

In video surveillance, pedestrian retrieval (also called person reidentification) is a critical task. This task aims to retrieve the pedestrian of interest from nonoverlapping cameras. Recently, transformer-based models have achieved significant progress for this task. However, these models still suffer from ignoring fine-grained, part-informed information. This article proposes a multidirection and multiscale Pyramid in Transformer (PiT) to solve this problem. In transformer-based architecture, each pedestrian image is split into many patches. Then, these patches are fed to transformer layers to obtain the feature representation of this image. To explore the fine-grained information, this article proposes to apply vertical division and horizontal division on these patches to generate different-direction human parts. These parts provide more fine-grained information. To fuse multiscale feature representation, this article presents a pyramid structure containing global-level information and many pieces of local-level information from different scales. The feature pyramids of all the pedestrian images from the same video are fused to form the final multidirection and multiscale feature representation. Experimental results on two challenging video-based benchmarks, MARS and iLIDS-VID, show the proposed PiT achieves state-of-the-art performance. Extensive ablation studies demonstrate the superiority of the proposed pyramid structure. Data is available on-line at <uri xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">https://git.openi.org.cn/zangxh/PiT.git</uri> .

Public administration and politics meet turbulence: The search for robust governance responses

Public administration and politics meet turbulence: The search for robust governance responses

Automated Diabetic Retinopathy Detection Using Horizontal and Vertical Patch Division-Based Pre-Trained DenseNET with Digital Fundus Images.

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a common complication of diabetes that can lead to progressive vision loss. Regular surveillance with fundal photography, early diagnosis, and prompt intervention are paramount to reducing the incidence of DR-induced vision loss. However, manual interpretation of fundal photographs is subject to human error. In this study, a new method based on horizontal and vertical patch division was proposed for the automated classification of DR images on fundal photographs. The novel sides of this study are given as follows. We proposed a new non-fixed-size patch division model to obtain high classification results and collected a new fundus image dataset. Moreover, two datasets are used to test the model: a newly collected three-class (normal, non-proliferative DR, and proliferative DR) dataset comprising 2355 DR images and the established open-access five-class Asia Pacific Tele-Ophthalmology Society (APTOS) 2019 dataset comprising 3662 images. Two analysis scenarios, Case 1 and Case 2, with three (normal, non-proliferative DR, and proliferative DR) and five classes (normal, mild DR, moderate DR, severe DR, and proliferative DR), respectively, were derived from the APTOS 2019 dataset. These datasets and these cases have been used to demonstrate the general classification performance of our proposal. By applying transfer learning, the last fully connected and global average pooling layers of the DenseNet201 architecture were used to extract deep features from input DR images and each of the eight subdivided horizontal and vertical patches. The most discriminative features are then selected using neighborhood component analysis. These were fed as input to a standard shallow cubic support vector machine for classification. Our new DR dataset obtained 94.06% and 91.55% accuracy values for three-class classification with 80:20 hold-out validation and 10-fold cross-validation, respectively. As can be seen from steps of the proposed model, a new patch-based deep-feature engineering model has been proposed. The proposed deep-feature engineering model is a cognitive model, since it uses efficient methods in each phase. Similar excellent results were seen for three-class classification with the Case 1 dataset. In addition, the model attained 87.43% and 84.90% five-class classification accuracy rates using 80:20 hold-out validation and 10-fold cross-validation, respectively, on the Case 2 dataset, which outperformed prior DR classification studies based on the five-class APTOS 2019 dataset. Our model attained about >2% classification results compared to others. These findings demonstrate the accuracy and robustness of the proposed model for classification of DR images.