Horizontal Bundle Research Articles

Smooth muscle hyperplasia in protein kinase C-fused blue naevi: Report of 12 cases.

PKC-fused blue naevi are a recently described group of melanocytic tumours that have distinctive morphological features, including a pigmented epithelioid melanocytoma-like junctional component or a dermal biphasic architecture associating with naevocytoid nests surrounded by dendritic and spindled pigmented melanocytes (so-called 'combined common and blue naevus'). There have been reports of smooth muscle hyperplasia in a hamartoma-like pattern in cases of combined blue naevi without genetic exploration. Herein, we describe 12 cases of protein kinase C (PKC)-fused blue tumours associated with a co-existing smooth muscle hyperplasia, identified from a total of 98 PKC-fused melanocytic tumours. Archived slides of PKC-fused blue naevi with haematoxylin, eosin and phloxin staining, immunohistochemistry and molecular confirmation of a PKC-fusion by fluorescence in-situ hybridisation (FISH) or RNAseq were re-evaluated for identification of notable smooth muscle hyperplasia. Fifty-one of these slides had already been studied in a previous publication from our group. The hyperplasia ranged from hypertrophic arrector pili muscles to extensive horizontal bundles of disorganised fibres constantly associated and limited within a biphasic dermal melanocytic component. At least one arrector pili muscle was always visible within the tumour, with occasionally direct extension of the hyperplastic fibres from the main muscle body. These muscle fibres were devoid of a PKC-fusion signal by FISH. PKC molecules are involved in the regulation of smooth muscle function, offering an explanatory framework. These data suggest incorporating smooth muscle hyperplasia as a diagnostic morphological feature of PKC-fused blue melanocytic tumours.

Numerical investigation of flow stratification and heat transfer characteristics in a strongly heated horizontal rod bundles with helium-Xenon gas mixture

The helium-xenon(He-Xe) mixture has good heat transfer characteristics with a low Prandtl number(Pr ≈ 0.2 ∼ 0.3) and is suitable for the advanced compact gas-cooled reactor. The characteristics of horizontal flow stratification in the fuel rod bundles with He-Xe mixture under gravity and buoyancy were numerically simulated. Different wall heat flux q+ suitable for the reactor operating conditions were selected for calculation and analysis. Flow stratification is observed as strongly inhomogeneous in the radial direction. With the semi-local wall coordinates and Van-Driest transformation, laminarization is manifested by velocity and temperature profile and turbulent kinetic energy changes. In the horizontal flow, where the buoyancy is orthogonal to the direction of flow development, unique characteristics appear in the flow and heat transfer, and the growing longitudinal momentum and energy transport are considered the main reasons. The influence of flow acceleration and buoyancy under different bundle structures were compared. The buoyancy effect is evident in the loosely spaced rod bundles. In contrast, the thermally-induced flow acceleration effect in the tight-lattice scheme is noticeable.

Variational problems concerning sub-Finsler metrics in Carnot groups

This paper is devoted to the study of geodesic distances defined on a subdomain of a given Carnot group, which are bounded both from above and from below by fixed multiples of the Carnot–Carathéodory distance. We show that the uniform convergence (on compact sets) of these distances can be equivalently characterized in terms of Γ-convergence of several kinds of variational problems. Moreover, we investigate the relation between the class of intrinsic distances, their metric derivatives and the sub-Finsler convex metrics defined on the horizontal bundle.

Universal Infinitesimal Hilbertianity of Sub-Riemannian Manifolds

We prove that sub-Riemannian manifolds are infinitesimally Hilbertian (i.e., the associated Sobolev space is Hilbert) when equipped with an arbitrary Radon measure. The result follows from an embedding of metric derivations into the space of square-integrable sections of the horizontal bundle, which we obtain on all weighted sub-Finsler manifolds. As an intermediate tool, of independent interest, we show that any sub-Finsler distance can be monotonically approximated from below by Finsler ones. All the results are obtained in the general setting of possibly rank-varying structures.

Morphometric Analysis of Anatomy of Anterior Cruciate Ligament of Knee and its Attachments - a Cadaveric Study in Indian Population.

Introduction:The Anterior Cruciate Ligament tends to stabilise the knee in various range of extension and flexion. Precise study of anatomy, attachments and position of bundles is important for successful ACL reconstruction. In our study, we attempt to assess general anatomy of ACL, determine and compare its morphometric data pertaining to length and width and its tibio-femoral foot prints in different gender and secondarily determine changes in the same during ACL dynamics witnessed during knee flexion changes.Materials and methods:A total of 19 knees from 10 cadavers were used in the research with mean age of 61±7 years. After dissecting the skin, muscles, patellar and articular capsule were removed and bundle attachments were studied. Thereafter the relative length, width and stiffness of ACL bundles at 0, 90, 140 (maximum) angles of knee flexion were measured along with maximum horizontal and vertical bundle footprints at tibio-femoral attachments were recorded.Results:Mean length and width of insertion of anteromedial (AM) bundle on the tibial surface was 8.8mm and 9.0mm in males and 8.1mm and 8.8mm in females. Furthermore, that of PL bundle was 9.1mm and 7.8mm in males and 8.9mm and 7.1mm in females.Conclusion:The anteromedial (AM) bundle and posterolateral (PL) bundle of ACL were found to be most relaxed at full extension and were most taut at maximum flexion of 140°. AM bundle underwent greater stretching and change of length in comparison to the PL bundle, indicating that it is comparatively a more dominant bundle.

Convective Heat Exchange of Single-Row Bundles from Tubes with Rolled Aluminum Fins of Various Height at a Low Values of the Reynolds Number

The experimental study of the heat flow intensity of a single-row horizontal air-cooled tubular bundle of heat exchanger with spiral aluminum rolling fins at low Reynolds numbers (Re < 2000) is performed. The geometrical dimensions of the bimetallic finned tubes of the bundle, the following: the outer diameter of the fins d = 56.0 mm; the diameter of the tube at the base d0 = 26.8 mm; fin height h = 14.6 mm; pitch of fins s = 2.5 mm; the average fin thickness Δ = 0.5 mm; the coefficient of finned tubes φ = 19.3; heat transfer length l = 300 mm. The outer diameter of the load-bearing steel tube dн = 25 mm; wall thickness d = 2 mm. The research was carried out by the method of full thermal modeling at a specially designed experimental stand with electric heating of tubes and an exhaust shaft installed above the bundle. The air flow rate through the bundle was regulated by changing the height and cross-sectional area of the exhaust shaft. Calibration experiments were carried out and confirmed the reliability of the data obtained. Then the fins were sanded so to form new types of tubes, which were arranged in a single-row six-tube bundle with a constant relative cross-step σ1 = S1/d = 1.14 = const, and the thermal studies were repeated. As a result, a generalized criterion equation for heat transfer of a finned horizontal single-row bundle at small Reynolds numbers for various heights of the tube finning h = 0-14.6 mm was obtained. The effective height of the tube finning (h = 8 mm) for a single-row horizontal bundle was determined by dimensional and metal-intensive criteria.

Convective instability of air flows in the exhaust shaft above a four-row finned beam

Herein, multidirectional quasiperiodic air flows in an exhaust shaft above a four-order horizontal bundle consisting of bimetallic finned tubes used to remove heat in heat exchangers are considered. Modeling of the air movement is carried out on the basis of equations for thermogravitational convection in the Boussinesq approximation. It takes into account the viscosity of the air and the dependence of the air density on the temperature. An interpretation of quasiperiodic airstreams is proposed on the basis of Rayleigh – Bénard convection, as a result of which regular structures, called Rayleigh – Bénard cells, are formed in a liquid or gas. Rayleigh – Bénard cells are an analytical solution to the problem of the stability of hydrodynamics flows in the linear approximation. The appearance of two-dimensional (convective rolls) and threedimensional (rectangular cells) is possible. To estimate the number of emerging structures, the critical Rayleigh numbers were calculated, which characterizes the transition from an unstable mode of the convective fluid flow to a stable mode. For two experiments, the experimental Rayleigh numbers are compared with their critical values. The differences between the experimental conditions and the ideal boundary conditions used in the calculations and the partial destruction of quasiperiodic structures as a result of this are also discussed.

The perversion of language: Jules Baillarger on aphasia, the lateralization of speech, and the Baillarger-Jackson principle

ABSTRACT Jules Baillarger was one of the foremost figures of nineteenth-century neurobiology. He is remembered today for his discovery that the human cerebral cortex is composed of six intercalated layers. Even today, two horizontal fiber bundles within cortical layers IV and V are referred to as the outer and inner bands of Baillarger. It is a measure of the importance of Baillarger’s discovery that his findings were elaborated upon with advances in microscopy and the development of methods for staining neurons and myelin by, notably, Theodor Meynert and Santiago Ramon y Cajal. Furthermore, Baillarger’s observation that there are variations in the thickness of one or another of the six cortical layers in different cortical regions, and the discovery of giant pyramidal motor neurons in layer V of the precentral gyrus, ultimately led to the cytoarchitectonic and myeloarchitectonic maps of Oscar Vogt and Cécile Vogt-Mugnier, and of their student Korbinian Brodmann (1908). Less well known are Baillarger’s contributions to the semiology of aphasia and the pivotal role he played in the recognition of the localization and lateralization of speech to the left hemisphere. Paul Broca’s localization of articulate language to the posterior aspect of the frontal lobes and Marc Dax’s discovery that speech is a function of the left hemisphere were vigorously challenged within French academic medicine until 1865, when Baillarger gave two addresses to the Royal Academy of Medicine. In the first address, he described a form of aphasia he called the perversion of language, which we now call fluent aphasia, and reported that aphasic patients can express words or parts of sentences when they are angry or excited, a phenomenon now known as the Baillarger-Jackson principle. In his second address, Baillarger supported the lateralization of speech to the left hemisphere of the brain and referred to this association as Dax’s “singular law,” and supported the localization of speech to the posterior aspect of the left inferior frontal gyrus. Baillarger’s description of the perversion of language and of the influence of emotions on speech presaged the discipline of aphasiology, and his support for the lateralization of speech to the left hemisphere marks the first instance of the unequivocal recognition of asymmetrical hemispheric functions by academic medicine. This article reviews these aspects of Baillargher’s career. Critical sections of his papers on cortical structure, aphasia, and functional hemispheric asymmetry are translated by the author.

Model spaces in sub-Riemannian geometry

We consider sub-Riemannian spaces admitting an isometry group that is maximal in the sense that any linear isometry of the horizontal tangent spaces is realized by a global isometry. We will show that these spaces have a canonical partial connection defined on their horizontal bundle. However, unlike the Riemannian case, such spaces are not uniquely determined by their curvature and their metric tangent cone. Furthermore, the number of invariants needed to determine model spaces with the same tangent cone is in general greater than one.

Three-dimensional periodic architecture in Poly(ε-caprolactone) crystallized in bulk aggregates

Novel approaches and fractal-branching models are proposed to provide an evidence-supported mechanism of hierarchal lamellae assembly with regular periodicity in ring-banded poly(ϵ-caprolactone) (PCL) crystallized in bulk forms from PCL/poly(phenyl methacrylate) mixtures. Crystallized specimens are examined with two different film-thickness levels. For interior analysis, specimens are fractured in delicate ways to study correlations of the architectures on top-surface vs. interior lamellae, and how these crystal species self-assemble to display morphological repetitive fractals with optical-banding periodicity. 3D self-assembly of alternate horizontal and vertical lamellar bundles with fractal-branching leads to varieties of architectures of ring-banded aggregates packed with lamellar branches at periodic intervals.

Optimal cascade phase change regenerator for waste heat recovery in a batch industrial dryer

Waste heat recovery is one of the main strategies to reduce the use of primary resources. This work develops a cascade phase change regenerator to recover energy from exhaust air to fresh air of a natural gas-fired batch dryer in an existing industrial laundry, taken as a case study, where an experimental campaign is conducted. The regenerator comprises two vertical stoves made of horizontal rod bundles in an aligned configuration to mitigate the fouling. The rods are hollow smooth cylinders that are grouped into sectors, each of which is filled with a phase change material properly selected among paraffins. The number of cylinders per row and the cylinder diameter are investigated by a parametric analysis; the number of sectors and the materials filling each sector are optimized by two alternative algorithms, one based on the process physics and the other on a statistical method. At last, an economic analysis is applied to the optimal configuration. This optimal configuration turns to be an 8-sector regenerator that attains an energy recovered of 61.5% and a net annual saving of 3340 €/year and that requires a total cost of about 9500 €, yielding a payback time lower than 3 years.

Research of horizontal single-row bundles of ribbon finned tubes at free convection

The intensity of free convection research leads to a wider understanding of the mechanisms and possibilities of using free-convection currents for the heat discharge or heatremoval in many industries, in energy processes, in a large number of devices or systems. Free convection significantly affects the maximum values of heat fluxes, and studying them becomes quite important for problems in which other methods of heat transfer are not applicable or uneconomical. The phenomena of free-convective heat transfer are quite complex, processes of conjugate heat transfer, for example, radiation and convection can be observed. Theoretical methods of description and calculation are used for bodies of simple shape: ball, plate, cylinder. The methods of theoretical analysis for heat transfer of bodies of complex shape are too voluminous and cumbersome. The intensification of free-convective heat transfer is possible through the use of various types of fins. To calculate the natural convective heat transfer of finned surfaces, the criterial dependencies of an empirical nature are mainly used. The article presents the results of a study of free-convective heat transfer of single-row horizontal bundlesof industrial bimetallic pipes with tape finning, the finning factor of 16.8. The position of the pipes in the bundle is characterized by the by transverse steps standardized for heat exchangers for air coolingS1 = 58; 61; 64; 70; 76; 86; 100 mm, to which the relative steps corresponded σ1 = S1/d = 1.208; 1.271; 1.333; 1.458; 1.583; 1.792; 2.083. An equation for calculating the free-convection heat transfer, taking into account the influence of the relative step in the range of Rayleigh number from 30,000 to 350,000 with an average deviation of ± 6.6%, has been obtained.

Horizontal Flows and Manifold Stochastics in Geometric Deep Learning.

We introduce two constructions in geometric deep learning for 1) transporting orientation-dependent convolutional filters over a manifold in a continuous way and thereby defining a convolution operator that naturally incorporates the rotational effect of holonomy; and 2) allowing efficient evaluation of manifold convolution layers by sampling manifold valued random variables that center around a weighted diffusion mean. Both methods are inspired by stochastics on manifolds and geometric statistics, and provide examples of how stochastic methods - here horizontal frame bundle flows and non-linear bridge sampling schemes, can be used in geometric deep learning. We outline the theoretical foundation of the two methods, discuss their relation to Euclidean deep networks and existing methodology in geometric deep learning, and establish important properties of the proposed constructions.

Effect of Oxygen Content on Heat Transfer in Steam-Generating Tubes in Transverse Flow of Heavy Liquid-Metal Coolant

A series of works was conducted on determining the coefficient of heat transfer in a bundle of heat-exchange tubes in transverse flow of lead in the base oxygen regime and with oxygen concentration on the saturation line. The object of investigation was an experimental model consisting of a horizontal bundle of six rows of smooth tubes with four tubes per row. The investigation was conducted with sub- and supercritical pressure in the water loop. It was confirmed that the oxygen content in lead significantly affects the coefficient of heat transfer. In the experimental range of velocities up to 0.3 m/sec, the coefficients of heat transfer in the base oxygen regime are two to three times higher than for lead with oxygen concentration on the saturation line. In agreement with other studies, it was found that for lead with oxygen concentration on the saturation line the coefficient of heat transfer is velocity-independent in a narrow section.

An Experimental Investigation of Electrical Clearance in Air for Overhead Traction System

While converting the existing rail network to electric traction, provision of specified minimum requirement of air gap clearance under old bridges and tunnels has always posed problems. Demand in specified electrical clearance of air-gap often forced the Indian Railways in construction of new bridges for the traction overhead lines to pass when the existing bridges still had their life left, which resulted in very high cost of electrification schemes. Extensive experimental investigation work is presented in this article for the performance of air-gap on actual catenary of contact wire assembly. Measurements were made under natural conditions of rain, fog, fair weather and under artificial rain with ac power frequency, lightning and switching impulse voltages. Investigations were also performed with the insertion of a solid insulating barrier in the gap. Considering the severest condition that of stream of water falling directly on the live conductor from the grounded object, the requirement for minimum air-gap clearance could be recommended to reduce to 170 mm for short time and 220 mm for long time applications, which is 37% lower than the air-gap clearance practiced hitherto. Development of twin contact wire assembly forming horizontal bundle is recommended for reducing the air-gap clearance further.

Forced convection around horizontal tubes bundles of a heat exchanger using a two-phase mixture model: Effects of nanofluid and tubes Configuration

In this paper, numerical simulation of laminar flow and heat transfer of nanofluid on a group of heat exchanger tubes is described. For better prediction of the behavior of the nanofluid flow on the tube arrays, two-phase mixture model was used. To achieve this aim, heat transfer and laminar flow of two-phase nanofluid as cooling fluid at volume fraction of 0, 2, 4, and 6% solid nanoparticles of silver and Reynolds numbers of 100 to1800 were investigated for different Configurations of tube arrays. The results indicated when the nanofluid collides with the tube arrays, the growth of heat boundary layer and gradients increase. The increase in the growth of boundary layer in the area behind the tubes was very remarkable, such that at the Reynolds number of 100, due to diffusion of the effect of wall temperature in the cooling fluid close to the wall, it had a considerable growth. Further, from the second row onwards, the slope of pressure drop coefficient diagrams was descending. Among the different Configuration s of tubes and across all the investigated Reynolds numbers, square Configuration had the maximum pressure drop coefficient as well as the highest extent of fluid momentum depreciation.

Application of the modified heat transfer formulas for the C-type Heat Exchanger in Passive Heat Removal System of CAP1400

A set of modified heat transfer formulas were evaluated based on the scaled PRHR HX experiment. Then they were coded into the newly developed Best-Estimation PRHR-MHT Code (PRHR HX-Modified Heat Transfer Code), which was used to evaluate the heat transfer effects of the specific C-type PRHR HX in CAP1400. The applicability of the traditional and modified formulas were evaluated under different engineering operation conditions, and the overall uncertainty was estimated to be within 2%. The sensitive analysis was then carried out to evaluate the influencing factors on the modified formulas in the PRHR HX heat transfer process. The predicted results validate that as much as 60 percent of the temperature difference may drop in the upper horizontal bundle region under some accidental conditions, and the rod bundle effects as well as the cross flow and bubbles disturbances can also enhance the heat transfer effects. The calculation results prove that the PRHR HX design has sufficient safety margin of maximum 27.6% under the ATWS accident, which provide important design references for developing the potential heat transfer capacity, enhancing safe operation, and further optimization of PRHR HX in CAP1400.

Identification of Tower-Wake Distortion Using LIDAR Measurement

In this present work, 10 minutes averaged concurrently measured wind data using collocated anemometers at 16.88 m height and Light Detecting and Ranging (LIDAR) at 16 m height, collected over a period of one month (June 1-June 30, 2014), have been analyzed to identify the tower wake distortion. lattice equilateral triangular communication towers with boom-mounted anemometers attached to it, not built but instrumented according to IEC61400-12-1:2005(E) standard is used for data collection. The Lidar and the collocated anemometers accurately identified the sectors affected by tower wake. In WS1 and WS2, the affected direction sectors are between 90-130° and 220-260°, respectively. The wind speed deficit using the collocated anemometers is up to 49% of the free stream velocity whereas that of the Lidar is up 58%. This is expected because the lidar measures consistently higher wind speed at the site than the anemometers. The secondary support structures such as cross and horizontal bracings, cable ladders, cable bundles and attachment brackets significantly influenced the wind speed and wind directions observed by the anemometers; requiring further investigation. A strong correlation between the data observed by two techniques demonstrated strong correlation after data treatment. The result shows that numerous communication towers scattered all over Africa can be used for resources assessment if proper investigated.

φ-Recurrent Sasakian Finsler Structures

In this paper, φ-recurrent Sasakian Finsler structures on horizontal and vertical tangent bundle diffusions and their various geometric properties are studied.

Experimental investigations on single-phase convection and two-phase flow boiling heat transfer in an inclined rod bundle

Single-phase convection and steam-water two-phase flow boiling heat transfer experiments in an electrically heated 4 × 25 staggered inclined rod bundle were carried out for the following range: 15 kg m−2 s−1 ≤ G ≤ 50 kg m−2 s−1, 20.0 kW m−2 ≤ q ≤ 55.0 kW m−2, 0.05 ≤ xout ≤ 0.79 and 117 kPa ≤ Pin ≤ 260 kPa. Single-phase convective results show that the independence principle can be applied to the case that all tubes were heated in inclined rod bundles. With respect to two-phase results, the local flow boiling heat transfer coefficient increases from the bottom row to the eleventh row and then can be considered as a constant value from the eleventh row to the top row. An increasing heat flux results in a decrease of the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient. However, no significant effects of mass velocity and quality were observed. The inclination angle has a small effect on the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient at low heat fluxes. However, when heat flux is high, the flow boiling heat transfer coefficient in the inclined rod bundle is the minimum while that in the vertical rod bundle is the maximum compared with that in the horizontal rod bundle. In a general, a Chen-type correlation was developed to predict 98.5 percent of local flow boiling heat transfer coefficient data in the inclined rod bundle with a maximum deviation of ±20%.