Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Generator Research Articles

Improving Power Harvesting Ability of Variable Speed Wind Turbine using Intelligent Soft Computing Technique

This paper presents a study carried out on maximizing energy harvesting of wind turbines. One way of improving the output power of the wind turbines is by optimizing the power conversion coefficient. The power conversion coefficient factor is expressed as a function of the wind turbine blade tip speed ratio and the turbine blade pitch angle. Optimization of the wind turbine generator output power is done by considering the effects of variations of wind speed, blade tip speed ratio, and pitch angle. An intelligent soft computing technique known as an adaptive neuro-fuzzy inference system (ANFIS) with a fuzzy logic controller for blade pitch actuator was applied to optimize the generator output power. The simulation result showed that the power conversion coefficient of 0.513 is achieved. The study was verified by using real-time wind speed data of Adama II wind farm in Ethiopia and specifications of the Gamesa G80 horizontal axis wind turbine generator unit by MATLAB software. Accordingly, a promising and satisfying improvement in power harvesting capacity is obtained. The output power of this generator is improved by 9.47% which is by far better result as compared to the existing literature.

Identification of cumulative damage at the blade root of AB92 blade using Palmgren-Miner’s rule

This study presents the identification of cumulative damage at the blade root of AVANTIS AB92 wind turbine blade by evaluating the simulations generated output obtained from GH Bladed software. The blade length was 45.3 m and consisted of six (6) different airfoils. The blade material was made of GRP/Epoxy with a weight of 10.2 tons. At the blade root, the bolt hole circle diameter was 2.3 m with a 1.3 m distance from hub centre to rotor shaft flange. The fatigue loads at the blade connection of AB92 were performed according to Germanischer Lloyd guideline for a 2.5 MW horizontal axis wind turbine generator with wind class IEC IIA. The simulations were performed when the turbine operates during power production with and without occurrence of fault with wind condition satisfying the normal turbulence model. Design load cases such as during start-up and normal shutdown were also carried out with wind condition similar to normal wind profile model. The fatigue load cases at the blade connection were post-processed by determining the rainflow cycle counting and damage equivalent loads using GH Bladed software. Statistical estimation models such as graphical and exponential methods were also used to predict the Weibull parameters. The total fatigue damages due to bending moments and torsion at the blade connection were evaluated using the Palmgren-Miner’s rule at different expected behaviour of S-N curves. Calculation results indicate that the total fatigue damage due to torsion, flapwise and edgewise bending moments at the blade connection of AB92 when the slope parameter of S-N curve i.e., m = 3 are less than unity with values of 0.8702, 0.0354 and 0.0180, respectively.

5-109 風力発電用大型風車のペーパークラフト開発 : ダウンウィンド型風車の開発および公開講座の開催((05)教材の開発-II)

5-109 風力発電用大型風車のペーパークラフト開発 : ダウンウィンド型風車の開発および公開講座の開催((05)教材の開発-II)

Wind Turbine and PMSG Dynamic Modelling in PSIM

Many environments for electrical and electronic circuits simulation available on the market offer packages dedicated to electrical machines and renewable energy elements. Although very useful for simulating wind energy conversion systems (WECS), for example, these blocks are typically locked, preventing changes being made in them. Thus, this article aims to build blocks for dynamic simulation of horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) and permanent magnets synchronous generator (PMSG) in PSIM. At first, for comparison purposes, it is desired that the proposed blocks show similar results than the existing in the software. In the future, the goal is to insert changes in them, in order to simulate other dynamics not considered (like tower shading, wake effect, electrical and mechanical faults, among others) or to simplify the modeling aiming to conduct studies where the consideration of such dynamics is not required.

S2020203 熱溶解積層方式3Dプリンタ向け教材用水平軸型風車モデルの開発

Recently, the fused deposition modeling (FDM) type 3D printers become popular for everyone due to low price. One of the important points to put 3D printers into practical use in mechanical engineering education is include the engineering mechanics factor such as torque, thrust force and so on. In this study, we developed the aerodynamics and engineering mechanics experimental educational tool for college students, using 3D printed horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) generator model with wind turbine simulation software (QBlade). The wind turbine blade 3D geometry is easy to design by QBlade function without 3D CAD skill. On the other hand, the other key components of wind turbine such as generator mount, gear and hub are difficult to design by 3D CAD beginners. Accordingly, we designed dedicated wind turbine generator model key components optimized for FDM 3D printing.

S2010102 風力発電用大型風車のペーパークラフトを用いた力学実験教材の開発([S201-01]技術教育・工学教育(1),技術と社会部門)

S2010102 風力発電用大型風車のペーパークラフトを用いた力学実験教材の開発([S201-01]技術教育・工学教育(1),技術と社会部門)

S2010103 3Dプリンタローターブレードを有した教材用水平軸型風車モデルの性能評価([S201-01]技術教育・工学教育(1),技術と社会部門)

Recently, the 3D printers become popular for everyone due to low price. One of the important points to put 3D printers into practical use in mechanical engineering education is include the engineering mechanics factor such as torque, thrust force and so on. In this study, we developed the aerodynamics and engineering mechanics experimental educational tool for college students, using 3D printed horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) generator model with wind turbine simulation software (QBlade). This educational tool provides the case study experience about an engineering process and a development process with experiment and simulation. The torque of the wind turbine model was evaluated by an experimental data and a simulation results. It was found that the tendency of experimental results about relationship between torque and tip speed ratio (TSR) resembles simulation results.

Crucial Torsional Modal Identify on Drive-Train in a Wind Turbine

The rotational frequency of large scale wind turbine is very low, so low order modal of drive-train in a horizontal-axis Wind turbine generator system (WTGS) needs special attention to avoid structural resonance. In this paper, with Lagrange’s equation, a three-mass drive-train dynamics of WTGS is modeled and analyzed. After comparing with the results by GHbladed4.1 and SIMPACK, we found that those results show little differences clearly. So the drive-train dynamics above is rational and the accurate analyses are fit to identify the crucial low order torsional modal of drive-train rapidly in WTGS. In addition, the anti-resonance frequency of the gear-train found by frequency response method can be very significant for vibration isolation of drive train in the wind turbine system.

S202023 風力発電用大型風車のペーパークラフト開発および翼型設計教材の提案

S202023 風力発電用大型風車のペーパークラフト開発および翼型設計教材の提案

Impulsive low-frequency noise generation by a 15m diameter horizontal axis wind turbine generator with downwind configuration.

Horizontal axis wind turbine (HAWT) with downwind rotor location is well known to generate an impulsive low-frequency noise. Large-scale downwind machines caused several low-frequency noise problems in overseas countries. This paper describes firstly measured results of the noise generated by a 15m diameter HAWT “WINDMEL.” Generation of an impulsive low-frequency noise by the downwind WINDMEL has been ascertained in the current measurement, though it was of a rather low level. In case of the upwind WINDMEL, generation of this noise could not be ascertained. Next, the predictive calculation of an impulsive low-frequency noise is carried out based on an available method. Namely, assumptions and cautions required for the predic tivecalculation are presented and discussed. Furthermore, applicability of the cal culationmethod is discussed based on the comparisons between the calculated results and the measured data.

Acoustic noise emission from 15m diameter horizontal axis wind turbine generator with downwind configuration.

Measurements on acoustic noise emission from the downwind 15m diameter horizontal axis wind turbine generator (installed at Mechanical Engineering Laboratory under MITI's Sunshine project) have been carried out for the purpose to obtain basic data necessary for a future noise reduction and assessment study. In this paper, characteristicsof aerodynamic and mechanical noise of the machine in an audible frequency range are presented and a mechanism of noise sources is discussed. Further, the reference sound level and the directivity index are determined according fundamentally to the IEA Recommended Practice on acoustic noise measurements. Also the dependence of noise on wind speed and operating conditions is presented.

Approximations of aeroelastic steady state response of teetered rotor blades. (Including teeter rotation argle alone).

A mathematical one-degree-of-freedom model is presented describe approximate behaviors of teetered-hub rotor blades of horizontal axis wind turbine generators. Taking teeter rotation angle as the exclusive unknown, a single tractable equation of motion is derived. Quasi-steady blade element strip theory is applied to evaluate aerodynamic forces which accounts for boundary layer shear winds and wind speed reductions due to tower shadow. Fourier series is adopted to compute steady state response subject to aerodynamic forces on teetered rotor blades unwind or downwind of the tower. Numerical examples show that the downwind rotor undergoes heavy oscillations compared with the upwind rotor, and that the aerodynamic damping force due to teetering compensates for most of imbalances of bending moments at each upwind rotor blade root.

Aeroelastic response and stability of wind turbine generators. (1st report. Behavior of a turbine blade only).

A mathematical model of an isolated blade of a horizontal axis wind turbine generator is presented to describe coupled motions of flap, lag and torsion of the blade. An energy approach is employed to derive Lagrange's equation of motion. The blade is considered as a pretwisted beam of variable cross section to calculate kinetic, dissipation and strain energy. Quasi-steady blade-element strip theory is applied to compute the aerodynamic force which accounts for boundary layer shear winds and wind speed reduction due to tower shadow. The resulting equations, which have time-dependent coefficients, are numerically solved to show steady-state response and stability of the blade. Wind tunnel tests were conducted using a l/25 scale model to ascertain theoretical predictions. Comparisons indicate a fairly good agreement between them.

Aeroelastic response and stability of wind turbine generators. Behavior of the turbine blade.

A mathematical model of an isolated blade of a horizontal axis wind turbine generator is presented to describe coupled motions of flap, Iag and torsion of the blade. An energy approach is employed to derive Lagrange's equation of motion. The blade is considered as a pretwisted beam of variable cross section to calculate the kinetic, dissipation and strain energies. Quasi-steady blade-element strip theory is applied to compute aerodynamic forces which account for the boundary layer shear winds and wind speed reduction due to tower shadow. The resulting equations, which have time -dependent coefficients, are solved numerically to obtain the steady-state response and stability of the blade. Wind tunnel tests were conducted using a l/25 scale model to ascertain theoretical predictions.

Acoustic signatures of five wind turbine generators from 80–300 kW

As part of its research and development program for development of renewable energy sources, Southern California Edison has monitored the acoustic emission of several different horizontal and vertical axis wind turbine generators with power generation capacity ranging from 80–500 kW. Noise measurements included: frequency spectrum (infrasonic through audible range), directivity, nearfield and farfield, and short and long duration. This presentation will summarize the results of the tests and measurements of both vertical and horizontal axis wind turbines.

Prediction of broadband noise from horizontal axis wind turbines

A method is presented for predicting the broadband noise spectra of horizontal axis wind turbine generators. It includes contributions from such noise sources as the inflow turbulence to the rotor, the interactions between the turbulent boundary layers on the blade surfaces with their trailing edges, and the wake due to a blunt trailing edge. The method is partly empirical and is based on acoustic measurements of large wind turbines and airfoil models. The predicted frequency spectra are compared with measured data from several machines, including the MOD-OA, MOD-2, WTS-4, and U.S. Windpower Inc. machine. The significance of the effects of machine size, power output, trailing-edge bluntness, and distance to the receiver is illustrated. Good agreement is obtained between the predicted and measured far-field noise spectra.

Response measurements for two building structures excited by noise from a large horizontal axis wind turbine generator

Window and wall acceleration measurements and interior noise measurements were made for two different building structures during excitation by noise from the WTS-4 horizontal axis wind turbine generator operating in a normal power generation mode. Wind turbine noise input pulses resulted in acceleration pulses for the wall and window elements of the two test buildings. Response spectra suggest that natural vibration modes of the structures are excited. Responses of a house trailer were substantially greater than those for a building of sturdier construction. Peak acceleration values correlate well with similar data for houses excited by flyover noise from commercial and military airplanes and helicopters, and sonic booms from supersonic aircraft. Interior noise spectra have peaks at frequencies corresponding to structural vibration modes and roomstanding waves; the levels for particular frequencies and locations can be higher than the outside levels.

Wake measurements behind a large horizontal axis wind turbine generator

A detailed measurement program was undertaken in the summer of 1982 to characterize the wake behind the MOD-2, 2.5 MW, 91 m dia. wind turbine generators (WTGs) at Goodnoe Hills, Washington. Wind measurements were taken at 2 rotor diameters (2D) upwind and at 3, 5, 7 and 9D downwind WTGs 1 and 3 under operating and non-operating conditions. The measurement methodology using kite anemometry was developed to measure the wake. Most of the wake measurements were made under stable night-time flow, and the results indicated that the wake velocity deficits 9D downwind were on the order of 15–18 per cent, though, under more turbulent night-time flow, these deficits decreased to less than 10 per cent. These measured deficits were similar to those calculated from two different wake models.

Control Design and Performance Analysis of a 6 MW Wind Turbine-Generator

This paper discusses an approach to the modeling and performance for the preliminary design phase of a large (6.2 MW) horizontal axis wind turbine generator (WTG). Two control philosophies are presented, both of which are based on linearized models of the WT mechanical and electrical systems. The control designs are compared by showing the performance through detailed non-linear time simulation. The disturbances considered are wind gusts, and electrical faults near the WT terminals.

Control design for a wind turbine-generator using output feedback

The modeling and approach to control design for a large horizontal axis wind turbine (WT) generator are presented. The control design is based on a suboptimal output regulator which allows coordinated control of WT blade pitch angle and field voltage for the purposes of regulating electrical power and terminal voltage. Results detailed nonlinear simulation tests of this controller are shown.