Horizontal Access Research Articles

Investigating road conditions of crash blackspots in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia: a random parameters negative binomial model

Crash blackspots significantly impact and, to some extent, determines the entire road network’s safety level. Therefore, it is imperative to identify these blackspots and investigate the contributing factors. This becomes particularly crucial for low-income countries facing financial constraints in implementing road safety measures. Methodologically multiple studies utilised random parameter negative binomial models to predict vehicle crashes due to their ability to address unobserved heterogeneity in crash data, surpassing conventional models. However, the potential of this promising method in investigating factors influencing crash blackspots remains underutilised. This study aims to identify crash blackspots and investigates the roadway factors of such segments using the random parameters negative binomial modelling method. A three-year (2017–2019) crash data collected from the Ethiopian capital, Addis Ababa, with traffic volumes and various geometric characteristics were utilised. The model estimation results demonstrate the superiority of the random parameter negative binomial model over conventional models, showcasing its ability to reveal unobserved heterogeneity associated with road condition factors in crash blackspots. The study finds that horizontal curves and access density are significant road condition-related contributors to crash blackspots, characterised as random parameters. On the other hand, fixed-parameter influence factors include average annual daily traffic, vertical gradient, vertical curve, median width, and traffic control devices. The study highlights the need to further explore horizontal curvatures and access control as potential random parameters in crash blackspot locations. The findings may assist transportation planners/agencies in prioritising road maintenance, enhancing design standards, and implementing targeted safety interventions to improve road safety effectively.

Enhancement of disaster preparedness: Approaches of place attachment and behavior to “build back better” mosque as tsunami evacuation building in Banda Aceh City, Indonesia

The Sendai Framework for Disaster Risk Reduction 2015–2030 emphasizes the importance of learning from experiences to strengthen preparedness and “Build Back Better” through risk reduction in the phases of recovery, rehabilitation, and reconstruction. On December 26, 2004, Aceh Province in Indonesia was affected by an earthquake and tsunami that caused infrastructure damage and resulted in the death of 160,000–200,000 people. Mc. Caughey simulation (2017) showed that 50% of respondents in Banda Aceh, preferred mosques as tsunami evacuation sites in the future. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the function of mosques as tsunami evacuation buildings through a community-based approach. The method involved participatory observation and in-depth interviews, guided by the principles of Sense of Place Attachment and Behavior Theory. The results showed that the Baitul Musyahadah Mosque satisfied the criteria for serving as a tsunami evacuation facility. A significant proportion of the community (38%) selected mosques as their preferred evacuation sites, considering factors such as ease of horizontal access (22%), ease of vertical access (22%), the call to prayer (12%), and the available space (4%). The analysis of sociodemographic factors indicated that individuals aged 20–30 expressed attachment towards the physical aesthetics of the mosques, while those aged 31–50 exhibited attachment towards the symbolic significance. This study recommended integrating the design concept of mosques to accommodate worship activities and emergency evacuation, thereby contributing to national and international endeavors aimed at mitigating tsunami risks.

The correction of the diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle concomitant with a moulded silicone implant insertion in a patient with medial pectus excavatum.

The association of the diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle and the medial pectus excavatum was reported. We have been using soft silicone block, sculpted intraoperatively, to correct pectus excavatum. The horizontal access used, 2 cm at a subxiphoid position, allows us to expose the sternum and the rectus abdominis muscles (RAMs). We report a case, male, 31 years presenting medial pectus excavatum and supraumbilical diastasis of the rectus abdominis muscle with a width of 35 mm at the costal arches, and 27 mm at 6 cm from the xiphoid process edge. The muscle borders presented a curved lateral deviation up to the insertion in the costal arches. The necessary space for the implant was dissected and the block was sculpted. The medial and superior aponeurosis borders of the RAM were incised at 6 cm from the xiphoid, and the posterior border of the RAM was released. The aponeurosis borders were brought together, promoting a medial and anterior positioning of the RAM. The inferior border of the implant was attached to the raw superior borders of the RAM. The result was considered satisfactory, and a magnetic resonance image 14 months after showed continuity of the implant and the muscles, promoting a uniform body contour.Registry: CAAE63181616.7.0000.0071.

Beach Access, Property Rights, and Social-Distributive Questions: A Cross-National Legal Perspective of Fifteen Countries

The right to access and enjoy the coastal zone, and especially the beach, is a centuries-old legal tenet in many countries and a key part of Integrated Coastal Zone Management. However, the legal right for coastal access takes on different forms and degrees in different countries (or states). In this paper we argue that accessibility to coastal zones should be seen as a multi-faceted concept, and we distinguish among four different categories of accessibly. The first two—horizontal and vertical access—are the usual notions. We add two more: access to sea views, and access for people with disabilities. Regarding all four categories, in addition to the legal survey, we also attempt to point out some potential social justice issues. The comparative analysis focuses on national-level law and policy in fifteen advanced-economy countries. Most are also signatories to one or two international legal or policy rules about coastal management. The factual information on each country is based on country reports by top national scholars recently published in a book initiated and edited by this paper’s authors. In this paper, the authors develop further systematic comparative analysis within a new theoretical framing. The findings show that to date, the international rules have had only limited on-the-ground influence. Many gaps remain, mirroring cross-national inequalities in the rights to beach access. The comparative findings point to some emerging trends—both progressive and regressive. The conclusions call for upgrading the issue of coastal access rights through further research on aspects of implementation and through cross-national exchange.

How to Exploit Market Power: Horizontal Ownership Concentration and Network Access Pricing

How to Exploit Market Power: Horizontal Ownership Concentration and Network Access Pricing

A Comparison into the Factors Affecting Urban Rail Systems: Local, Express, and High-Speed Rail in Tunnels at a Great Depth in a Metropolitan Area

In this study, the factors influencing the choice of the type of urban railroad transportation in the metropolitan areas of Korea were analyzed. As the populations of metropolitan areas are expanding, the importance of rail transportation, which has a high travel reliability in terms of travel time, has increased, and various types of railroad systems have emerged accordingly. This study was focused on the choice behavior of travelers on local and express trains that use the same track and differ only in the number of stations and operating times. To compare the choice behavior of travelers between local and express trains, factors such as the waiting time on the platform and the in-car travel time were considered. We also investigated the system choice behavior for an existing express subway and high-speed rail trains in tunnels at a great depth in terms of horizontal access time (walking), vertical access time, in-vehicle travel time, and travel fare. For a high-speed rail built underground at a great depth of 50 m, the stated preference survey was designed, and data were collected in consideration of the Great Train Express being promoted in the Seoul metropolitan area by the Korean government. The results of this study are expected to be considered important data for improving the rail system design from the user’s perspective to increase the demand for urban rail transportation in metropolitan areas.

From (Horizontal and Sectoral) Data Access Solutions Towards Data Governance Systems

Starting with the assumption that under certain conditions also mandatory solutions for access to privately held data can be necessary, this paper analyses the legal and regulatory instruments for the implementation of such data access solutions. After an analysis of advantages and problems of horizontal versus sectoral access solutions, the main thesis of this paper is that focusing only on data access solutions is often not enough for achieving the desired positive effects on competition and innovation. An analysis of the two examples access to bank account data (PSD2: Second Payment Service Directive) and access to data of the connected car shows that successful data access solutions might require an entire package of additional complementary regulatory solutions (e.g. regarding interoperability, standardisation, and safety and security), and therefore the analysis and regulatory design of entire data governance systems (based upon an economic market failure analysis). In the last part important instruments that can be used within data governance systems are discussed, like, e.g. data trustee solutions.

Particle swarming of sensor correction filters

Reducing the impact of seismic activity on the motion of suspended optics is essential for the operation of ground-based gravitational wave detectors. During periods of increased seismic activity, low-frequency ground translation and tilt cause the Advanced LIGO observatories to lose ‘lock’, reducing their duty cycles. This paper applies modern global-optimisation algorithms to aid in the design of the ‘sensor correction’ filter, used in the control of the active platforms. It is shown that a particle swarm algorithm that minimises a cost-function approximating the differential root mean squared velocity between platforms can produce control filters that perform better across most frequencies in the control bandwidth than those currently installed. These tests were conducted using training data from the LIGO Hanford Observatory seismic instruments and simulations of the Horizontal Access Module Internal Seismic Isolation platforms. These results show that new methods of producing control filters are ready for use at LIGO. The filters were implemented at LIGO’s Hanford Observatory, and use the resulting data to refine the cost function.

The Law and Policy of Government Access to Private Sector Data (‘B2G Data Sharing’)

The tremendous rate of technological advancement in recent years has fostered a policy de-bate about improving the state’s access to privately held data (‘B2G data sharing’). Access to such ‘data of general interest’ can significantly improve social welfare and serve the common good. At the same time, expanding the state’s access to privately held data poses risks. This chapter inquires into the potential and limits of mandatory access rules, which would oblige private undertakings to grant access to data for specific purposes that lie in the public interest. The article discusses the key questions that access rules should address and develops general principles for designing and implementing such rules. It puts particular emphasis on the opportunities and limitations for the implementation of horizontal B2G access frameworks. Finally, the chapter outlines concrete recommendations for legislative reforms.

An easier option for "invisible scar" thyroidectomy: hybrid-transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy submental access (H-TOETSA)-experience on twenty-two consecutive patients.

Transoral endoscopic thyroidectomy vestibular approach (TOETVA) is currently the only "cervical invisible scar" procedure with a surgical access close to the thyroid area. The aim of this technical note was to describe a hybrid technique with a vestibular and a submental access as applied in 22 consecutive patients undergoing lobectomy. Out of 502 thyroidectomies performed from February 1, 2018 to May 31, 2019, feasibility of Hybrid-TransOral Endoscopic Thyroidectomy Submental Access (H-TOETSA) was assessed in 22 patients meeting the inclusion criteria. Differently from TOETVA, a central trocar (≤ 10mm) for the camera was placed on the natural skin depression immediately under the chin. A left 3mm and a right 5mm (or 3mm if a 3mm energy device was available) trocars were placed in the vestibulum (as in TOETVA). Operative time was 74.32 (± 34.16) min. Two temporary recurrent nerve paralysis and three lip/chin dysesthesia were observed. In two patients, an additional 3cm horizontal access was performed 2cm above the clavicle to control a persistent bleeding. Patients complained pain only in the first postoperative hours. All patients perceived excellent cosmetic results even at postoperative day 1. H-TOETSA was feasible and resulted to have some technical and clinical advantages maintaining the purpose to avoid a visible scar on the neck.

Tombes à dalles néolithiques (cistes et chambres) du nord-est de la péninsule Ibérique : une vision historiographique et chronologique

Les sépultures à dalles néolithiques sont connues depuis le début du XXe siècle, tout particulièrement grâce au travail débuté par J. Vilaró et poursuivi par M. Cura, J. Castany et Ll. Guerrero. Cependant, elles ont reçu de la part des archéologues moins d’attention que d’autres structures funéraires (même si elles sont souvent mentionnées dans la littérature archéologique), ce qui est surprenant. En effet, les tombes découvertes sont nombreuses, ainsi que les parallèles avec d’autres manifestations néolithiques contemporaines ou proches dans le temps du sud de la France, du nord de l’Italie ou de la Suisse. Il s’est donc avéré nécessaire d’effectuer une série d’analyses pour améliorer nos connaissances à leur sujet. La faible visibilité de ces tombes (ou l’absence de visibilité), leur mauvais état de conservation, le manque de prospections et les dégradations dues aux remaniements des sols des zones agropastorales dans lesquels elles se trouvent, peuvent être les causes du nombre peu élevé de découvertes réalisées ces dernières décennies. L’objectif de cet article est de présenter les derniers résultats obtenus par notre équipe de chercheurs réunie autour de l’étude de ces tombes. Nous présenterons l’état de la question sur leur historiographie, ainsi que les caractéristiques qui les définissent, en partant des structures pour arriver aux personnes inhumées et au mobilier funéraire associé. Il est important d’insister sur l’existence de nouvelles datations radiocarbone et sur les analyses statistiques effectuées, car elles nous ont permis d’évaluer la distribution chronologique des tombes et leur durée d’utilisation. Jusqu’à la réalisation de ce programme de datation, la chronologie des sépultures à dalles était assez incertaine en raison du nombre restreint de dates, dont certaines obtenues à partir d’échantillons de longue durée de vie. Ces données ont servi de trait d’union pour établir des liens avec d’autres manifestations funéraires du néolithique d’Europe centrale et occidentale.

One-Level Menu Optimization: How to Make Conventional Things Better

In this article, I address the problem of 1-level horizontal menu access time minimization while preserving the menu’s conventional appearance. The proposed mathematical formalization shows high computational complexity even for the considered simplified problem. As an alternative, a heuristic is proposed to produce feasible solutions in polynomial time; 2 results of the application of the heuristic are presented.

Experience of using horizontal access in laryngectomy. Evaluation of clinical results

Introduction . For now surgery is a key element in the treatment of advanced laryngeal cancer due to the most radical resection. Although, the incidence of complications in the form of pharyngocutaneous fistula is high, which leads to unsatisfactory functional and aesthetic results, increased treatment duration and cost. The study objective is to improve the method for radical surgical treatment in patients with laryngeal cancer, to assess its impact on the frequency of postoperative complications. Materials and methods . Our experience is based on the performed laryngectomy in 124 patients since 2009 to 2017. Laryngectomy was performed in 85 (68.5 %) patients, combined laryngectomy – in 17 (13.7 %) and extended combined laryngectomy – in 22 (17.8 %) patients. Results . The developed approach method for surgical treatment of malignant laryngeal tumors allowed to avoid formation of pharyngocutaneous fistula and wound complications in postoperative period, and to achieve high functional and aesthetic results, decrease duration of inpatient care. Conclusion. New treatment method provides favourable conditions for social, labor, medical rehabilitation of patients and allows to reduce treatment duration and cost.

The Multiplex Texture of ramona

ramona (Buenos Aires, 2000–2010) was a monthly visual arts publication with a radical editorial policy: anyone can write; everyone will be published. Engulfed by the economic crisis that hit Argentina in 2001, the magazine relied on spontaneous and unpaid contributions from artists, curators, art historians, gallery visitors and art enthusiasts. As a result, in ramona's pages the art critic and the reader became interchangeable. In its ten years of existence, the magazine brought to the fore a valuable reconfiguration of the social dynamics embedded in art practice and its reception, dismantling the idea of a ‘connoisseur’ and replacing it with horizontal access. The analysis of ramona will be propelled by the idea that its open editorial policy provided an extreme but relevant model for writing histories of art that emanate from a common access to the role of the art reviewer – and that such historical method suits our present time.

Дерматоліпектомія у пацієнтів із післяопераційною вентральною грижею за умов морбідного ожиріння

Мета роботи: розпрацювати тактичні передумови виконання реконструктивної абдомінопластики та герніопластики з імовірними варіантами корекції м’язово-апоневротичного шару передньої черевної стінки та адекватним вибором сітчастого імпланта та з урахуванням анатомічних і функціональних змін у ділянці операційного втручання.Матеріали і методи. Проаналізовано результати хірургічного лікування 46 пацієнтів із післяопераційною вентральною грижею (ПОВГ) із супутнім морбідним ожирінням за умов одночасного виконання алогерніопластики та дерматоліпектомії, з урахуванням результатів проведеного дослідження особливостей кровопостачання підшкірно жирового шару передньої черевної стінки у хворих із різним ІМТ. Вивчення гемодинаміки передньої черевної стінки у хворих із різним ІМТ дозволило нам визначити ділянки з інтенсивним та менш інтенсивним кровопостачанням, дослідити судини з різним діаметром та швидкістю кровотоку. Це стало доказовою базою вибору площі щадної мобілізації підшкірно-жирової клітковини під час виконання дерматоліпектомії.Результати досліджень та їх обговорення. В осіб з наявним III та IV ст. ожиріння з ІМТ=30–40 та >40 відмічено високий рівень кровотоку в мезо-гіпогастральній ділянці, особливо в ділянці грижових воріт, у надлобковій та пахових ділянках, із достовірно низьким рівнем кровопостачання та значним послабленням трофіки тканин на рівні вище пупка аж до реберних дуг. Водночас у хворих на ожиріння III ст. та морбідне ожиріння IV ст. найбільш активна візуалізація судин визначалась у нижніх відділах передньої черевної стінки, діаметр судин значно збільшувався, як і кількість судин із венозним типом кровотоку. Етап дерматоліпектомії виконували в основному за методиками Küster 10 (21,8 %) пацієнтам із вертикальним висіченням шкіри з підшкірно-жировою клітковиною, Jolly, Thorek – 32 (69,6 %) пацієнтам з видаленням тканин гіпогастральної ділянки горизонтальним доступом; у хворих із вираженим надлишком шкіри передньої черевної стінки виконували дерматоліпектомію комбінованим Т-подібним доступом за Castansres–Goethel – 4 (8,7 %). Вважаємо перспективним виконання симультанної дерматоліпектомії при алогерніопластиці з приводу ПОВГ при морбідному ожирінні з урахуванням особливостей кровопостачання підшкірно-жирової клітковини передньої черевної стінки та за умов зменшення площі скелетування підшкірно-жирового шару та виконання менш травматичної вертикальної, нижньої горизонтальної, в рідких випадках комбінованої дерматоліпектомії, що, в свою чергу, мінімізує ризики виникнення післяопераційних ускладнень.

Development of Split Superconducting Magnet With Large Bore for Material Processing Applications

A split superconducting magnet with large crossing warm bore of 150 and 50 mm is presented for material processing applications. Features of the magnet are characterized by a crossing warm bore and helium-free cryogenics. The magnet is configured in three pairs of split coils with pair separation of 85 mm to accommodate horizontal access. The magnet will be assembled after fabrications of two Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">3</sub> Sn and four NbTi coils. The maximum field in the inner Nb <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> 3</sub> Sn coils exceeds 10 T when the center magnetic field is 8 T. Magnetic structures are optimized to acquire the maximum operation margin in a dynamic temperature range around liquid helium temperature. The quench protection of the magnet is analyzed in detail to release the 1.35-MJ magnetic energy safely. Finally, magnet cryogenics is presented and discussed.

Identification and Elimination of Gaps for Inclusion of Smallholders in Horticulture Value Chain

The agriculture environment is changing in terms of trade practices, business opportunities and availability of technology. There is also pressure on the farmers to generate more income from reduced landholdings. Alternately, there are opportunities offered through emergence of new integrated high value agricultural commodity chains. Diversification towards higher value crops like fruits and vegetables and rising prices has emerged as dominant sources of growth in agriculture during 1990 (1). However, the participation of farmers is observed to be restricted by limitations likeaccess to market, access to training, poor vertical and horizontal linkages and access to finance (2). Poor information flow along the chain, have also been identified as a vital constraint (5). It is thus important to understand the constraints and find out their probable remedies. The value chain approach generating insight into the limitations and opportunities of the chain (1), may help in suggesting solutions to the constraints limiting farmers ’access to markets and help them integrate with high value chains. With this background, the paper attempts to identify the various components to be covered under the value chain approach for horticultural crops and to identify the constraints faced by formers in integrating with the higher value horticulture value chains and realize better income from same level of land resource. The paper also attempts to provide suitable suggestions to eliminate the gaps identified for enhancing the participation of farmers in the high value chain.

What do the teeth say?

s students, we are all taught to listen to Areputable teachers and read the right literature. Then as clinicians, we need to listen to our patients and their parents. But do we ever listen to the teeth we are moving? Do we ever get the messages that the teeth are trying so hard to tell us? One who did was Dr P. Raymond Begg. He began as a humble sheep farmer and graduated with the B.D.Sc. (Bachelor of Dental Science) degree of Melbourne and the L.D.S. (License in Dental Surgery) Diploma of Victoria, Australia. He attended the prestigious Angle School of Orthodontia in 1924 and 1925, where he became one of Edward H. Angle's favorite pupils. He had seen the abandonment of the narrow occlusally accessed ribbon arch bracket in favor of the edgewise bracket with its horizontal slot and labial access. This alleviated the difficulty of contouring the ribbon archwires to the malocclusion and then progressing them, with annealing and heat treatment, at each subsequent visit. Angle boldly claimed that his invention was “the latest and best” and openly said that it would make it possible for even “very poor orthodontists” to treat patients. This enabled edgewise archwires to be preformed to ideal shapes before treatment, with individual teeth progressively ligated and aligned until full engagement was achieved, usually with expansion. The edgewise format also provided improved rotational and second-order tip control. However, Begg noted that relapse occurred in most of Angle's expanded patients, who were almost invariably treated without extractions; if extractions were necessary, the subsequent translation of the teeth was fundamentally hampered by the imposition of bodily root control. Begg was not alone in listening to the teeth. Dr Charles H. Tweed used to teach his students that “anchorage preparation,” by positioning mandibular molar and premolar apices mesially, provided excellent resistance to Class II intermaxillary

Horizontal monitoring of soil water content using a novel automated and mobile electromagnetic access-tube sensor

Advances in sensor technology continue to provide new and significant benefits to agriculture. An innovative approach for observing soil water dynamics in the subsurface is introduced using a mobile electromagnetic sensor prototype traveling through a horizontal PVC access tube. A series of tests for evaluating the prototype were designed and conducted to (i) determine the sensor’s area of sensitivity (AOS), (ii) measure varied levels of soil water content along the tube and (iii) track temporal changes in soil water content under; (a) two drippers on a horizontal- and (b) multiple drippers on a sloped-soil surface (i.e., 6° slope). The AOS experiment suggested the sensor’s fringing field extends to a radius of 5.5 cm from the pipe wall yielding an AOS of 181.3 cm2. Measured step-wise changes in soil water content along the tube were highly correlated to those of extracted core samples (R2 = 0.99 and RMSE = 0.012 cm3 cm−3). The drip emitter tests illustrated spatial hydrodynamics of water infiltration around the access tube. These results illustrate potential applications for this sensing approach, yielding one-dimensional monitoring of soil water along a horizontal line in the root zone or deeper subsurface. Future developments should explore performance in longer and potentially curvilinear pipes for environmental and engineering applications.

Horizontal Segregation and Access to Public Investment Funding: The Finnish Case

Horizontal Segregation and Access to Public Investment Funding: The Finnish Case