Hook Punch Research Articles

Multi-sensor fusion based optimized deep convolutional neural network for boxing punch activity recognition

Recent advancements in deep learning have significantly enhanced the recognition of player activities in sports by enabling automatic feature extraction. In our proposed work, we focus on recognizing six distinct punches in the context of boxing. We incorporate the sliding window technique during the pre-processing stage to transform the time-series data obtained from Inertial Measurement Unit (IMU) sensors in a boxing punch activity recognition system. Our approach influences a sensor fusion-based Deep Convolutional Neural Network (DCNN) classification model to identify various boxing punches accurately, achieving an impressive F1 score. The system demonstrates proficiency in distinguishing similar activities, such as jab and hook punches where the existing systems made misclassifications due to subtle variations in arm flexion that differentiate the two. Through experimentation, we identify an optimal window size for boxing punch activity recognition, which falls within the range of 15–20 frames (equivalent to 0.15–0.25 s). This window size selection results in a notable reduction in inference time. To evaluate our proposed model, we conduct comparisons with a standard DCNN and an optimized DCNN model. Our proposed optimized DCNN model demonstrates enhanced recognition accuracy, achieving an impressive 99%, coupled with an improved F1 score of 87%. Furthermore, the model displays a remarkable reduction in inference time, clocking in at less than 1 ms. Overall, our research contributes to the field of sports-related player activity recognition by employing the power of deep learning. By expertly combining these techniques, we achieve remarkable accuracy, precision, and efficiency in recognizing various boxing punches.

Stimulus-Response Compatibility During Fighting Task Simulation: Influences of the Opponent's Spatial Codes on the Accuracy and Response Time.

Manual Reaction Time measures have been widely used to study interactions between perceptual, cognitive, and motor functions. The Stimulus-Response Compatibility is a phenomenon characterized through faster Manual Reaction Times when stimuli and response locations coincide (correspondent condition) than when they are on different sides (noncorrespondent condition). The present study adapted a protocol to study if the Stimulus-Response Compatibility effect can be detected during a virtual combat simulation. Twenty-seven participants were instructed to defend themselves by clicking a key in order to block the presented punch. Videos of two fighters were used, granting two types of basic strokes: the back fist, a punch performed with the dorsal part of the fighter's hand, starting at the opposite side to which it is directed; and the hook punch, performed with a clenched fist starting and finishing ipsilaterally. The Manual Reaction Times were different between the correspondent and noncorrespondent conditions, F(1, 26) = 9.925; p < .004; η2 = .276, with an Stimulus-Response Compatibility effect of 72ms. Errors were also different, F(1, 26) = 23.199; p < .001; η2 = .472, between the correspondent (13%) and the noncorrespondent conditions (23%). The study concluded that spatial codes presented at the beginning of the punch movement perception substantially influenced the response execution.

Test-retest reliability and sensitivity of senior elite amateur boxers maximal punch force, as quantified by a vertically mounted force plate.

An ecologically valid, reliable and sensitive method of quantifying punch force variables would be useful for coaches and practitioners monitoring combat-specific performance. The present study utilised a vertically mounted force plate to quantify the peak punch force and rate of force development (RFD) of amateur boxers. Ten male senior elite amateur boxers performed maximal jab, cross, and hook punches across two separate days. The force plate showed excellent within-day and good-to-excellent between-day reliability for peak punch impact force and RFD (ICC 0.89-0.99). The CV% for all punch force variables were similar on day 1 (3-9%) and day 2 (4-10%). Standard error of measurement (SEM) and smallest worthwhile changes (SWC) revealed the force plate can detect small-to-moderate changes in punch performance. The greatest impact forces and RFD were found in the rear hook (2624 ± 581 N, 296448 ± 101823 N.s-1), followed by the lead hook (2524 ± 532 N, 256813 ± 81735 N.s-1), cross 2425 ± 545 N, 193004 ± 62671 N.s-1) and jab (1645 ± 537 N, 116675 ± 41577 N.s-1). The vertically mounted force plate is a reliable and sensitive test of punch performance, thus may be useful in determining the efficacy of training interventions.

ASSESSMENT INSTRUMENT FOR BASIC HOOK PUNCH TECHNIQUES FOR BOXING ATHLETES AGED 16-30 YEARS

Background of study: The hook punch is one of the deadliest punches in boxing. But at the same time, hook punches also require skill from the boxer. This study then aims to produce and test the basic techniques of hook punch boxing athletes aged 16-30 years. Methods: The method used is experimental quantitative research by making a basic technique of hook strokes which refers to the concept of motor learning, beginning with the stimulus-receptor to the response-effector and muscle memory through a questionnaire that experts and practitioners validate before being used. The subjects in this study were male amateur and professional boxing athletes aged 16-30 years in Jakarta. Instrument trials were carried out in two boxing gyms with 20 athletes. Results: The results showed that the validity and reliability tests obtained Cronbach’s Alpha value for each basic technique of hook stroke was greater than 0.60, and the r-table (product-moment) value was 0.444 &lt;0.60. Conclusion: Then it can be concluded that the basic technique of the hook stroke is declared reliable and feasible to use.

Defining the Phases of Boxing Punches: A Mixed-Method Approach.

Lenetsky, S, Brughelli, M, Nates, RJ, Neville, JG, Cross, MR, and Lormier, AV. Defining the phases of boxing punches: A mixed-method approach. J Strength Cond Res 34(4): 1040-1051, 2020-Current research on punching in boxing has explored both kinematic and kinetic variables; however, there is no shared structure in the literature to describe these findings. A common method used to provide a shared structure in other sporting tasks is the definition of movement phases. To define the phases of 4 punches used in boxing (lead punches and rear straight and hook punches), 10 experienced and competitive boxers (age = 25.6 ± 5.97 years, height = 179.5 ± 7.72 cm, body mass = 95.66 ± 21.82 kg, and years training = 10.3 ± 5.97 years) were tested while performing maximal-effort punches. Ground reaction forces (GRFs), electromyographic, high-speed video (HSV), and striking dynamometry data were collected during all punches. A mixed-method approach was used to define the phases for each punch type based on the GRF measurements and impact timing from the striking dynamometer. Electromyographic and HSV data were then used to develop a more holistic understanding of punching actions by elaborating on the description of each phase. The final outcome of this approach has produced definitions for the phases of straight and hook punches, a greater qualitative understanding of said punches, and most importantly, a structure for current and future punching-related research, and a context to improve coach/sport scientist communication.

Boxing Practitioners Physiology Review 1. Kinanthropometric Parameters, Skeletal Muscle Recruitment and Ergometry

Seven percent voluntary body weight decrease by boxers requires 21 days while 4.4 percent increase needs only one day. Energy and fluid intakes reduction does not affect boxers punching force. Boxers effective punch masses and body weights correlate. Wrist girths and competition rankings of boxers correlate. Boxers show leanness body fat percentage. Boxers, generally highly mesomorphic, with increasing body weight, show ectomorphy decreases but endomorphy and mesomorphy increases. Vibration treatment enhances power in boxers arm flexors. Presence, nature and thickness of bandages and gloves donned influence boxers punch force. Stance posture adopted by boxers ends in locomotion functional parameters adaptations. Muscular recruitment sequence during rear straight punches may be influenced by the target height (head or body levels) and the boxer intention (produce maximal force or maximal speed). Handgrip strength: 1) increases from younger to older and from lighter to heavier boxers, and 2) correlates with competition ranking. Rear knee extension increases rear straight punching force to the head. Compared to uppercut and straight punches, the hook produces the highest change in hand velocity. Maximal forces are larger for the rear than the lead hand, and greater in more than in less experienced boxers. Hook punch force is greater than those of uppercut and straight punches. Boxer aim (produce maximum force or maximum speed) influence his punching force. Massage neither prevents a decrement in repeated performance nor has detrimental effects on performance, but increases recovery perceptions, compared with the passive rest intervention.

Study of cerebrospinal injuries by force transmission secondary to mandibular impacts using a finite element model

Brain and cervical injuries are often described after major facial impacts but rarely after low-intensity mandibular impacts. Force transmission to the brain and spinal cord from a mandibular impact such as a punch was evaluated by the creation and validation of a complete finite element model of the head and neck. Anteroposterior uppercut impacts on the jaw were associated with considerable extension and strong stresses at the junction of the brainstem and spinal cord. Hook punch impacts transmitted forces directly to the brainstem and the spinal cord without extension of the spinal cord. Deaths after this type of blow with no observed histological lesions may be related to excessive stressing of the brainstem, through which pass the sensory-motor pathways and the vagus nerve and which is the regulatory center of the major vegetative functions. Biological parameters are different in each individual, and by using digital modeling they can be modulated at will (jaw shape, dentition…) for a realistic approach to forensic applications.

Effects of Boxing-Specific Training on Physical Fitness and Punch Power in Korean National Boxers

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of 16-week boxing-specific training on specific fitness and punch power in Korean national team boxers. METHODS Elite male amateur boxers (n=15) from the Korean national team participated in the study. Weight categories of the participants were light fly, fly, bantam, light, light welter, welter, middle, and light heavy. This boxing-specific training program was designed to improve strength and power, and punching power during pre-season for elite boxers. Boxing-specific training program was composed of three parts; power circuit training, tubing and ball training, and boxing power shuttle-run. The specific fitness such as strength and power and punch power were evaluated before, at the mid-way (8-week), and after the training for all the study participants. RESULTS As for maximum strength, there were significant improvements in bench press and squat between pre- and post-training. Both the absolute and relative strength of trunk flexion and extension were improved in the post-training compared to the pre-training. Right and left isokinetic power were also improved at the post-training compared to the pre-training. Punch power for facial straight and hook attacks showed significant improvement at the post-training compared to pre-training. Straight punch power was significantly related to the bench press (r=.515, p=.001), and the right arm extension power (r=.535, p=.001). Hook punch power was significantly related to the right arm extension power (r=.417, p=.006). CONCLUSIONS In conclusion, boxing-specific training was effective to the improvement of strength, power and punch power for elite amateur boxers. Keywords: Boxing-specific training, Strength, Power, Punch, Amateur boxer

The Effects of Biomechanical Factors to Teach Different Hook Punch Techniques in Boxing and Education Strategies

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of biomechanic factors to teach different hook punches in boxing. Eight light middleweight boxing athletes (mean age±SD 19.00±2.00 yrs, mean height±SD 173.88±3.89 cm, mean weight±SD 64.25±4.66 kg) participated in this study. Athletes performed a trial using three different hook punch techniques on a sandbag. The techniques were recorded using eight cameras using a frequency of 120 Hz. Qualisys Track Manager was used to analysis on motion. Mean acceleration of the sandbag, stride length, angles of the knee, shoulder, and elbow were calculated. The forces of impact were also calculated. Hook punch data were compared with Friedman test using SPSS 20.0. The results indicated a significant difference was found only in stride length. Stride length using a southpaw stance was shorter than the other stances (p&lt;0.05). Athletes need more practice increasing stride length and use a repeating method in Mitt workout, models, sandbag trainings, self- monitoring and regional trainings.

Rotational and linear head accelerations from taekwondo kicks and punches

ABSTRACTThe purpose was to compare rotational and linear head accelerations as a result of taekwondo kicks and punches. Taekwondo athletes executed five repetitions of the turning kick, spinning hook kick, hook punch, straight punch, and jab punch to a Hybrid III Crash Test Dummy head-neck complex. A tri-axial accelerometer and an angular rate sensor were mounted inside the Hybrid III head to measure resultant linear (RLA) and rotational accelerations. The Hybrid III was fixed to a height-adjustable frame and fitted with protective taekwondo headgear. Dummy head height was positioned to each participant’s standing height. Acceleration data were processed in accordance with SAE J211-1.There was no significant multivariate difference in RLA but the effect was not clear. Univariate follow-up analysis showed a significant difference in RLA but the effect was also not clear. There was no difference in rotational acceleration. The highest RLA and rotational acceleration were produced, in order, by the turning kick, hook kick, hook punch, straight punch, and jab. These data are clinically important as they provide a better understanding of the biomechanical injury measures and support for improved headgear testing methodology.

Design and Manufacturing of The Device of Immediate Three Dimensional Report to Measure The mechanical force of The hook Punch

Design and Manufacturing of The Device of Immediate Three Dimensional Report to Measure The mechanical force of The hook Punch

Changes in maximal punching forces and reaction time in boxers during training season

Buśko Krzysztof, Szulc Adam. Changes in maximal punching forces and reaction time in boxers during training season. Journal of Health Sciences. 2014;4(13):207-212. ISSN 1429-9623 / 2300-665X. http://journal.rsw.edu.pl/index.php/JHS/article/view/2014%3B4%2813%29%3A207-212 http://ojs.ukw.edu.pl/index.php/johs/article/view/2014%3B4%2813%29%3A207-212 https://pbn.nauka.gov.pl/works/521513 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.13878 http://dx.doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.13878 The former journal has had 5 points in Ministry of Science and Higher Education of Poland parametric evaluation. Part B item 1107. (17.12.2013). © The Author (s) 2014; This article is published with open access at Licensee Open Journal Systems of Radom University in Radom, Poland Open Access. This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial License which permits any noncommercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author(s) and source are credited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. This is an open access article licensed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted, non commercial use, distribution and reproduction in any medium, provided the work is properly cited. Conflict of interest: None declared. Received: 10.09.2014. Revised 15.09.2014. Accepted: 04.11.2014. Changes in maximal punching forces and reaction time in boxers during training season Krzysztof Buśko 1 , Adam Szulc 2 1 Department of Biomechanics, Institute of Sport, Warsaw, Poland 2 Institute of Physical Culture, Kazimierz Wielki University, Bydgoszcz, Poland Buśko Krzysztof, dr hab. prof. nadzw. Zaklad Biomechaniki, Instytut Sportu, Warszawa, Trylogii 2/16, 01-982 Warszawa Tel. 22 8340812 w. 247 krzysztof.busko@insp.waw.pl Abstract The aim of this study was to determine the changes in maximal punching force and reaction time in boxers during training season. The studies involved three boxers: age 18.1±0.4 years, body height 186.7±6.1 cm, weight 81.3±0.6 kg (Measurement I), 80.9±3.3 kg (Measurement II), 80.7±5.6 kg (Measurement III), training experience 3.5±1.8 years. Body weight did not change significantly during training season. Measurements of maximal punching force and reaction time was carried out on a boxing dynamometer. Each participants performed five punches of rear and lead hand (hook and straight punches) from a typical for himself boxing position and test of simulated boxing fight lasts 60 seconds. Three measurements were carried out: Measurement I – before first starting period, Measurement II – after first starting period, Measurement III – before second preparation period. The maximal straight punching forces were 1634.7±674.0 N for lead hand, and 2899.7±457.9 N for rear hand. The maximal hook punching forces were 2645.0±1122.4 N for lead hand, and 2820.7±766.5 N for rear hand. Significant differences were observed between lead and rear hands for straight (all measurements) and hook (Measurement III during the simulated boxing fight) punches. Force of the blow inflicted on the rear limb changed significantly between the first and third and the second and third measurement in the training season. In conclusion, in the analyzed training period occurred insignificant prolongation of reaction time, accompanied by a significant increase in force of the blow hit the rear limb during the test of simulated 60-seconds of the fight.

Biomechanics of head injury in olympic taekwondo and boxing.

ObjectiveThe purpose was to examine differences between taekwondo kicks and boxing punches in resultant linear head acceleration (RLA), head injury criterion (HIC15), peak head velocity, and peak foot and fist velocities. Data from two existing publications on boxing punches and taekwondo kicks were compared.MethodsFor taekwondo head impacts a Hybrid II Crash Dummy (Hybrid II) head was instrumented with a tri-axial accelerometer mounted inside the Hybrid II head. The Hybrid II was fixed to a height-adjustable frame and fitted with a protective taekwondo helmet. For boxing testing, a Hybrid III Crash Dummy head was instrumented with an array of tri-axial accelerometers mounted at the head centre of gravity.ResultsDifferences in RLA between the roundhouse kick (130.11±51.67 g) and hook punch (71.23±32.19 g, d = 1.39) and in HIC15 (clench axe kick: 162.63±104.10; uppercut: 24.10±12.54, d = 2.29) were observed.ConclusionsTaekwondo kicks demonstrated significantly larger magnitudes than boxing punches for both RLA and HIC.

Technical and tactical analysis of high level kickboxing matches

The purpose of the study was to analyze the technical and tactical aspects of high level Kickboxing matches. A total of 45 matches (135 rounds) from the World Championship 2009 and 2011 of male kickboxers were analyzed using notational analysis system to determine the technical and tactical aspects (i.e., offensive, defensive techniques and combined actions) considering combat rounds, weight divisions and match outcome. Kickboxers were engaged in offensive actions more than defensive ones (P<0.001). The most used techniques were straight punches, roundhouse kick, block/parry and foot defense (P<0.001), while punch combinations were the most used combination type. Winners used more offensive (i.e., hook punches), defensive techniques (i.e., foot defense and clinch) and punch combinations than losers. Significant interation effect of weight category, match outcome and rounds were found on offensive and defensive techniques. The activity in international kickboxing competitions was modulated by weight categories with a significant effect of combat stage. Winners applied more offensives and defensives techniques than defeated athletes. Our findings suggest that to win a match, athletes should be motivated by developing the most used offensives techniques and coaches should structure specific training to maintain a high rate of techniques ‘delivery during the combat.

Boxing and mixed martial arts: preliminary traumatic neuromechanical injury risk analyses from laboratory impact dosage data

In spite of ample literature pointing to rotational and combined impact dosage being key contributors to head and neck injury, boxing and mixed martial arts (MMA) padding is still designed to primarily reduce cranium linear acceleration. The objects of this study were to quantify preliminary linear and rotational head impact dosage for selected boxing and MMA padding in response to hook punches; compute theoretical skull, brain, and neck injury risk metrics; and statistically compare the protective effect of various glove and head padding conditions. An instrumented Hybrid III 50th percentile anthropomorphic test device (ATD) was struck in 54 pendulum impacts replicating hook punches at low (27-29 J) and high (54-58 J) energy. Five padding combinations were examined: unpadded (control), MMA glove-unpadded head, boxing glove-unpadded head, unpadded pendulum-boxing headgear, and boxing glove-boxing headgear. A total of 17 injury risk parameters were measured or calculated. All padding conditions reduced linear impact dosage. Other parameters significantly decreased, significantly increased, or were unaffected depending on padding condition. Of real-world conditions (MMA glove-bare head, boxing glove-bare head, and boxing glove-headgear), the boxing glove-headgear condition showed the most meaningful reduction in most of the parameters. In equivalent impacts, the MMA glove-bare head condition induced higher rotational dosage than the boxing glove-bare head condition. Finite element analysis indicated a risk of brain strain injury in spite of significant reduction of linear impact dosage. In the replicated hook punch impacts, all padding conditions reduced linear but not rotational impact dosage. Head and neck dosage theoretically accumulates fastest in MMA and boxing bouts without use of protective headgear. The boxing glove-headgear condition provided the best overall reduction in impact dosage. More work is needed to develop improved protective padding to minimize linear and rotational impact dosage and develop next-generation standards for head and neck injury risk.

A Left‐Handed Solution to Peptide Inhibition of the p53–MDM2 Interaction

Throwing tumors a left hook punch: The oncoprotein MDM2 negatively regulates the activity and stability of the tumor suppressor protein p53, and is an important molecular target for anticancer therapy. Mirror image phage display identifies a high-affinity D-peptide ligand of MDM2 that can be developed into a potent and protease-resistant p53 activator with potential antitumor activity.