During april 2020, a significant number of fortune's spindle plants (Euonymus fortunei) were observed in the Semberia area with the presence of numerous colonies of the euonymus scale Unaspis euonymi Comstock (Homoptera: Diaspididae), which caused damage to the attacked plants, manifested by a decrease of the aesthetic value, plant exhaustion and even drying of individual plants. The origin and distribution, harmfulness, morphological and biological characteristics, biology, as well as the control measures are described in the paper.

A new genus and four new species of Asterolecaniidae s.l. are described and illustrated: Forticauda borchsenii n. gen., n. sp. from India, Abditicoccus mystroxyloni n. sp. from South Africa, Myceto...

To provide opinions and suggestions for management of Carya cathayensis forests, this research analyzed differences in insect communities using four different management modes:Type Ⅰ-a wild C. cathayensis forest, Type Ⅱ-vegetation planted under a C. cathayensis forest, Type Ⅲ-a traditional C. cathayensis forest, and Type Ⅳ-an organically managed C. cathayensis forest. Methods of collecting insect specimens included Malaise trap, light lure, and quadrat survey. Characteristic indexes of diversity, stability of insect community, principal components, and similarity were calculated and analyzed using Excel 2013 and SPSS 19.0 software. Results showed a total of 22 283 insect specimens being collected belonging to 163 species, 84 families, and 9 orders. Coleoptera and Hymenoptera were dominant groups for species numbers; whereas, Homoptera and Orthoptera were dominant groups for individual numbers. For the entire insect community the best performance was with management Type Ⅰ, the wild C. cathayensis forest, with a diversity index of 3.64 and an evenness index of 0.74. For Type Ⅱ, the diversity index was 3.12, and the evenness index was 0.61; this forest management type had good performance. For the insect communities in Malaise traps, the individual number and species number with Type Ⅱ management were significantly higher than the other management types (P < 0.05). The diversity index and the evenness index for Type Ⅰ and Type Ⅱ management were not significantly different but were significantly higher than other management types (P < 0.05). The dominance index with Type Ⅲ management was significantly higher than other management types (P < 0.05). For community structure, the Sn/Sp ratio for Type Ⅳ management was best with 0.39 meaning that the complexity and mutual restriction ability of the food network in the community was high. The St/Si ratio of the wild C. cathayensis forest was best with 0.04 meaning the mutual restriction of species number was stronger. The principal component analysis showed differences for different management modes. Also the dominant factors for changes in the insect communities were different. A similarity analysis found that when the measure was five, insect community structures were similar for Type Ⅱ and Type Ⅳ management. Overall, the ecological structure of the wild C. cathayensis forest (Type Ⅰ management) was most stable followed by Type Ⅱ, and because inefficient use of a C. cathayensis forest was forbidden in the actual production process, the management mode of vegetation planted under a C. cathayensis forest (Type Ⅱ) was recommended for farmers.

Newly Recorded Species in the Subfamily Deltocephalinae (Homoptera: Cicadellidae) from Pakistan

Phenolic compounds are secondary metabolites found in all parts of the plants aree.g.:fruits, barks, roots, and leaves of plants serve as chemical defenses as repellent against insects and herbivorous detterent. On tea leaves, the results of research gallocatechin (a derivate of catechin) was functioning known as mechanism of resistance to Empoasca sp. (Homoptera: Cicadelliadae). The aim of this research was to know the total phenolic content of the young tea leaf ( Camelia sinensis L.) and it was to found out the effect of the phenolic compounds of preference Empoasca sp. The results obtained that the clone of “Pasir Sarongge” (PS) had total phenol content (polyphenol average ± SD) 25,69 ± 0,1 higher than Kiara clone 18,47 ± 0,13. The higher the polyphenol in the young tea leaf bud could be act as Empoasca sp. Detterent.

A survey study was performed in five agro-ecological zones in Benin to assess farmers’ knowledge and perception<br>on the identification, damage recognition, applied control methods of two cotton insect pests Helicoverpa<br>armigera Hübner and Aphis gossypii Glover. A total of 200 farmers were interviewed in the five agroecological<br>zones in Benin, using semi-structured questionnaire interviews. Results revealed sound knowledge of farmers on<br>the identity of H. armigera and A. gossypii. Farmers easily recognized H. armigera through its damage on<br>different plant organs while A. gossypii was known only at high infestation stage. Moreover, many crops are<br>listed as host plants for H. armigera and A. gossypii with different economic injuries. Control of these insect<br>pests was done mainly by the use of chemicals with various application numbers and frequencies. The most<br>applied chemicals for the control of H. armigera on cotton were Nurelle D 236 EC in zone 4 and 6, Thunder145<br>O-Teq in zone 5 and Tihan 175 O-Teq in zone 2, while protection against A. gossypii was done using mostly Thian<br>175 O-Teq except in the zone 6 where Fanga was used. The time interval between two treatments was 3-14 days<br>depending on the product in use, the target insect and the agro-ecological zone. The effectiveness of the different<br>products was diversely appreciated. Farmers claimed to be aware of the so many side effects of chemicals<br>application. In organic cotton area, alternative method consisting of the use of botanical extracts was being<br>experimented.

En un muestreo hecho en febrero a junio en puntarenas, costa rica, cuatro árboles de psidolmedia oxphylaria (moraceae) tenian agallas huellas del insecto. un 7% de agallas mostraban signos de parasitacion o depreracion. la mayoria de las agallas estaban en hojas jovenes, pero no huvo correlación entre el tamaño de la hoja y el numero de agallas

Spodoptera exigua and Lyriomisa chinensis are one of the decstuctive insect and main obstacles in development of onion in Donggala. Pest control by chemicals has been widely reported to give a variety of negative impacts. Other efforts are needed as alternative technology to reduce impact of using synthetic chemical insecticides. One of them is entomopathogenic fungi as bio-insecticide. The objective of this research was to collect Beauveria spp. as enthomopathogen fungy. More specifically, number of Beauveria spp. was collected from several location and host as bio-insecticide formulation matter. There were 12 isolates of Beauveria spp. obtained from various locations in Central Sulawesi. Seven isolates from Lepidoptera while the remaining isolates were two from Homoptera, two from Hemiptera, and one from Coleoptera. Various insect species belong to Lepidoptera order investigated were Spodoptera exigua, Helicoperva armigera, Scirphopaga innotata, Ostrinia furnacalis and Plutella xylostella ; belong to Homoptera order were Nilaparvata lugens , and Aphids; belong to Hemiptera order were Leptocoryza acuta ; and belong to Coleoptera order was Oryctes rhinoceros . The observation indicated that the color of colony was ranged from yellowish white to white. There was no germination difference among the Beauveria spp. isolates in relationto to their location, host of insects, and insect orders. Differences in virulence showed only in Beauveria isolates from Spodoptera exigua with a high virulence against Spodoptera exigua pest and not for the other insects. Key Words : Beauveria bassiana , Bioinsecticide, Spodoptera exigua Hubn.

Aphidius ervi (Hymenoptera, Braconidae) is an endophagous parasitoid of the pea aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum (Homoptera, Aphididae) and of various cereal aphids. Parasitized aphids show a notable inhibition of reproductive activity and metabolic alterations, which are nutritionally relevant for the developing wasp juveniles. Host regulation factors produced by A. ervi and responsible of these alterations are both of maternal origin, injected at the oviposition along with the egg, and of embryonic origin, in particular released by cells derived from the dissociation of the serosal membrane of the parasitoid embryo, denoted as teratocytes. The venom, injected at the oviposition, is the major factor responsible for the castration of the hosts, which is caused by the induction of apoptosis in the germarial cells of the aphid ovarioles. This event is triggered by a γ-glutamyl transpeptidase (Ae-γ-GT), which may likely induce an oxidative stress in germarial cells. Here this hypothesis was firstly tested, assessing if the exposure to Ae-γ-GT induce a change of glutathione (GSH) titer in the host tissues. GSH, measured by high performance liquid chromatography, was found to be significantly reduced in parasitized aphids and this difference was largely due to GSH decrease in the ovaries. Due to GSH role in the protection of oxidative stress, its decrease in parasitized aphids corroborates the experimental hypothesis. Transcriptomic analysis of the venom gland by RNAseq Ae-γ-GT allowed the identification of two isoforms of Ae-γ-GT (Ae-γ-GT1 and Ae-γ-GT2), which showed 51% sequence identity. Quantitative studies of their expression profile in venom glands and in the rest of the body have been performed using quantitative Real Time PCR, assessing the changes of the transcription rates as affected by time and oviposition activity. These two isoforms of Ae-γ-GT were produced in vitro in insect cells by recombinant baculovirus to carry out a more comprehensive molecular and functional characterization, aiming to shed light on their role in the host regulation process. This objective was also tentatively pursued by developing a gene silencing approach by RNAi (RNA interference). Indeed, three administration methods for the delivery of dsRNA targeting the Ae-γ-GT1 have been designed and their efficiency comparatively assessed. The first experimental approach consisted of haemocoelic injections of dsRNA in A. ervi pupae, then the delivery through the host aphid was attempted, by injecting dsRNA in the haemocoel of parasitized host aphids, or by feeding these latter on a liquid diet containing the dsRNA. The obtained results did not allow to select any of the experimental approaches pursued, as the results were inconsistent and further research work is necessary to develop a reliable and effective protocol to silence Ae-γ-GT.

A new classification of the family Lophopidae is proposed where it is subdivided intoe two subfamilies Menoscinae Melichar with four tribes (Carrioniini trib. n., Virgiliini trib. n., Menoscini Melichar, and Acarnini Baker) and Lophopinae Stål with two tribes (Elasmoscelini Melichar and Lophopini Stål).

The family of Pteromalidae (Hym: Chalcidoidea) is one of the largest families of Parasitic wasp. Members of this family wasp comprise of important natural enemies of many harmful insects in major insect orders such as Coleoptera, Diptera, Lepidoptera, Hymenoptera and Homoptera; Therefore they have an important role in biological control of agricultural pests. The chalcid wasps belonging to this family was collected in kurdistan Province (in the West of Iran) during 2010 and 2011. Three Species of collected Pteromalidae wasp has been reported as new records from Iran. Species of Oodera monsterum (Nikolskaya, 1952), Stenoselma nigrum (Delucchi, 1956) and Conomorium amplum (Walker, 1935) was reported as new records from Iran.

Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) is one of the most important pests of cotton in Khorasan which causes crop damage and yield reductions as a result of direct feeding of plant and passing pathogenic viruses. Using resistant varieties is an economic and environmental friendly method for controlling this pest. The resistance of seven cotton varieties (Green leaf okra, Red leaf okra, Mehr, Varamin, Khordad. Sahel and Termus 14) was evaluated against B. tabaci in field experiment for the period of 2009 cropping season at Cotton Research Station East Countries of Kashmar. This study was done in a complete randomized block design with 7 treatments and 4 replications. Analysis of variance of data showed that there were significant differences among varieties in terms of pest infestation (P < 0.01). The result revealed that variety Termus 14 presented the most number of adults (2.74 per leaf), nymph (8.94 per 3.88cm2 leaf area) and egg (8.81 per 3.88cm2 leaf area) and Green leaf okra and Red leaf okra varieties presented the lowest number of adult (0.22 and 0.26 per leaf, respectively), nymph (1.16 and 1.27 per 3.88cm2 leaf area, respectively) and egg (1.34 and 1.67 per 3.88cm2 leaf area, respectively). It is suggested that more investigations should be carried out on the conventional cotton varieties, green leaf okra and red leaf okra for integrated management of B. tabaci.

ABSTRACT Fifteen species of aphids belonging to the subfamily Fordinae (Pemphigidae, Homoptera) induce galls on wild Pistacia (Anacardiaceae) trees in Israel. In this paper I provide a summary of research on the distribution and abundance of the Fordinae in Israel, and indicate the principal ecological factors that may affect their geographical and genetical differentiation. The distribution of the Fordinae galls is primarily restricted by the ranges of their host trees, P. palaestina (8 galling species), P. atlantica (6), and P. lentiscus (1). Within these ranges, abundance of each galling species on individual trees depends on the location of the secondary host plants, on the ability of aphid spring migrants to recognize their primary host, and perhaps on genetical properties of the individual tree. Limited migratory ability of the aphids may result in genetic differentiation of geographical populations considered conspecific by morphological (taxonomical) criteria.

ABSTRACT The aphid Slavum wertheimae HRL (Homoptera; Pemphigidae, Fordinae) is monoecious on its host tree, Pistacia atlantica (Anacardiaceae). S. wertheimae induces large, conspicuous, coral-shaped “cauliflower” galls and is very abundant on some trees, while rare or absent on others nearby. It is the only species among Israeli Fordinae which does not alternate between host plants. We investigated the changes in gall size, and in clone size of their aphid inhabitants, from 1994 to 1996, in order to understand the causes of differential herbivory. Gall abundance on male and female trees was similar, but galls on male trees were larger and contained twice as many aphids as those on female trees, suggesting sex-dependent resource allocation in the host plant. Trees heavily galled in 1994 were recolonized in 1995 and 1996, while other trees nearby remained uncolonized. Similarly, within galled trees, shoots on branches carrying old galls were more likely to be freshly galled than shoots on previously ungalle...

Descriptions of two new monotypical genera and a new species from Southern Vietnam are given: Discote gen. n., type species Augilodes scutifer Fennah, 1963 (Discote scutifer (Fennah), comb. n.), and Anthracidium gen. n., type species Anthracidium albosignatum sp. n.

The effect treatments with the recommended application rates of avermectin, buprofezin, white oil, lambda-cyhalothrin and cyromazine on Trialeurodes vaporariorum Westwood (Aleyrodidae: Homoptera) was evaluated. Pesticides were applied against larvae infesting brinjal (Solanum melongena L.) and tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) plants in a natural environment of the Cameron Highlands, Pahang, Malaysia. We also examined whether these pesticides affect the whitefly predator, Macrolophus caliginosus Wagner (Heteroptera: Miridae). Tested pesticides significantly reduced the larval populations of the whitefly and affect throughout the survey period. Similar effects were observed on the predator except for the white oil. Avermectin was the most effective insecticide against the population of T. vaporariorum. However, it was highly toxic to the predator, M. caliginosus. Considering relatively low mammalian toxicity of buprofezin and white oil, these two insecticides were more suitable for controlling whiteflies, particularly during fruiting period. Proper selection of effective pesticides against the pest, but less harmful to natural enemies and also good timing of their applications are essential in formulating an Integrated Pest Management (IPM) programme for whiteflies.

To identify the impacts of chemical control of weeds on wheat aphids community, a field experiment was conducted in a completely randomized design with two factors, each in three replicates in a 20-ha wheat field. The herbicide treatment used Tribenuron methyl, a broadleaf–selective herbicide and the control treatment not treated with herbicide. All other agricultural practices were the same for both treatments during the season. Standard weekly sampling of the aphids associated with aerial parts of wheat plants commenced a week after herbicide application and continued for seven weeks. Among the seven aphid species collected in this study, Sitobion avenae, Methopolophium dirhodum and, Schizaphis graminum were the most abundant species. After square root transformation and normality test, analyzing data showed greater number of aphids in herbicide treatment than in control, but this difference was not significant. However, whether these differences can be explained by differences in density and diversity of weeds needs tritrophic interaction studies: weeds-aphids and natural enemies of aphids.

Within the frame of the study of the Western Palaearctic Issidae, two generic and four specific synonyms are established: Logvinenkoana Gnezdilov, 2002 is placed as a synonym for Anatolodus Dlabola, 1982; Falcidiopsis Kusnezov, 1930, for Kervillea Bergevin, 1918; Hysteropterum ignavum Dlabola, 1981, for Aeluropsis karabachica Logvinenko, 1975; Hysteropterum alciranum Gnezdilov, 2003, for Hysteropterum alicantium Dlabola, 1986; Hysteropterum tangirum Matsumura, 1910, for Hysteropterum guadarramense Melichar, 1906, and Mycterodus syriacus Gnezdilov, 2008, for Mycterodus bicornutus Dlabola, 1986. Subgenus Corymbius Gnezdilov, 2002 is upgraded to genus. 12 new generic combinations are established: Aeluropsis karabachica Logvinenko, 1975, A. midica Logvinenko, 1975, Hysteropterum pictifrons Melichar, 1906 and H. transcaucasicum Melichar, 1914 are transferred to the genus Anatolodus Dlabola, 1982; Bubastia carinata Logvinenko, 1978 and B. parva Logvinenko, 1977, to the genus Inflatodus Dlabola, 1982; Quadrastylum tubulatum Dlabola, 1989, to the genus Rhissolepus Emeljanov, 1971; Hysteropterum laminatum Horváth, 1911, to the genus Libanissum Dlabola, 1980; Hysteropterum drahamense Linnavuori, 1965, to the genus Bergevinium Gnezdilov, 2003; Conosimus ochaninei Puton, 1890, to the genus Quadriva Ghauri, 1965; Hysteropterum guadarramense Melichar, 1906, to the genus Tingissus Gnezdilov, 2003; Agalmatium corsicum Dlabola, 1982, to the genus Fieberium Dlabola, 1980. New faunistic records are given for 18 species.

Abstract Nymphal survival and crawlers movement of Bemisia tabaci (Homoptera: Aleyrodidae) on different varieties of cotton, Gossypium hirsutum, was studied on 5 different varieties including, Varamin, Kucker-312, Bulgar-557, Sahel-80, and native (red leaf/red boll) at 24±2 °C, 65±5% RH, 16:8 (L: D) photoperiod in the greenhouse condition. Crawlers' movement was significantly different on the varieties. The highest average movement was 77.93±14.62% on the Native variety, and the lowest one was 17.84±9.71% on Bulgar-557. Mean percentage of survival of the eggs on the native variety was lower than other varieties and significantly different; but it was not significantly different on other varieties and also their different leaf surfaces. Study on the immature life stages from 1st instar to pupa indicated that mean percentage of survival of different life stages was significantly different on the varieties; so that the lowest one was on Native, and the highest one was on Bulgar-557 and Sahel-80. Of the different varieties, Varamin was the only variety which the mean percentage of survival was different on adaxial and abaxial leaf surfaces, as it was determined 65.87±13.45 and 58.12±17.31 percent, respectively. Mean percentage of mortality of different life stages including, 1st to 4th nymphal instars, prepupae, and pupae was separately studied on the adaxial leaf surface of Native variety. The highest and the lowest mortality was occurred in first (between 1st and 2nd nymphal instars) and fifth (between prepupa and pupa) stadia, respectively. Movement of crawlers from abaxial to adaxial leaf surface was not dependent on leaf orientation and photoperiod; therefore, phototropism and geotropism are not effective factors for sweetpotato crawlers’ movement, while other factors especially different characteristics of abaxial and adaxial leaf surfaces have the major role in this behavior. Key words: Survival, Movement, Crawler, Bemisia tabaci, Variety, Cotton

The species considered in the genus Rhizopulvinaria were revised on the base of morphological and ecological data. Significant intraspecific morphological variability was shown for Rh. artemisiae s. l. The mode of life and reproductive biology of this species is briefly discussed. The majority of nominal species of Rhizopulvinaria described by different authors are considered to be morphological varieties of a single species Rh. artemisiae Signoret, 1873. Thus, the following species are placed in the synonymy of Rh. artemisiae: Rh. retamae (Hall, 1923), Rh. halli Borchsenius, 1957, Rh. turkestanica (Arkhangelskaya, 1931), Rh. grassei (Balachowsky, 1936), Rh. dianthi (Bodenheimer, 1943), Rh. nevesi (Gómez-Menor Ortega, 1946), Rh. armeniaca Borchsenius, 1952, Rh. grandicula Borchsenius, 1952, Rh. hissarica Borchsenius, 1952, Rh. megriensis Borchsenius, 1952, Rh. minima Borchsenius, Rh. pyrethri Borchsenius, 1952, Rh. spinifera Borchsenius, 1952, Rh. transcaspica Borchsenius, 1952, Rh. turkmenica Borchsenius, 1952, Rh. variabilis Borchsenius, 1952, Rh. virgulata Borchsenius, 1952, Rh. viridis Borchsenius, 1952, Rh. polispina Matesova, 1960, Rh. quadrispina Matesova, 1960, Rh. solitudina Matesova, 1960, Rh. zaisanica Matesova, 1960, Rh. arenaria Canard, 1967, Rh. gracilis Canard, 1967, Rh. maritima Canard, 1967, Rh. saxatilis Canard, 1967, Rh. rhizophila Bazarov, 1963, Rh. saxosa Shmelev, 1971, Rh. zygophylli Bazarov &amp; Shmelev, 1975, Rh. ucrainica Tereznikova, 1981.