Homonoia Riparia Research Articles

Studies on the Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Homonoia riparia Lour Leaf Extract

Studies on the Antimicrobial and Cytotoxic Effects of Silver Nanoparticles Synthesized from Homonoia riparia Lour Leaf Extract

In vitro insecticidal activity of Homonoia riparia Lour leaf extract for use in controlling Aedes aegypti L. populations

In vitro insecticidal activity of Homonoia riparia Lour leaf extract for use in controlling Aedes aegypti L. populations

Nephroprotective activity of medicinal plants: A review on in silico-, in vitro-, and in vivo-based studies

Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe problem for healthcare professionals due to its high mortality rate. The major causes of AKI are ischemia, hypoxia, and drug-induced nephrotoxicity. AKI is particularly related to an imbalance between oxygen and nutrients, which is caused by impaired circulation to the nephrons and increased energy requirements due to oxidative stress. Thus, the concept of using antioxidants to prevent AKI is always interesting to be thoroughly discussed. Many plants have been well recognized for their antioxidant properties, which providentially could work to recover AKI. This review focuses on plants with nephroprotective activity as confirmed by in silico, in vitro, and in vivo studies. In vitro and in vivo nephroprotective studies of several plants on Combretum micranthum, Homonoia riparia, Abelmoschus moschatus, Asparagus falcatus, Barleria prionitis, Macrothelypteris oligophlebia, Solanum xanthocarpum, Sonchus oleraceus, Ceiba pentandra, Eurycoma longifolia, Dendropanax morbifera, Carica papaya, and Boesenbergia rotunda reveal promising results. Moreover, in silico studies of phytoconstituents against nuclear factor κB, the most important components of the pathogenesis of AKI, confirm scientific evidence that plants are potential candidates to be developed as nephroprotective drugs.

Effect of land use and cover change on soil organic carbon fractions and enzymatic activities in lakeshore wetland of north shore of Lake Chaohu

为了揭示湖滨带土地利用与覆被改变对土壤有机碳库及生态功能的影响，本文选取了巢湖湖滨带（北岸）9个典型样方，分析和比较了表层（0~30 cm）土壤有机碳组分特征以及相关酶的活性.结果表明，巢湖湖滨带不同采样点土壤总有机碳（TOC）含量变化范围为2.88~11.2 g/kg，平均含量为9.12 g/kg，其中原生芦苇（Phragmites australis）湿地土壤TOC含量最高（11.2 g/kg），而芦苇群落消失后形成的荒滩土壤TOC含量最低，仅为2.88 g/kg.表征湖滨带湿地缓冲性能的土壤阳离子交换量（CEC）也以原生芦苇湿地土壤为最高，并与TOC含量呈现明显正相关.湖滨带表层土壤溶解性有机碳（DOC）和易氧化有机碳（EOC）含量变化范围分别为150~370 mg/kg和1.7~5.2 g/kg，其变化幅度明显高于TOC，其中DOC含量各采样点差异最为显著.除多酚氧化酶外，次生水柳林（Homonoia riparia Lour.）表层土壤几种酶的活性较原生芦苇湿地土壤皆有所上升，特别是蔗糖酶活性增加幅度最为明显.受人类活动干扰较大的湖滨绿地公园和人工草滩土壤过氧化氢酶、脲酶和蔗糖酶酶活性普遍显著低于原生芦苇湿地.除多酚氧化酶外，土壤中几种酶活性与土壤有机碳组分EOC和DOC含量均呈现显著的正相关，其中蔗糖酶活性与DOC含量之间相关系数最高（r=0.907），其相关性均达到极显著水平.土壤溶解性有机碳和蔗糖酶可以作为表征因土地利用与覆被变化导致湖滨带湿地退化以及生态恢复效果的敏感性指标.;In order to explore the effect of land use and cover change on lakeshore soil organic carbon sequestration and it ecological function, nine typical sample plots with different plantations along the north shore of Lake Chaohu were investigated, and the surface soils (0-30 cm) organic carbon fractions and the enzymes activities were analyzed and compared. The results showed that soil total organic carbon (TOC) was 2.88-11.2 g/kg, with an average of 9.12 g/kg. The soil under native Phragmites australis reed wetland showed the highest TOC content, and the TOC content in the wasteland formed after the disappearance of P. australis reed community was the lowest with the value of only 2.88 g/kg. The cation exchange capacity (CEC), which can be used to characterize the buffer performance of lakeside zone, was highest in the native P.australis reed wetland soil and positively correlated with TOC. Soil labile organic carbon fractions content, including dissolved organic carbon (DOC) and easily oxidized organic carbon (EOC) from the lakeshore wetland, ranged from 150 to 370 mg/kg and from 1.7 to 5.2 g/kg, respectively. The range of change in soil DOC and EOC between different sampling sites was larger than that in TOC. Especially, the difference of DOC content between different vegetations was the most significant. The activities of several determined enzymes in the surface soil of secondary Homonoia riparia Lour. Forest, except polyphenol oxidase, were higher than those in native P. australis reed wetland soil. Especially, the invertase activity increased most obviously. However, lakeshore urban green park and artificial grassland showed significantly lower activities of catalase, urease and invertaseas compared with native P. australis wetland. Correlation analysis showed that there existed significant relationships between soil enzyme activities except polyphenol oxidase and soil DOC and EOC. Especially, the correlations of invertase activity to the content of DOC reached remarkably significant level with the highest coefficient (r=0.907). Based on the above results, it is concluded that the DOC and invertase as the sensitive indicators, could well characterize the degradation process and ecological restoration effect on lakeshore wetland buffering function due to land use and cover change.

Riparsaponin isolated from Homonoia riparia Lour induces apoptosis of oral cancer cells.

Homonoia riparia Lour (Euphorbiaceae) is a known source of herbal medicine in China, and riparsaponin (RSP) is an active constituent isolated from H. riparia. The aim of the present study was to investigate the antitumor effect of RSP on human oral carcinoma cells and its potential underlying molecular mechanism. RSP was isolated from roots of H. riparia and identified using nuclear magnetic resonance. An MTT assay was used to evaluate the cytotoxicity of RSP on human oral carcinoma cells. Subsequently, DAPI staining was performed to investigate the apoptotic effect of RSP. To investigate the potential underlying molecular mechanism of action of RSP, western blotting was performed to determine the expression of cleaved caspase 3/9, B-cell lymphoma 2 (Bcl-2), Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax), Bcl-2-associated death promoter (Bad), epithelial cadherin (E-CAD), c-MET, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2 and MMP-9. RSP exhibited a significant anti-proliferative effect on oral carcinoma cells at concentrations between 10 and 200 µg/ml via apoptosis. Following treatment with RSP (20, 40 and 80 µg/ml), expression of cleaved caspase-3 (P<0.05, P<0.01 and P<0.01, respectively), cleaved caspase-9 (P<0.01), Bad (P<0.01), Bax (P<0.01), c-MET (P<0.01), MMP-2 (P<0.01) and MMP-9 (P<0.01) in oral carcinoma cells was increased significantly compared with the control group, whereas expression of Bcl-2 (P<0.01) and E-CAD (P<0.01) was decreased. These results suggest that RSP possessed notable antitumor activity against oral squamous cell carcinoma by inducing mitochondria-mediated apoptosis.

Homonoia riparia and its major component, myricitrin, inhibit high glucose-induced apoptosis of human retinal pericytes

BackgroundThe loss of retinal pericytes is one of the earliest changes associated with diabetic retinopathy (DR). Chronic hyperglycemia induces apoptosis of these cells, leading to the onset and progression of DR. In this study, we investigated the effects of Homonoia riparia (H. riparia) and its major component, myricitrin, on high glucose (HG)-induced apoptosis of primary human retinal pericytes (HRPs). MethodsThe effects of an ethanol extract of H. riparia leaves and of myricitrin on HRP viability and apoptosis were investigated by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and flow cytometry. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured using 2′,7′-dichlorofluorescein diacetate. The activity of specificity protein 1 (Sp1), a transcription factor, was measured using a luciferase reporter assay and western blot analyses were performed to measure the expression of proteins involved in signaling and apoptosis. ResultsHG produced cytotoxic effects on HRPs, which showed increased Sp1 expression and ROS levels. H. riparia extract and myricitrin significantly inhibited HG-induced apoptosis and ROS generation, and also inhibited Sp1 activity. This was evidenced by an attenuation of the HG-mediated increase in extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation. ConclusionThese data indicate that HG-mediated induction of Sp1 is one of a number of key signaling pathways involved in HRP apoptosis, and that H. riparia extracts or myricitrin may provide useful approaches to preventing and treating DR.

Antioxidant and Nephroprotective Activities of the Extract and Fractions of Homonoia riparia Lour.

Background:Homonoia riparia is a plant, which is widely used in the indigenous system of medicine for the treatment of urolithiasis, renal disorders and inflammatory conditions. This is the first report on the antioxidant and nephroprotective activities of whole plant of H. riparia.Objective:The present study aims at investigating the in vitro antioxidant and nephroprotective activity of the methanol extract and its different fractions of H. riparia.Methods:Petroleum ether (HRPE), Ethyl acetate (HREA), Butanol (HRBU), aqueous fractions (HRAQ) were prepared from the crude methanol extract of H. riparia (HRM) using liquid partitioning. Total phenolic content, flavonoid content and antioxidant activity assay were performed according to suitable methods. Nephroprotective activities were evaluated by MTT assay using Human Embryonic Kidney cells against cisplatin induced toxicity. Quantification of gallic acid was performed using validated HPTLC method.Results:The studies showed that extract and fractions possess significant nephroprotective activity against cisplatin induced renal toxicity. All the extracts/fractions of whole plant of Homonoia riparia was found to be significantly reducing cisplatin induced toxicity (< 0.05). The highest activity was observed with HRBU and HRAQ with a percentage viability of 293.09 ± 4.3 and 345.07 ± 3.2 at a concentration of 200 µg/ml. Gallic acid was detected in the HRM/fractions using HPTLC.SUMMARY Cisplatin (8 μg/ml) exhibited 50 % inhibition in cell viability in HEK 293 cellsButanol and aqueous fractions of Homonoia riparia showed significant nephroprotective activity against cisplatin induced cell damage in HEK cells.Gallic acid was detected and quantified in the extract and fractions of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Abbreviations used: HPTLC: High Performance Thin Layer Chromatography, DPPH: 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl, ABTS: 2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) diammonium salt, MTT: 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazolyl-2-yl)-2,5- diphenyl tetrazolium bromide, GAE: Gallic acid equivalents, QE: Quercetin equivalents, HEK: Human Embryonic Kidney, HRM: Methanol extract of H. riparia, HRPE: Petroleum ether fraction of H. riparia, HREA: ethyl acetate fraction of H. riparia, HRBU: Butanol fraction of H. riparia, HRAQ: Aqueous fraction of H. riparia, DMEM: Dulbecco's minimum essential medium, FBS: Foetal bovine serum, DMSO: Dimethyl sulfoxide, ANOVA: One way analysis of variance.

Phenolic Compounds from the Leaves of Homonoia riparia and their Inhibitory Effects on Advanced Glycation End Product Formation

In a search for novel treatments for diabetic complications from natural resources, we found that the ethyl acetate-soluble fraction from the 80% ethanol extract of the leaves of Homonoia riparia has a considerable inhibitory effect on advanced glycation end product (AGE) formation. Bioassay-guided isolation of this fraction resulted in identification of 15 phenolic compounds (1 - 15). These compounds were evaluated in vitro for inhibitory activity against the formation of AGE. The majority of tested compounds, excluding ethyl gallate (15), markedly inhibited AGE formation, with IC50 values of 2.2 - 89.9 μM, compared with that of the positive control, aminoguanidine (IC50 = 962.3 μM). In addition, the effects of active isolates on the dilation of hyaloid-retinal vessels induced by high glucose (HG) in larval zebrafish was investigated; (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (6), corilagin (7), and desmanthine-2 (11) significantly decreased HG-induced dilation of hyaloid-retinal vessels compared with the HG-treated control group.

Evaluation of Proteolytic Activity of Some Euphorbian Garden Plants

Evaluation of Proteolytic Activity of Some Euphorbian Garden Plants

Maxent modeling for predicting the potential distribution of endangered medicinal plant (H. riparia Lour) in Yunnan, China

Climate change influences ecosystem by altering the habitat of species in it. We report the quantitative predictions of climate change on riparian species. Homonoia riparia (H. riparia) Lour, a species native to Yunnan Province, China, is a medicinal plant with high ecological and economic value. Its population has declined significantly, and the species has become locally endangered in recent decades. Understanding the habitat requirements of this species, evaluating habitat quality, and predicting its potential habitat are significant for protecting H. riparia Lour. One positional variable, three topographic variables and eight bioclimatic variables were used to model its distribution and potential habitat. The eight main bioclimatic variables influencing species distribution were selected from 19 bioclimatic variables based on correlation analysis and principal component analysis. An MAXENT model, because of the advantages of using presence-only data and performing well with incomplete data, small sample sizes and gaps, was employed to simulate the habitat suitability distribution. The results show that seven variables, namely, annual mean temperature, altitude, precipitation seasonality, precipitation of coldest quarter, the distance to the nearest river, temperature seasonality, and precipitation during the driest month, are significant factors determining H. riparia Lour’s suitable habitat. Habitat suitability for three historical periods and two future climate warming scenarios were calculated. The habitat suitability of H. riparia Lour in Yunnan Province is predicted to improve with global warming.

Pharmacognostical Standardisation and HPTLC Quantification of Gallic acid in Homonoia riparia Lour

Background: Homonoia riparia Lour. (Family: Euphorbiaceae) is an important medicinal plant in Indian and Chinese systems of medicine used in the treatment of various medical conditions like urolithiasis, renal problems, and inflammation. This is the first report on the pharmacognostical standardisation and phytochemical evaluation of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Objective: To establish the pharmacognostical and physicochemical standardisation parameters of whole plant of Homonoia riparia Lour. Materials and Methods: The plant was studied for the morpho-anatomical characters, standardisation parameters such as ash value, extractive value, fluorescence analysis, loss on drying, swelling index, foaming index according to Indian Pharmacopoeia and WHO guidelines. Phytochemical analysis was also performed by standard methods. Quantification of gallic acid in Homonoia riparia was carried out using HPTLC technique. Results: The detailed microscopy of root revealed the presence of cork, cork cambium, pericyclic fibres, thick walled parenchyma and starch granules. The distinguishing characters of stem are presence of sclereids, xylem, phloem, fibres. Leaf microscopy showed the presence of anomocytic stomata, bicollateral vascular bundles ensheathed by fibres. Rosette crystals are present in all the parts of the plant. Starch grains are abundantly present in root and stem but absent in leaves. Various physicochemical parameters were also determined. Phytochemical screening of the extract and HPTLC quantification of gallic acid was also performed. Conclusion: The present study provides pharmacognostical, physicochemical and phytochemical details of the whole plant of Homonoia riparia which are useful in laying down standardization and pharmacopoeia parameters.

Preliminary phytochemical examination of Homonoia riparia Lour. and its effect on clotting time in vitro

Whole plant parts of Homonoia riparia Lour. (Euphorbiaceae) is claimed to be active against various ailments like constipation, emesis, piles, bladder stones, gonorrhoea, syphilis, toothache, angina, malaria, and wounds caused by scorpion and fish bites. It is claimed to have blood clotting property as leaves are used to stop bleeding in fresh cut wounds in folklore practice. The present study was carried out to evaluate the phytochemical composition and effect of its extracts on clotting time. Leaf sample of H. riparia was standardized for authenticity, quality and chemical composition using Pharmacopoeial procedures. Preliminary phytochemical tests were performed using procedures of phytochemical testing. Chloroform and ethanol extracts of air dried leaf at different dose levels were tested on clotting time on blood of healthy volunteers following Lee and White method. Physico-chemical constants and HPTLC fingerprint of the H. riparia leaf was recorded. Preliminary phytochemical tests revealed presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates/glycosides, carboxlic acids, flavonoids, phenols, steroids, saponins, tannins and terpenoids. The ethanolic extract at 100 mg was found to be better than chloroform extract. The activity is found to increase with increase in concentration. Standardized H. riparia investigated in the current study possess anticoagulant activity in contrast to the claim of blood clotting activity claimed in folk medicine.

ChemInform Abstract: Dammarane‐Type Triterpenoids as 11β‐HSD1 Inhibitors from Homonoia riparia.

AbstractHoripenoids A (Ia), B (Ib), C (IIa), D (IIb), E (III), F (IV), G (V), and H (VI) are isolated and their structures are elucidated.

A new cycloartane-type triterpenoid saponin xanthine oxidase inhibitor from Homonoia riparia Lour.

A new cycloartane-type triterpenoid saponin named riparsaponin (1) was isolated from the stem of Homonoia riparia Lour together with six known compounds. The structure of riparsaponin was determined by using NMR and mass spectroscopy and X-ray crystallography techniques. Additionally, riparsaponin has a significant inhibitory effect on xanthine oxidase in vitro, and the IC50 was 11.16 nmol/mL.

OA01.49. Antifungal activity study of the extracts of Homonoia riparia, Pedilanthus tithymaloides and Phyllanthus fraternus

Purpose: Homonoia riparia Lour,,Pedilanthus tithymaloides(Linn.) Poit and Phyllanthus fraternus (Medic.) Almeida (comb. nov.) belonging to family Euphorbiaceae was reported to be used in India to cure skin diseases. It was observed that the skin diseases caused by the fungi particularly by the Trichophyton species are very common in Mumbai. Hence, present study was undertaken to evaluate the antifungal activity of the extracts of the plants mentioned above. Method: Plants were collected from the wild and identified and authenticated by referring to floras and comparing with the herbarium specimens. Skin scrapings of the patients visiting G.T. hospital, Mumbai and Miskeek's pathology laboratory, Thane, for the treatment were collected and cultured on a dermatophyte culture medium (SDA supplemented with chloramphenicol and cycloheximide) and after several subcultures Trichophyton mentagrophytes and T. rubrum were isolated and identified by studying the colony characteristics and microscopic structure as suggested by Larone (1976). 20 % extracts of fresh and dry roots, leaves and flowers/fruits were prepared in distilled water and 20 % ethanol separately using the grinder. The extracts were filtered through Whatman No.1 filter paper and the filtrates were used to test the antifungal activity, The method used by Abubacker et al.(2008) was followed to test the antifungal activity.The extracts inhibiting the growth of the fungus were analysed for different phytoconstituents following the tests prescribed in pharmacognosy book (Kokate,2007), Result: It was observed that the extracts of Pedilanthus tithymaloides and Phyllanthus fraternus did not inhibit or delay the growth of the fungus whereas, the aqueous extracts of dry leaves and flowers (male) of Homonoia riparia inhibited the growth of T. mentagrophytes. The phytochemical analysis of aqueous extracts of the dry leaves and flowers indicated presence of Tannins, flavonoids, saponins, glycosides and alkaloids. Conclusion: Homonoia riparia (leaves and flowers) may have the potential to inhibit the growth of T. mentagrophytes.

Impacts of Manwan Dam construction on aquatic habitat and community in Middle Reach of Lancang River

Aquatic habitats have been affected worldwide by dams for hydroelectric generation, resulting in biological impactts. Great changes in Manwan Reservoir area had been taken place on aquatic habitat in pre-and post-dam periods. The storage resulted in area increase of water body from other habitats. The flow at Gajiu hydrological station gave rise to divergent oscillation in dry season and changed smoothly in wet season after the completion of dam, respectively. Besides, months of maximum discharge also was found to be oscillatory during construction period. Surface water temperature, ammonia nitrogen (NH3-N) and total phosphorus (TP) content were higher in pre-dam period than that in post-dam period. The variation of habitats led to number increase and structure change of species, includeing algae, zooplankton, fishes, plant, birds and mammals. Dramatic growth of chlorophyta and appearance of euglenaphyta were associated with higher surface water temperature and NH3-N and TP content. The change of aquatic habitat and introduction of alien fishes, such as neosalanx taihuensis, tilapia nilotica, carassius auratus and so on, influenced fish assemblage composition in reservoir. Despite disappearance of some shrub species, such as homonoia riparia and syzygium fluviatilis, the number of plant species also was higher in post-dam period because of the flood with herbs from mountain ridge or tributaries.