Homology Domain Leucine-rich Repeat Protein Research Articles

Pleckstrin Homology Domain Leucine-rich Repeat Protein Phosphatase Acts as a Tumor Suppressor in Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma.

The pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) family has been found to have both tumor-suppressor and oncogenic properties across various types and locations of cancer. Given that PHLPP has not been previously studied in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), we conducted an assessment of the expression of both its isoforms in oral SCC tissues and cell lines and compared these findings to their corresponding normal counterparts. In addition, we assessed the relationship between PHLPP and clinicopathological factors and patient survival. Quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction was used to detect the mRNA levels of PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 in cancerous and normal cell lines in addition to 124 oral SCC and noncancerous adjacent epithelia (N = 62, each). Correlations between their expression rate and clinicopathological parameters were further evaluated in 57 patients. Data were statistically analyzed with t test and paired t test, analysis of variance, Mann-Whitney U , and Cox Regression tests ( P < 0.05). We found significantly lower levels of both PHLPP isoforms in oral SCC tissues compared with noncancerous epithelia ( P < 0.001, for both). However, in the cell lines, this difference was significant only for PHLPP1 ( P = 0.027). The correlation between the two isoforms was significant only in cancerous tissues ( P < 0.001). None of the clinicopathologic factors showed significant associations with either of the isoforms and there was no correlation with survival. We showed for the first time that PHLPP1 and PHLPP2 act as tumor suppressors in oral SCC at the mRNA level. The regulation of their mRNA appears to be different between normal and cancerous tissues.

CircRNA_45478 promotes ischemic AKI by targeting the miR-190a-5p/PHLPP1 axis.

A few studies suggested that circular RNAs were involved in the development of ischemic acute kidney injury (AKI). However, the function and regulation mechanism of circRNA_45478 in ischemic AKI remains unknown. In the present study, ischemic injury induced the expressions of circRNA_45478 in mouse proximal tubule-derived cell lines (BUMPT cells) and kidneys of C57BL/6 mice. Functionally, circRNA_45478 mediated I/R-induced apoptosis in BUMPT cells. Mechanistically, circRNA_45478 upregulated the expression of Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) via sponging of microRNA (miR)-190a-5p. Finally, inhibition of circRNA_45478 significantly alleviated the progression of ischemic AKI through regulation of the miR-190a-5p/PHLPP1 pathway. Taken together, our data showed that circRNA_45478/miR-190a-5p/PHLPP1 axis mediated the progression of ischemic AKI.

TRIM46 activates AKT/HK2 signaling by modifying PHLPP2 ubiquitylation to promote glycolysis and chemoresistance of lung cancer cells

The incidence of lung cancer is increasing worldwide. Although great progress in lung cancer treatment has been made, the clinical outcome is still unsatisfactory. Tripartite motif (TRIM)-containing proteins has been shown to be closely related to tumor progression. However, the function of TRIM46 in lung cancer is largely unknown. Here, TRIM46 amplification was found in lung adenocarcinoma (LUAD) tissues and TRIM46 amplification was significantly associated with a poor survival rate. Overexpression of wild type TRIM46 increased the proliferation of LUAD cells and glycolysis, promoted xenografts growth, and enhanced cisplatin (DDP) resistance of LUAD cells via increased ubiquitination of pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) and upregulation of p-AKT. In contrast, overexpression of RING-mutant TRIM46 did not show any effects, suggesting the function of TRIM46 was dependent on the E3 ligase activity. Furthermore, we found that TRIM46 promoted LUAD cell proliferation and DDP resistance by enhancing glycolysis. PHLPP2 overexpression reversed the effects of TRIM46 overexpression. Amplification of TRIM46 also promoted LUAD growth and enhanced its DDP resistance in a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) model. In conclusion, our data highlight the importance of TRIM46/PHLPP2/AKT signaling in lung cancer and provide new insights into therapeutic strategies for lung cancer.

PHLPP Signaling in Immune Cells.

Pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatases (PHLPP) belong to the protein phosphatase magnesium/manganese-dependent family of Ser/Thr phosphatases. Their general role as tumor suppressors has been documented for over a decade. In recent years, accumulating evidence suggests that PHLPP isozymes have key regulatory roles in both innate and adaptive immunity. In macrophages, PHLPP1 dampens signaling through TLR4 and the IFN-γ receptor by altering cytosolic signaling pathways. Additionally, nuclear-localized PHLPP1 inhibits STAT1-mediated inflammatory gene expression by direct dephosphorylation at Ser727. PHLPP1 also regulates the migratory and inflammatory capacity of neutrophils in vivo. Furthermore, PHLPP1-mediated dephosphorylation of AKT on Ser473 is required for both the suppressive function of regulatory T cells and for the pro-apoptotic effects of PHLPP1 in Bcell chronic lymphocytic leukemia. In the context of immune homeostasis, PHLPP1 expression is modulated in multiple cell types by inflammatory signals, and the dynamics of its expression have varying effects on the pathogenesis of inflammatory bowel disease and septic shock. In this review, we summarize recent findings on the functions of PHLPP in inflammatory and regulatory signaling in the context of both innate and adaptive immunity.

PLHPP2 inhibits the stemness of colorectal cancer by inactivating the Nrf2 signaling pathway.

Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) is a critical regulator of cellular homeostasis and acts as a tumor suppressor in multiple human cancers. However, its exact biological function in colorectal cancer (CRC) and the underlying molecular mechanism remain poorly understood. The correlation between the transcription and protein abundance of PHLPP2 was analyzed using proteomic and corresponding transcriptional data. Immunohistochemistry was used to validate the protein expression and the role of PHLPP2 in patient prognosis. In addition, a series of experiments in vitro and in vivo were performed to investigate the underlying molecular mechanism. Immunohistochemical staining of a CRC tissue microarray revealed that PHLPP2 protein expression was significantly downregulated compared to that in adjacent normal tissues. Low expression of PHLPP2 was an independent prognostic risk factor for poor survival. A nomogram established by integrating PHLPP2 expression and traditional clinicopathological factors achieved more reliable prognostic assessment in CRC patients. Additionally, PHLPP2 overexpression suppressed CRC cell migration, invasion and stemness in vitro as well as tumorigenesis in vivo. Further experiments revealed that upregulation of PHLPP2 increased ROS levels by suppressing the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway, which inhibited the stemness of CRC cells. Moreover, incubation with sulforaphane, a selective chemical agonist of Nrf2, reversed this inhibitory effect in CRC. PHLPP2 acts as a tumor suppressor gene in CRC by restraining the Nrf2-ARE signaling pathway and increasing ROS levels, affecting the stemness of CRC cells. These anticancer molecular mechanisms indicate PHLLPP2's significant clinical value in prognosis prediction and targeted therapy.

MiR-190-5p Alleviates Myocardial Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury by Targeting PHLPP1.

Objective Myocardial ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury (MIRI) refers to the more serious myocardial injury after blood flow recovery, which seriously affects the prognosis of patients with ischemic cardiomyopathy. This study explored the new targets for MIRI treatment by investigating the effects of miR-190-5p and its downstream target on the structure and function of myocardial cells. Methods We injected agomir miR-190-5p into the tail vein of rats to increase the expression of miR-190-5p in rat myocardial cells and made an I/R rat model by coronary artery occlusion. We used 2,3,5-triphenyl tetrazolium chloride staining, lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) detection, echocardiography, and hematoxylin-eosin (HE) staining to determine the degree of myocardial injury in I/R rats. In addition, we detected the expression of inflammatory factors and apoptosis-related molecules in rat serum and myocardial tissue to determine the level of inflammation and apoptosis in rat myocardium. Finally, we determined the downstream target of miR-190-5p by Targetscan system and dual luciferase reporter assay. Results The expression of miR-190-5p in an I/R rat myocardium was significantly lower than that in normal rats. After treatment of I/R rats with agomir miR-190-5p, the ischemic area of rat myocardium and the concentration of LDH decreased. The results of echocardiography and HE staining also found that overexpression of miR-190-5p improved the structure and function of rat myocardium. miR-190-5p was also found to improve the viability of H9c2 cells in vitro and reduce the level of apoptosis of H9c2 cells. The results of Targetscan system and dual luciferase reporter assay found that miR-190-5p targeted to inhibit pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1). In addition, inhibition of PHLPP1 was found to improve the viability of H9c2 cells. Conclusion Therefore, miR-190-5p can reduce the inflammation and apoptosis of myocardium by targeting PHLPP1, thereby alleviating MIRI.

Emerging roles of PHLPP phosphatases in metabolism

Over the last decades, research has focused on the role of pleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatases (PHLPPs) in regulating cellular signaling via PI3K/Akt inhibition. The PKB/Akt signaling imbalances are associated with a variety of illnesses, including various types of cancer, inflammatory response, insulin resistance, and diabetes, demonstrating the relevance of PHLPPs in the prevention of diseases. Furthermore, identification of novel substrates of PHLPPs unveils their role as a critical mediator in various cellular processes. Recently, researchers have explored the increasing complexity of signaling networks involving PHLPPs whereby relevant information of PHLPPs in metabolic diseases was obtained. In this review, we discuss the current knowledge of PHLPPs on the well-known substrates and metabolic regulation, especially in liver, pancreatic beta cell, adipose tissue, and skeletal muscle in relation with the stated diseases. Understanding the context-dependent functions of PHLPPs can lead to a promising treatment strategy for several kinds of metabolic diseases.

Colonic Epithelial PHLPP2 Deficiency Promotes Colonic Epithelial Pyroptosis by Activating the NF-κB Signaling Pathway.

Background Ulcerative colitis (UC) is a chronic inflammatory disease with increasing prevalence worldwide. Barrier defect in intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) is one of the main pathogeneses in UC. Pyroptosis is a programmed lytic cell death and is triggered by inflammatory caspases, while little is known about its role in UC. Methods Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified by comparing UC patients with healthy controls from the GEO datasets. The candidate genes involved in pyroptosis were obtained, and the underlying molecular mechanism in the progression of UC was explored in vivo and in vitro. Results Pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2), a protein phosphatase, was downregulated and involved in regulating inflammation-induced IEC pyroptosis by modulating the NF-κB signaling in UC through bioinformatics analysis. Moreover, we demonstrated that PHLPP2 was downregulated in UC patients and UC mice. Besides, we found that PHLPP2 depletion activated the NF-κB signaling and increased the expressions of caspase-1 P20, Gasdermin N, IL-18, and IL-1β contributing to IEC pyroptosis and inflammation in UC mice. Furthermore, we found that PHLPP2−/− mice developed hypersensitivity to dextran sulfate sodium (DSS) treatment toward colitis showing activated NF-κB signaling and dramatically induced expressions of caspase-1 P20, Gasdermin N, IL-18, and IL-1β. Mechanically, this inflammation-induced downregulation of PHLPP2 was alleviated by an NF-κB signaling inhibitor in intestinal organoids of PHLPP2−/− mice and fetal colonic cells. Conclusions PHLPP2 downexpression activated the NF-κB signaling and promoted the IEC pyroptosis, leading to UC progression. Therefore, PHLPP2 might be an attractive candidate therapeutic target for UC.

Inhibition of PHLPP1/2 phosphatases rescues pancreatic β-cells in diabetes.

SUMMARYPancreatic β-cell failure is the key pathogenic element of the complex metabolic deterioration in type 2 diabetes (T2D); its underlying pathomechanism is still elusive. Here, we identify pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatases 1 and 2 (PHLPP1/2) as phosphatases whose upregulation leads to β-cell failure in diabetes. PHLPP levels are highly elevated in metabolically stressed human and rodent diabetic β-cells. Sustained hyper-activation of mechanistic target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) is the primary mechanism of the PHLPP upregulation linking chronic metabolic stress to ultimate β-cell death. PHLPPs directly dephosphorylate and regulate activities of β-cell survival-dependent kinases AKT and MST1, constituting a regulatory triangle loop to control β-cell apoptosis. Genetic inhibition of PHLPPs markedly improves β-cell survival and function in experimental models of diabetes in vitro, in vivo, and in primary human T2D islets. Our study presents PHLPPs as targets for functional regenerative therapy of pancreatic β cells in diabetes.

Reduced PHLPP Expression Leads to EGFR-TKI Resistance in Lung Cancer by Activating PI3K-AKT and MAPK-ERK Dual Signaling.

BackgroundEpidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) are effective in advanced EGFR-mutation non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) but the magnitude of tumor regression varies, and drug resistance is unavoidable. The pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) levels are reduced or lost and acts as a tumor suppressor in many cancers. Here, we hypothesized that PHLPP is a key regulator of EGFR-TKI sensitivity and a potential treatment target for overcoming resistance to EGFR-TKI in lung cancer.MethodsCell proliferation and growth inhibition were measured by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) and colony formation assay. PHLPP- knockdown stable cell lines were generated by lentivirus-mediated delivery of PHLPP shRNAs. The expression of PHLPP mRNA and protein levels was detected by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) and Western blotting. Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining was performed to detect the PHLPP expression in clinical patient tissue samples. A transcriptomic assay of genome-wide RNA expressions of PHLPP in NSCLC cell lines according to gefitinib sensitivity was obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. Murine xenograft model was established to verify the function of PHLPP in gefitinib resistance in vivo.ResultsPHLPP highly expressed in gefitinib-sensitive NSCLC cell lines than gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell lines. In gefitinib-acquired resistance cell line HCC827-GR, PHLPP expression even dramatically reduced. Knockdown of PHLPP in NSCLC cells decreased cell death induced by the EGFR-TKI, while overexpression PHLPP in gefitinib-resistance NSCLC cells can enhance or restore EGFR-TKIs sensitivity. Mechanism study indicated that PHLPP downregulation attenuates the effect of EGFR-TKI on the both AKT and ERK pathway, thereby decreasing the cell death sensitivity to EGFR inhibitors. In xenograft mice, knockdown of PHLPP decreased tumor response to gefitinib and advanced tumor cells re-growth after gefitinib treatment. In clinical, PHLPP expression were reduced in the post-relapse tumor compared to that of pre-treatment, and lower pre-treatment PHLPP levels were significantly correlated with shorter progression-free survival (PFS) in patients with EGFR-mutant lung adenocarcinoma whom treated with EGFR-TKI.ConclusionsOur data strongly demonstrated that loss of PHLPP function was a key factor of EGFR-TKI resistance in NSCLC. Downregulated PHLPP expression activated PI3K-AKT and MAPK-ERK pathway which strengthened cell survival to EGFR-TKI. Therefore, PHLPP expression level was not only a potential biomarker to predict EGFR-TKIs sensitivity but also as a therapeutic target in EGFR-TKIs therapy, enhancing PHLPP expression may be a valuable strategy for delaying or overcoming EGFR-TKIs drug resistance.

Chondrocytic and pharmacokinetic properties of Phlpp inhibitors

ObjectiveThe pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatases (Phlpp1/2) were recently identified as potential therapeutic targets for cartilage regeneration in osteoarthritic joints. Phlpp inhibitors NSC 117079 and NSC 45586 increase chondrocyte proliferation and matrix production, but the pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics of these compounds are not known. DesignChondrocytic effects of Phlpp inhibitors, NSC 117079 and NSC 45586, were measured by western blotting of Phlpp substrates, glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assays, and transcriptomic assays. Liquid chromatography/mass spectroscopy assays were established to measure NSC 117079 and NSC 45586 in vitro and in vivo. The effects of NSC 117079 and NSC 45586 on articular cartilage structure in vivo after intra-articular injection were determined by histology. ResultsThe Phlpp inhibitors NSC 117079 and NSC 45586 were highly stable in vitro and stimulated GAG, Sox9, proteoglycan 4 and collagen 2 production in maturing but not more differentiated chondrocytes in vitro. Both molecules reduced Phlpp1/2 levels and suppressed matrix degradation to functionally extend their inhibitory effect on these phosphatases. In vivo, NSC 117079 was eliminated from the bloodstream within 4 ​h after intravenous injection, while NSC 45586 was eliminated in 8 ​h and had a higher volume distribution. Both molecules increased articular cartilage area on lateral and medial tibial plateaus and femoral condyles by 15% in C57Bl/6 mice between four and five weeks of age. ConclusionThese data advance our understanding of how Phlpp inhibitors promote and preserve cartilage formation and provide a basis for understanding their safety and activity in vivo.

PHLPPing the Script: Emerging Roles of PHLPP Phosphatases in Cell Signaling.

Whereas protein kinases have been successfully targeted for a variety of diseases, protein phosphatases remain an underutilized therapeutic target, in part because of incomplete characterization of their effects on signaling networks. The pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) is a relatively new player in the cell signaling field, and new roles in controlling the balance among cell survival, proliferation, and apoptosis are being increasingly identified. Originally characterized for its tumor-suppressive function in deactivating the prosurvival kinase Akt, PHLPP may have an opposing role in promoting survival, as recent evidence suggests. Additionally, identification of the transcription factor STAT1 as a substrate unveils a role for PHLPP as a critical mediator of transcriptional programs in cancer and the inflammatory response. This review summarizes the current knowledge of PHLPP as both a tumor suppressor and an oncogene and highlights emerging functions in regulating gene expression and the immune system. Understanding the context-dependent functions of PHLPP is essential for appropriate therapeutic intervention.

Hyperoside Protected Against Oxidative Stress-Induced Liver Injury via the PHLPP2-AKT-GSK-3β Signaling Pathway In Vivo and In Vitro.

Hyperoside, isolated from Drosera rotundifolia L., seeds of Cuscuta chinensis Lam., or Hypericum perforatum L., originally showed to possess an antifungal and antibacterial activity, while recently showed the protective effects against oxidative stress-induced liver injury. This study investigated such a protective effect of hyperoside and the underlying molecular mechanisms in vitro and in carbon tetrachloride (CCl4)-injured rat livers. The data showed that hyperoside was able to prevent the oxidative stress-induced liver morphological changes and CCl4-induced rat liver injury. Hyperoside reversed the decrease of superoxidase dismutase (SOD) level and the increase of malondialdehyde (MDA) level in vivo. Moreover, hyperoside regulated the pleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2)-protein kinase B (AKT)-glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) signaling pathway in tert-butylhydroquinone (t-BHP)-treated liver cells, e.g., Hyperoside reduced PHLPP2 expression to activate AKT phosphorylation, induce GSK-3β phosphorylation, and then increased nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor 2 (Nrf2) nuclear translocation, reduced nuclear translocation of phosphorylated Fyn, and promoted heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) expression in vivo and in vitro. In contrast, siRNA-mediated knockdown of PHLPP2 expression enhanced hyperoside-mediated activation of the AKT-GSK-3β kinase pathway in liver cells. In conclusion, the present study demonstrated that hyperoside could protect against oxidative stress-induced liver injury by regulating the PHLPP2-AKT-GSK-3β signaling pathway in vivo and in vitro.

The Phosphatase PHLPP2 Plays a Key Role in the Regulation of Pancreatic Beta-Cell Survival.

Currently available antidiabetic treatments fail to halt, and may even exacerbate, pancreatic β-cell exhaustion, a key feature of type 2 diabetes pathogenesis; thus, strategies to prevent, or reverse, β-cell failure should be actively sought. The serine threonine kinase Akt has a key role in the regulation of β-cell homeostasis; among Akt modulators, a central role is played by pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) family. Here, taking advantage of an in vitro model of chronic exposure to high glucose, we demonstrated that PHLPPs, particularly the second family member called PHLPP2, are implicated in the ability of pancreatic β cells to deal with glucose toxicity. We observed that INS-1 rat pancreatic β cell line maintained for 12–15 passages at high (30 mM) glucose concentrations (INS-1 HG) showed increased expression of PHLPP2 and PHLPP1 both at mRNA and protein level as compared to INS-1 maintained for the same number of passages in the presence of normal glucose levels (INS-1 NG). These changes were paralleled by decreased phosphorylation of Akt and by increased expression of apoptotic and autophagic markers. To investigate if PHLPPs had a casual role in the alteration of INS-1 homeostasis observed upon chronic exposure to high glucose concentrations, we took advantage of shRNA technology to specifically knock-down PHLPPs. We obtained proof-of-concept evidence that modulating PHLPPs expression may help to restore a healthy β cell mass, as the reduced expression of PHLPP2/1 was accompanied by a recovered balance between pro- and antiapoptotic factor levels. In conclusion, our data provide initial support for future studies aimed to identify pharmacological PHLPPs modulator to treat beta-cell survival impairment. They also contribute to shed some light on β-cell dysfunction, a complex and unsatisfactorily characterized phenomenon that has a central causative role in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes.

PHLPP2 downregulation protects cardiomyocytes against hypoxia-induced injury through reinforcing Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling

Cardiomyocyte injury induced by acute myocardial infarction contributes to myocardial dysfunction. Accumulating evidence has demonstrated that pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) is a cytoprotective protein that protects against various adverse injuries. However, whether PHLPP2 participates in regulating myocardial-infarction-induced cardiomyocyte injury remains unknown. In the present study, we aimed to investigate the biological role and molecular mechanism of PHLPP2 in regulating hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Cardiomyocytes were cultured in an anaerobic chamber for 24 h to induce hypoxic injury in vitro. The expression of PHLPP2 was determined by real-time quantitative PCR and Western blot analysis. Cell viability was measured by MTT assay. Cell apoptosis was assessed by TUNEL and caspase-3 activity assays. Intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were measured by DCFH-DA probe. PHLPP2 expression was highly upregulated in hypoxia-injured cardiomyocytes. Inhibition of PHLPP2 by small interfering RNA (siRNA)-mediated gene silencing significantly improved the viability of hypoxia-injured cardiomyocytes and attenuated hypoxia-induced apoptosis and ROS production. In contrast, PHLPP2 overexpression exacerbated hypoxia-induced apoptosis and ROS production in cardiomyocytes. Mechanism research revealed that PHLPP2 silencing increased the phosphorylation of glycogen synthase kinase (GSK)-3β and promoted the nuclear translocation of nuclear factor (erythroid-derived 2)-like 2 (Nrf2). In addition, PHLPP2 inhibition promoted Nrf2/antioxidant response element (ARE) transcriptional activity. However, Nrf2 silencing markedly reversed PHLPP2-inhibition-mediated cardioprotection, while GSK-3β inhibition partially blocked the PHLPP2-overexpression-induced adverse effect. Taken together, these findings demonstrate that PHLPP2 inhibition alleviates hypoxia-induced cardiomyocyte injury by reinforcing Nrf2/ARE antioxidant signaling via inactivating GSK-3β, a pathway that highlights the importance of the PHLPP2/GSK-3β/Nrf2/ARE signaling axis in regulation of cardiomyocyte injury. Our study suggests a potential relevance for PHLPP2 in acute myocardial infarction, and this protein may serve as a promising target for cardioprotection.

P2.03-05 PHLPP1 Expression Through AKT and ERK Dual Signaling Pathways May Slow Down the Resistance to TKI in EGFR-Mutated Lung Adenocarcinoma

The epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) kinase inhibitors are effective treatments for lung cancers with EGFR activating mutations, but the magnitude of tumor regression varies and drug resistance is unavoidable. Multiple mechanisms of resistance to EGFR-TKIs have been identified, including the occurrence of secondary mutations in the EGFR gene, MET amplification, acquired BRAF rearrangements and activation of bypass pathways. Central to these mechanisms of resistance is the re-activation of AKT and ERK signaling, which enables escape of tumor cells from EGFR inhibitor treatment. However, the mechanisms of reactivation of PI3K-AKT and ERK/MAPK pathway are unclear. Pleckstrin homology (PH) domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase (PHLPP) acts as tumor suppressors in various types of human cancer by suppressing cell survival pathways and promoting apoptosis through inhibiting AKT and ERK pathway activation. Here, we hypothesize that PHLPP is a key regulator of EGFR-TKI resistance in lung cancer and a potential treatment target for overcoming resistance to EGFR-TKI treatment. A transcriptomic of PHLPP1 in non-small lung cancer cell according to gefitinib sensitivity obtained from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database under accession number GSE4342 were analysis. The lentivirus-mediated delivery of shRNA was used to generated stable knockdown of PHLPP1 expression lung cancer cells, and retrovirus-mediated delivery was used to generated stable overexpression of PHLPP1 lung cancer cells. Western blotting, real-time PCR (RT-PCR) and immunofluorescence were used to determined PHLPP expression in vitro. PHLPP1 expression in clinical sample was determined by Immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. MTT assay was conducted to determine the cell proliferation. Xenografts bearing PHLPP overexpression and control were evaluated EGFR-TKI induced tumor regression. PHLPP1 gene expression was higher in gefitinib-sensitive NSCLC cell lines than gefitinib-resistant NSCLC cell lines from a GEO public database. In vitro, EGFR mutated NSCLC cell line HCC827 continuously exposing to gefitinib exhibited dramatically reduced expression of PHLPP1 and increased phosphorylation AKT and ERK. Knockdown of PHLPP1 decreased cell death induced by the EGFR-TKI in EGFR-mutant lung cancer cells, overexpression of PHLPP1 enhanced gefitinib-induced apoptosis in gefitinib-resistance EGFR-mutant lung cancer cells. In xenograft model, overexpression of PHLPP showed significantly more tumor regression after gefitinib treatment at 1-week time point compared to control group. In patients, PHLPP1 were highly expressed in tumors with EGFR common mutations pre- and post-development of resistance to EGFR TKIs. PHLPP1 expression were down regulated in the post-relapse tumor samples compared to that of pre-treatment, and patients with higher PHLPP1 expression in pre-treatment had significantly longer progression-free survival (PFS). PHLPP loss may be a key molecule contributing to the resistance of EGFR-TKI by activating PI3K-AKT and ERK/MAPK signaling pathway. PHLPP may serve as a potential predictor of EGFR-TKI treatment response in these patients. Up-regulating PHLPP expression may prevent or /and delay the emergence of EGFR-TKI resistance. Further study is warranted to prove PHLPP as an effective strategy.

Abstract 757: MiR-141-3p is upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and targets pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase-2, a negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway

Abstract The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is frequently activated in various human cancers and plays essential roles in their development and progression. Accumulating evidence suggests thatdysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is closely associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we focused on miRNAs that could regulate genes related to the PI3K/AKT pathway inesophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).To identify upregulated miRNAs and their possible target genes in ESCC, we performed microarraybased integrative analyses of miRNA and mRNA expression levels in three human ESCC cell lines and a normal esophageal epithelial cell line. The miRNA microarray analysis revealed that miR-31-5p, miR-141-3p, miR-200b-3p, miR-200c-3p, and miR-205-5p were expressed at higher levels in the ESCC cell linesthan the normal esophageal epithelial cell line. Bioinformatical analyses of mRNA microarray data identified several AKT/PI3K pathway-related genes as candidate targets of these miRNAs, which include tumor suppressors such as DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 and pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase-2 (PHLPP2). To validate the targets of relevant miRNAs experimentally, synthetic mimics of the miRNAs were transfected into the esophageal epithelial cell line. Here, we report that miR-141-3p suppress the expression of PHLPP2, a negative regulators of the AKT/PI3K pathway, as a target in ESCC. Note: This abstract was not presented at the meeting. Citation Format: Ichiro Akagi, Osamu Ishibashi, Yota Ogawa, Toshihiro Takizawa. MiR-141-3p is upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and targets pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase-2, a negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 757.

Tumor necrosis factor-alpha upregulated PHLPP1 through activating nuclear factor-kappa B during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion

AimsThe pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 1 (PHLPP1) specifically regulates phospho-Ser473 of protein kinase B (PKB, Akt) opposing cell survival during myocardial ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). Previous studies demonstrated PHLPP1 expression level was controlled by several mechanisms. However, the regulation mechanism of cardiac PHLPP1 expression following myocardial I/R remains unknown. Main methodsThe current study utilized the mouse model of myocardial I/R injury in vivo and the neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) of hypoxia/reoxygenation (H/R) injury in vitro. Expression of PHLPP1, nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and pNF-κB were determined by western blot. The expression of PHLPP1 and translocation of NF-κB was assessed by immunofluorescence. Chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) assay was used to detect the binding of NF-κB to the promoter region of phlpp1 gene. Key findingsMyocardial I/R had no effect on cardiac PHLPP1 expression following I/R (30 min/2 h) but decreased after 4 h reperfusion. In vitro, H/R (4 h/1 h) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α)-stimulation resulted in upregulation of PHLPP1 in NRVMs, which was blocked with etanercept. Yet, H2O2-induced oxidative stress had no obvious effect on PHLPP1 expression of NRVMs at early stage but N-acetylcysteine (NAC) pretreatment increased PHLPP1 levels after 4 h H2O2 stimulation. TNF-α and H/R led to both expression and transcriptional activity of NF-κB, accompany with higher expression of PHLPP1. Pyrrolidine dithiocarbamate (PDTC), a NF-κB inhibitor, prevented the response not only in TNF-α-treated cardiomyocytes but also in H/R-treated group. SignificanceThese results implicated that TNF-α involved in cardiac PHLPP1 upregulation during reoxygenation, which was mediated by NF-κB transcriptional activity.

PHLPP2 stabilization by p27 mediates its inhibition of bladder cancer invasion by promoting autophagic degradation of MMP2 protein

Pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase 2 (PHLPP2) is a tumor suppressor that catalyzes the de-phosphorylation of the AGC kinases, while p27 acts as a tumor suppressor that regulates cell cycle, apoptosis, and cell motility. Our previous studies have identified that PHLPP2 participates in inhibition of transformation of human bronchial epithelial cells following lung carcinogen B[a]P/B[a]PDE exposure. However, nothing was known about the association of p27 with regulation of PHLPP2 expression and the role of PHLPP2 in bladder cancer (BC) invasion. In our current studies, we demonstrated that PHLPP2 inhibited BC invasion through promoting MMP2 degradation via p62-mediated autophagy; and p27 expression was able to stabilize PHLPP2 protein by inhibiting protein degradation of Hsp90, which could directly bind to PHLPP2 and protect it from degradation. More in-depth studies discovered that stabilization of Hsp90 by p27 was mediated by calpain1 proteolysis system, whereas p27 inhibited calpain1 gene transcription by attenuating Jak1/Stat1 cascade in human invasive BC cells. Collectively, we for the first time revealed PHLPP2 downregulation in BCs and its participating in promotion of BC invasion, as well as novel role of p27 and mechanisms underlying its regulation of PHLPP2 protein degradation through Hsp90-dependent manner. Our findings improve our understanding of p27 and PHLPP2 roles and their crosstalk in regulation of BC invasion, which further contributes to improve the current strategy for invasive bladder cancer therapy.

MiR-141-3p is upregulated in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and targets pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase-2, a negative regulator of the PI3K/AKT pathway

The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/AKT pathway is frequently activated in various human cancers and plays essential roles in their development and progression. Accumulating evidence suggests that dysregulated expression of microRNAs (miRNAs) is closely associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Here, we focused on miRNAs that could regulate genes related to the PI3K/AKT pathway in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC).To identify upregulated miRNAs and their possible target genes in ESCC, we performed microarray-based integrative analyses of miRNA and mRNA expression levels in three human ESCC cell lines and a normal esophageal epithelial cell line. The miRNA microarray analysis revealed that miR-31-5p, miR-141-3p, miR-200b-3p, miR-200c-3p, and miR-205-5p were expressed at higher levels in the ESCC cell lines than the normal esophageal epithelial cell line. Bioinformatical analyses of mRNA microarray data identified several AKT/PI3K pathway-related genes as candidate targets of these miRNAs, which include tumor suppressors such as DNA-damage-inducible transcript 4 and pleckstrin homology domain leucine-rich repeat protein phosphatase-2 (PHLPP2). To validate the targets of relevant miRNAs experimentally, synthetic mimics of the miRNAs were transfected into the esophageal epithelial cell line. Here, we report that miR-141-3p suppress the expression of PHLPP2, a negative regulators of the AKT/PI3K pathway, as a target in ESCC.