Homogenizer-assisted Extraction Research Articles

UHPLC-MS/MS analysis, cytotoxic, enzyme inhibition, and antioxidant properties of Lantana camara L. extracts obtained by conventional and nonconventional methods.

Lantana camara is widely known as a garden plant, but its use for various medicinal purposes is widespread in traditional medicine. In the frame of this study, L. camara was subjected to several different extraction techniques, including supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), homogenizer-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, ultrasound-assisted extraction, maceration, and Soxhlet extraction. The investigation encompasses the analysis of the chemical composition alongside assessments of biological activities, such as antioxidant and enzyme-inhibition potential and cytotoxicity of the obtained extracts. The obtained results showed that the extract obtained by accelerated-solvent extraction was the richest in the content of total phenols and of individual compounds. Of the 17 components identified in total, hispidulin was detected in the highest concentration (5.43-475.97 mg/kg). In the antioxidant assays, the extracts obtained by accelerated-solvent and microwave extraction possessed the highest level of antioxidant and antiradical protection. All obtained extracts showed enzyme-inhibitory action on amylase, glucosidase, tyrosinase, and cholinesterase, showing a high potential for application against diseases induced by excessive activity of these enzymes. Cytotoxic analysis was performed on normal and tumor cells, whereby the obtained IC50 values were in the range of 7.685-79.26 µg/mL, showing the high cytotoxicity of the obtained extracts. Using Z score analysis, ASE resulted in an optimal combination of tested quality characteristics of the L. camara extracts.

Extractions of aerial parts of Hippomarathrum scabrum with conventional and green methodologies: Chemical profiling, antioxidant, enzyme inhibition, and anti-cancer effects.

Hippomarathrum scabrum L. is an endemic medicinal plant in Turkey; however, there have been few studies investigating the phytochemistry and biological properties of these plants has not been investigated. The aim of this work is to determine the chemical composition of different extracts (extracts obtained by using supercritical carbon dioxide extraction, accelerated solvent extraction, homogenizer-assisted extraction, microwave-assisted extraction, and ultrasound-assisted extraction from Hippomarathrum scabrum L., and evaluate their biological properties. The analysis revealed that 5-O-caffeoylquinic acid, rutin, and isorhamnetin 3-O-rutinoside were the main bioactive compounds. The extract obtained by accelerated extraction contains the highest concentration of 5-O-Caffeoylquinic acid (7616.74±63.09mg/kg dry extract) followed by the extract obtained by homogenizer-assisted extraction (6682.53±13.04mg/kg dry extract). In antioxidant tests, all extracts expressed significant antioxidant activity. Also, cytotoxic and anticancer effects of these plant extracts were detected in the human prostate cancer cell line. Intrinsic apoptotic genes were up-regulated and anti-apoptotic genes were down-regulated in human prostate cancer cells after inhibition concentration dose treatment. The findings are promising, and suggest the use of these plant extracts could be used as natural sources with different biological activities, as well as anticancer agents.

Chemical profiling and biological activities of Opopanax hispidus extracts: A comparative insight on conventional and green extraction technologies

The plant species Opopanax hispidus is known in traditional Turkish medicine and nutrition. In addition to all the advantages that are known by the traditions of old generations, O. hispidus has been insufficiently examined, and its potential could be used in treatment in modern medicine and diet. In this paper, O. hispidus extracts obtained by conventional (maceration (MAC), and Soxhlet (SOX)) and contemporary (accelerated solvent extraction (ASE), homogenizer assisted extraction (HAE), microwave-assisted extraction (MAE), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), supercritical fluid extraction (SFE)) methods were examined in terms of their chemical composition and biological potential. The extract obtained by HAE extraction had the highest content of total phenolics and flavonoids (36.98 mg GAE/g and 15.04 mg RE/g, respectively). The highest antioxidant activity was recorded for HAE and ASE extracts. O. hispidus extracts achieved inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (4.12–6.44 mg GALAE/g), tyrosinase (44.78–76.72 mg KAE/g), α-amylase (0.35–0.46 mmol ACAE/g), and α-glucosidase (1.67–1.77 mmol ACAE/g) enzymes. LC-MS technique was used for the quantitative analysis of the extracts, allowing the quantification of chlorogenic acid, neochlorogenic acid, and p-coumaric acid, rutin, luteolin, and kaempferol 3-O-glucoside as the most abundant phenolic components. Results suggested that the green extraction techniques for obtaining extracts that are rich in bioactive compounds have advantages compared to conventional extraction. Therefore, these extracts can be used as antioxidants, neuroprotective, antityrosinase, and antidiabetic agents while respecting the principles of sustainable development and green chemistry.

High hydrostatic pressure-assisted extraction of lipids from Lipomyces starkeyi biomass.

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of high hydrostatic pressure (HHP) as a novel approach for yeast cell disruption and lipid extraction from Lipomyces starkeyi DSM 70295 grown in glucose medium (40g/L and C/N:55/1) at initial pH of 5.0, 25°C, and 130rpm for 8 days. HHP extraction conditions including pressure, time, and temperature were optimized by response surface methodology. The high speed homogenizer-assisted extraction (HSH) was also used for comparison. The biomass subjected to HHP was examined under scanning electron microscopy and light microscope. A maximal lipid yield of 45.8±2.1% in dry cell basis (w/w) was achieved at 200MPa, 40°C, and 15min, while a minimum yield of 15.2±0.9% was observed at 300MPa, 40°C, and 10min (p<0.05). The lipid yield decreased with increasing pressure. It was demonstrated that low pressure (200MPa) collapsed the cells, while high pressure (400MPa) created protrusions on the cell wall and cell fragments spread in the environment. This study favors HHP as a promising method for Lipomyces oil extraction. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Single-cell oils are considered future alternatives to plant-based oils as food additives and dietary supplements. Oleaginous microorganisms accumulate oils in their cell plasma, which makes extraction essential. One of the main obstacles with existing methods is the utilization of strong acids to destroy cell walls. This study aims to demonstrate high hydrostatic pressure as a rapid method for lipid extraction from oleaginous yeast Lipomyces starkeyi.

Differential Metabolomic Fingerprinting of the Crude Extracts of Three Asteraceae Species with Assessment of Their In Vitro Antioxidant and Enzyme-Inhibitory Activities Supported by In Silico Investigations

The Asteraceae is a large family, rich in ornamental, economical, and medicinally valuable plants. The current study involves the analytical and pharmacological assessment of the methanolic extracts of three less investigated Asteraceae plants, namely Echinops ritro, Centaurea deflexa, and Tripleurospermum decipiens, obtained by three different extraction methodologies viz. maceration (MAC), ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE), and homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE). LC-MS-MS analysis of E. ritro, C. deflexa, and T. decipiens extracts led to the identification of ca. 29, 20, and 33 metabolites, respectively, belonging to flavonoids, phenolic acids, and fatty acids/amides. Although there were significant differences in the quantitative metabolite profiles in the extracts of E. ritro and T. decipiens based on the used extraction method, no significant variation was observed in the extracts of C. deflexa in the three implemented extraction techniques. The antioxidant activities of the nine extracts were assessed in vitro using six different assays viz. DPPH, ABTS, CUPRAC, FRAP, PDA, and metal chelation assay (MCA). The HAE/UAE extracts of E. ritro and the UAE/ MAC extracts of C. deflexa displayed the highest antioxidant activity in the DPPH assay, while the UAE extract of T. decipiens showed the strongest antioxidant activity in both the CUPRAC and MCA assays. The enzyme inhibitory activities of the nine extracts were studied in vitro on five different enzymes viz. tyrosinase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, acetylcholinesterase (AChE), and butyrylcholinestrase (BChE), affecting various pathological diseases. Concerning C. deflexa, its MAC /UAE extracts showed the strongest inhibition on α-amylase, while its UAE/HAE extracts displayed strong inhibitory power on AChE. However, no significant difference was observed on their effects on tyrosinase or BChE. For T. decipiens, its UAE/HAE showed potent inhibition to α-glucosidase, MAC/ HAE significantly inhibited AChE and BChE, while UAE could strongly inhibit tyrosinase enzyme. For E. ritro, all extracts equally inhibited α-amylase and α-glucosidase, MAC/HAE strongly affected tyrosinase, HAE/MAC best inhibited BChE, while HAE inhibited AChE to a greater extent. Chemometric analysis using PCA plot was able to discriminate between the plant samples and between the implemented extraction modes. The in vitro enzyme inhibitory activities of the extracts were supported by in silico data, where metabolites, such as the lignan arctiin and the flavonoid vicenin-2, dominating the extract of C. deflexa, displayed strong binding to AChE. Similarly, chlorogenic and dicaffeoyl quinic acids, which are some of the major metabolites in the extracts of E. ritro and T. decipiens, bound with high affinity to α-glucosidase.

Oleuropein-Enriched Extract From Olive Mill Leaves by Homogenizer-Assisted Extraction and Its Antioxidant and Antiglycating Activities.

Olive oil consumption has increased in the last two decades and consequently, its wastes have increased, which generates a tremendous environmental impact. Among the by-products are the olive mill leaves, which are easier and inexpensive to treat than other olive by-products. However, little research has been done on their chemical composition and potential bioactivity. Hence, in this study, olive mill leaves were used to obtain Oleuropein-Enriched Extracts (OLEU-EE) using Conventional Extraction, Ultrasound-Assisted Extraction, and Homogenization-Assisted Extraction. These three techniques were evaluated using a Factorial Design to determine the parameters to obtain an OLEU-EE with high contents of Total Phenolic Compounds (TPC), Antioxidant Activity (AA), and Oleuropein concentration (OLEU). From the results, the Homogenizer-Assisted Extraction (HAE) technique was selected at 18,000 rpm, solid:liquid ratio 1:10, and 30 s of homogenization with 70% ethanol, due to its high TPC (5,196 mg GA/100 g), AA (57,867 μmol of TE/100 g), and OLEU (4,345 mg of OLEU/100 g). In addition, the antiglycating effect of OLEU-EE on the levels of (1) fluorescent Advanced Glycation End Products (AGEs) were IC50 of 0.1899 and 0.1697 mg/mL for 1λEXC 325/λEM 440 and 2λEXC 389/λEM 443, respectively; (2) protein oxidative damage markers such as dityrosine (DiTyr), N-formylkynurenine (N-formyl Kyn), and kynurenine (Kyn) were IC50 of 0.1852, 0.2044, and 0.1720 mg/mL, respectively. In conclusion, OLEU-EE from olive mill leaves has different capacities to inhibit AGEs evidenced by the IC50 of fluorescent AGEs and protein oxidation products, together with the scavenging free radical evidenced by the concentration of Trolox Equivalent. Therefore, OLEU-EE could be potential functional ingredients that prevent oxidative damage caused by free radicals and AGEs accumulation.

Homogenizer-Assisted Extraction of Antioxidative Compounds from Whole Riceberry Flour and Quality Changes After Freeze-Drying Process

The objectives of this study were to determine the optimum conditions for the extraction of whole riceberry flour, and to evaluate the effects of freeze-drying on the phenolic content and antioxidant activity of extracts during 6 weeks of storage. Response surface methodology and factorial experimental design were employed to study the effects of extraction time (10-30 s) and ethanol concentration (40-60%, v/v) on homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE) of phenolic content and antioxidant activity. The HAE under optimum conditions (20 s and 60%) was able to extract a high phenolic content (76.4±2.0 mg GAE/g dw) and antioxidant activity (88.97±0.97 μmol Trolox/g dw). The accuracy and reliability of the extraction was confirmed and the optimal conditions were determined using response surface methodology and central composite rotatable design. In the case of the freeze-drying process, phenolic content and antioxidant activity decreased by 21.42±0.11 and 32.16±0.87% after 6 weeks storage, respectively. The regression model for the extraction of total phenolic content from riceberry flour that was developed might contribute to large-scale industrial applications aimed at obtaining the optimum extraction conditions by using homogenization methods. This study is a valuable contribution to the fields of adding value to riceberry flour and finding new sources of functional ingredients.

Phytochemical Constituents and Biological Activities of the Unexplored Plant Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. grandiflorus

In the present study, a total of 12 extracts of Rhinanthus angustifolius subsp. grandiflorus, an understudied hemiparasitic species, were obtained using different extraction techniques, namely, homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), maceration (MAC), soxhlet (SOX), infusion, and solvents (ethyl acetate, methanol, ethanol, and water), and were evaluated for their in vitro antioxidant and enzyme-inhibiting properties. Additionally, untargeted profiling based on high-resolution mass spectrometry targeted different phytochemical classes, namely, polyphenols, terpenoids, and alkaloids. The highest total phenolic and flavonoid contents were detected using methanol as the extraction solvent. Multivariate statistics following the untargeted profiling revealed that the extraction solvent had a hierarchically higher impact than the extraction method when considering the recovery of bioactive compounds. The methanolic extracts displayed the highest radical-scavenging antioxidant capacity, as provided by CUPRAC and FRAP assays. On the other hand, the water extracts (MAC and HAE) and the infusion extract showed the highest activity as metal chelators (25.66–27.51 mg EDTAE/g). Similarly, the water extract obtained by HAE and the infusion extract revealed the highest phosphomolybdenum activity (3.92 ± 0.14 and 3.71 ± 0.01 mmol TE/g, respectively). The different extracts also exhibited different enzyme inhibition potentials. For instance, HAE and MAC ethanolic extracts inhibited only α-amylase (0.69 ± 0.01 and 0.70 ± 0.01 mmol ACAE/g), while all the other extracts showed a dual inhibition against both carbohydrate-hydrolyzing enzymes tested (i.e., α-amylase: 0.07–0.69 mmol ACAE/g; α-glucosidase: 0.03–1.30 mmol ACAE/g). Nevertheless, the other extracts inhibited acetyl-, butyryl-cholinesterases, or both; MAC–water extract displayed no inhibition against the enzymes. Additionally, all the studied extracts were found to inhibit tyrosinase, ranging from 10.62 to 52.80 mg KAE/g. In general, the water extracts showed weaker inhibition towards the enzymes than the other extracts. This study demonstrated that R. angustifolius is an excellent source of natural antioxidants and enzyme inhibitors that could be further investigated and exploited for pharmaceutical purposes.

Two Medicinal Plants (Alkanna trichophila and Convolvulus galaticus) from Turkey: Chemical Characterization and Biological Perspectives

The aim of the present study was to quantify selected phenolic compounds, determine antioxidant activity and enzyme inhibitory effects of the aerial parts of Alkanna trichophylla Hub.-Mor. (A. trichophylla) and Convolvulus galaticus Rost.ex Choisy (C. galaticus) extracts prepared by homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), maceration (MAC) and infusion techniques. This is the first time such study has been designed to validate the phytochemical composition and bioactivity of these plants. Multivariate analysis was conducted on collected data. Rutin and caffeoylquinic acid derivatives were the most significant compounds in A. trichophylla and C. galaticus, respectively. The highest antioxidant activity of A. trichophylla was mostly exhibited by HAE/methanolic extracts as determined by DPPH, ABTS, FRAP (51.39, 112.70 and 145.73 mg TE/g, respectively) and phosphomolybdenum (2.05 mmol TE/g) assays. However, significant antioxidant activities varied within the extracts of C. galaticus. HAE/methanolic extract of A. trichophylla significantly depressed AChE (2.70 mg GALAE/g), BChE (5.53 mg GALAE/g) and tyrosinase (26.34 mg KAE/g) activities and that of C. galaticus inhibited AChE (2.04 mg GALAE/g), tyrosinase (31.25 mg KAE/g) and α-amylase (0.53 mmol ACAE/g) activities significantly. We concluded that HAE was the most efficient extraction technique as high yield of compounds and promising bioactivities were recorded from extracts prepared. Multivariate analysis showed that types of solvents influenced recovery of compounds and biological activities. This research study can be used as one methodological starting point for further investigation on these plants as all results are clearly promising and open the door to further research challenges such as cytotoxicity evaluation, molecular docking analysis, and more screening of pharmacological actions.

An eco-friendly and sustainable system for monitoring the oleuropein-rich extract from olive tree (Olea europaea) leaves

In this study, different combinations (1/1, 1/2, and 2/1 of molar ratio) of deep eutectic solvents were designed by combining a hydrogen bond acceptor (carboxylic acids such as citric and lactic acids) and a hydrogen bond donor (glycerol, ethylene glycol, ammonium and sodium acetates). Their performance was measured with respect to their success in extracting oleuropein-rich extract from olive leaves via homogenizer-assisted extraction. Lactic acid/glycerol (1/1) has been observed to be the most successful deep eutectic solvent. A split-plot central composite design was employed to observe the effects of the process parameters (water addition, speed and extraction time) on the total phenolic and oleuropein levels in the extract as well as modelling and optimization of the homogenizer-assisted extraction process. The most significant process parameter was found to be water addition (P < 0.0001). The optimum conditions were calculated as 90 s of extraction time under 14000 rpm with 50% water in the selected solvent system to achieve the highest total phenolic (39.41 mg-GAE/g-DL) and oleuropein (14, 06 mg/g-DL) yields. The proposed green solvent has been also monitored to be a sustainable extraction media depending on the stability test outcome, where the samples were kept stable for almost 2 months at 25°C, while 6 months were observed to be the storage time without degradation in colder environments.

Bioactivity assays, chemical characterization, ADMET predictions and network analysis of Khaya senegalensis A. Juss (Meliaceae) extracts

Khaya senegalensis A. Juss (Meliaceae) is a popular medicinal plant, widely used in the management of various ailments in the African traditional medicine. This study attempts to investigate into the different extraction methods (homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), maceration (MAC), infusion and Soxhlet (SE) extraction) on the pharmacological properties and chemical profiles of K. senegalensis. Antioxidant properties and inhibitory potential against key enzymes were assessed and bioinformatics analysis was conducted on selected limonoids to predict putative pharmacokinetics and protein targets underlying the pharmacological effects. Overall, the leaf extracts showed notable flavonoid (20.59–104.43 mg RE/g) content and the stem barks extracts displayed the highest total phenolic (87.69–46.28 mg GAE/g), phenolic acid (62.96–107.22 mg CE/g), flavanol (3.60–135.40 mg CAE/g) contents. All extracts showed remarkable antioxidant activities, with the MAC-Water leaf extract being most active in all the assays. Regarding stem bark, the MAC-MeOH extract exerted the highest free radical scavenging abilities, while HAE and MAC extracts were better sources of reducing agent and metal chelators. The HAE-MeOH, MAC-Water, and SE extracts showed noteworthy inhibitory activity against AChE, BChE (only stem barks), tyrosinase and α-glucosidase (only stem barks). All extracts displayed moderate inhibitory activities against α-amylase. The bioinformatics approach showed that khayanoside A and C interacted with multiple isoforms of metalloproteinase, while humilin B and khayanone interacted with opioid receptors. To sum up, the chemical profiles and biological activities of K. senegalensis were closely dependent on the extraction methods. Results amassed from this study showed that K. senegalensis is a potent source of bioactive compounds which could be explored as a functional food.

Optimizing homogenizer-assisted extraction of chlorophylls from plantain epicarp (Musa paradisiaca L.)

The objective of this study was to establish parameters of optimization of the factors such as solid/solvent ratio, stirring speed and extraction time in homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE) of chlorophyll a, b and total from plantain epicarp (Musa paradisiaca L.) using the Box–Benhken design. The individual effect and the interactions of the process variables (solid/solvent ratio, stirring speed (revolutions per minute, rpm), and extraction time in HAE) on the chlorophyll a, b and total contents in the extract were studied. The optimization was carried out with a Derringer desirability function, and it was found that the optimal extraction conditions included a solid/solvent ratio of 0.025 g/mL, an stirring speed of 13,508 and 90 s of treatment with Ultra-turrax. The corresponding predicted values were 33.67 mg/100 g of chlorophyll a, 32.915 mg/100 g of chlorophyll b and 66.585 mg/100 g of total chlorophyll. Finally, the optimal conditions were experimentally verified, and it was established that extraction with an Ultra-Turrax treatment is more efficient than the conventional method (maceration).

Identification of Chemical Profiles and Biological Properties of Rhizophora racemosa G. Mey. Extracts Obtained by Different Methods and Solvents.

Mangrove forests exemplify a multifaceted ecosystem since they do not only play a crucial ecological role but also possess medicinal properties. Methanolic, ethyl acetate and aqueous leaf and bark extracts were prepared using homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), infusion and maceration (with and without stirring). The different extracts were screened for phytochemical profiling and antioxidant capacities in terms of radical scavenging (DPPH, ABTS), reducing potential (CUPRAC, FRAP), total antioxidant capacity and chelating power. Additionally, R. racemosa was evaluated for its anti-diabetic (α-amylase, α-glucosidase), anti-tyrosinase and anti-cholinesterase (AChE, BChE) activities. Additionally, antimycotic and antibacterial effects were investigated against Eescherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella typhimurium, Listeria monocytogenes, Enterobacter cloacae, Bacillus cereus, Micrococcus luteus, Staphylococcus aureus, Aspergillus fumigatus, Aspergillus niger, Trichoderma viride, Penicillium funiculosum, Penicillium ochrochloron and Penicillium verrucosum. Finally, based on phytochemical fingerprint, in silico studies, including bioinformatics, network pharmacology and docking approaches were conducted to predict the putative targets, namely tyrosinase, lanosterol-14-α-demethylase and E. coli DNA gyrase, underlying the observed bio-pharmacological and microbiological effects. The methanolic leave and bark extracts (prepared by both HAE and maceration) abounded with phenolics, flavonoids, phenolic acids and flavonols. Results displayed that both methanolic leaf and bark extracts (prepared by HAE) exhibited the highest radical scavenging, reducing potential and total antioxidant capacity. Furthermore, our findings showed that the highest enzymatic inhibitory activity recorded was with the tyrosinase enzyme. In this context, bioinformatics analysis predicted putative interactions between tyrosinase and multiple secondary metabolites including apigenin, luteolin, vitexin, isovitexin, procyanidin B, quercetin and methoxy-trihydroxyflavone. The same compounds were also docked against lanosterol-14α-demethylase and E. Coli DNA gyrase, yielding affinities in the submicromolar–micromolar range that further support the observed anti-microbial effects exerted by the extracts. In conclusion, extracts of R. racemosa may be considered as novel sources of phytoanti-oxidants and enzyme inhibitors that can be exploited as future first-line pharmacophores.

Chemical composition and biological properties of Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn: A comparative investigation of different extraction methods

Synedrella nodiflora (L.) Gaertn. (Asteraceae), is a weed with ethnomedicinal uses. To extend scientific information on this species, we evaluated the effects of different extraction procedures (maceration, Soxhlet, sonication and homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE)) using methanol as solvent, on the chemical composition and biological potential. The chemical profiles of the extracts were identified using a chromatographic (UHPLC-HRMS) technique. The antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities of the studied extracts were determined. The extract obtained by Soxhlet technique showed a higher level of total phenolic (TPC) and flavonoid content (TFC) and was a superior source of antioxidant compounds. The macerated extract was the most potent inhibitor of cholinesterases and α-glucosidase, whereas the highest activity against tyrosinase was observed in the order of sonication > Soxhlet > HAE > maceration. A modest activity was observed against α-amylase for all the extracts. Multivariate analysis showed that the bioactive compounds recovery and the biological activities of S. nodiflora were mostly dependent on the nature of the extraction technique used. In conclusion, S. nodiflora extracts showed good biological potential and data massed from this study could serve as a scientific baseline for further investigation in order to exploit its potential for designing novel bio-products with therapeutic applications.

Chemical and Biological Characterization of Erigeron Floribundus (Kunth) Sch.Bip Extracts Obtained by Four Isolation Procedures

In the present investigation, extracts of Erigeron floribundus leaves obtained by four isolation procedures, including homogenizer-assisted extraction, maceration, sonication and Soxhlet extraction, were compared for their qualitative and quantitative phytochemical composition as well as for their antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory activities. The total phenolic, phenolic acid and flavanol contents were highest in homogenizer-assisted extraction, while maceration contained slightly higher total flavanol content. High-performance liquid chromatography – mass spectrometry (HPLC-DAD-MSn) analysis revealed that the hydroxycinnamic esters of quinic acids were the most abundant constituents in the isolates. The results showed that the extracts are promising sources of antioxidants with the homogenizer-assisted approach the most suitable. The extracts displayed notable enzyme inhibitory effects against acetylcholinesterases (7.98 ± 0.12 to 8.40 ± 0.09 mg galatamine equivalents (GALAE)/g extract) and tyrosinase (122.73 ± 0.43 to 111.36 ± 1.65 mg kojic acid equivalents (KAE)/g extract). In conclusion, the results demonstrate promising biological activities of E. floribundus isolates obtained via innovative extraction techniques, thereby offering preliminary information for the validation of the traditional medicinal uses of this plant.

Towards a green and sustainable fruit waste valorisation model in Brazil: optimisation of homogenizer-assisted extraction of bioactive compounds from mango waste using a response surface methodology

Abstract Food waste valorisation is currently at the core of discussions and development of future economic models which, allied to the application of green and sustainable technologies, offers a viable alternative to shift industrial practices towards a circular bioeconomy. The feasibility and technological possibilities based on an integrated mango waste biorefinery concept, focusing on the extraction of bioactive compounds, are discussed in this paper. Additionally, a statistically robust methodology is presented as a green approach to optimise the variables of a sustainable, low time and energy consumption extraction technique (homogenizer-assisted extraction). Maximum concentrations of the bioactive compounds were obtained in similar values of parameters ethanol/water concentration (67.73 and 70.11 %), sample/solvent ratio (29.33 and 28.17 %) and time (4.47 and 5.00 min) for mangiferin (354.4 mg/kg DW) and hyperoside (258.7 mg/kg DW), respectively. These results demonstrated the efficiency of the proposed green and sustainable method to obtain bioactive compounds from a very common and significant tropical fruit waste in Brazil, based on an integrated mango biorefinery concept.

An insight into Cochlospermum planchonii extracts obtained by traditional and green extraction methods: Relation between chemical compositions and biological properties by multivariate analysis

In African traditional medicine Cochlospermum planchonii is used to manage various diseases such as malaria, diarrhoea, jaundice, infections and inflammation, hence presents the potential to be a good source of bioactive compounds. In this study, traditional and green extraction techniques have been used namely green extraction (homogenizer assisted extraction (HAE) and Sonication (SON)) and conventional extraction (Maceration (MAC), and Soxhlet (SOX)). Extracts prepared from aerial parts were studied for the total phenolic, flavonoids, total antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory properties also relating their biological properties and chemical content by multivariate analysis. The total phenolic contents obtained were in the order of HAE (221.78 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE)/g) > SON (202.64 mg GAE/g) > SOX (190.28 mg GAE/g) > MAC (187.45 mg GAE/g). The highest flavonoid content (rutin equivalent (RE)) was obtained by SOX (65.67 ± 0.43 mg rutin equivalent (RE)/g). The highest antioxidant activity was recorded for HAE. C. planchonii extracts showed inhibitory activity against acetylcholinesterase (8.46–8.56 mg galantamine equivalent (GALAE)/g), tyrosinase (165.76–171.10 mg kojic acid equivalent (KAE)/g) and α-amylase (1.18–1.30 mmol acarbose equivalent (ACAE)/g) enzymes. It was found that the observed enzyme inhibitory properties was dependent on the type of extraction methods. Only SOX extract presented α-glucosidase inhibition (21.26 mmol ACAE/g) suggesting potential studies of this extract as antidiabetic. Liquid chromatography coupled to diode array detection and electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MSn) was used for the qualitative analysis of the samples, allowing the quantification of gallic acid, prodelphynidins and flavonol derivatives. Based on multivariate analysis, green extraction techniques (HAE and SON) were different from conventional techniques (MAC and SOX). Results showed the usefulness of green extraction techniques for obtaining bioactive enriched fractions and tend to highlight the need for additional investigations to fully explore the potential usefulness of C. planchonii as source of antioxidant, antidiabetic and whitening agent as well as cholinesterase inhibitors.

Phenolic profiling and in vitro bioactivity of Moringa oleifera leaves as affected by different extraction solvents.

In this work the (poly)-phenolic profile of Moringa oleifera leaves was comprehensively investigated through untargeted metabolomics, following a homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE) using three solvent systems, i.e. methanol (HAE-1), methanol-water 50:50 v/v (HAE-2) and ethyl acetate (HAE-3). This approach allowed to putatively annotate 291 compounds, recording mainly flavonoids and phenolic acids. Thereafter, antioxidant capacity, antimicrobial activity and enzyme inhibition were assayed in the different extracts. HAE-1 extract showed the highest total phenolic content (31.84 mg/g), followed by HAE-2 (26.95 mg/g) and HAE-3 (14.71 mg/g). In addition, HAE-1 and HAE-2 extracts exhibited an expressive activity against Bacillus cereus and Listeria innocua. The HAE-2 leaf extract was characterized by the highest DPPH and ABTS values (being 49.55 and 45.26 mgTE/g), while ferric reducing antioxidant power was found to be higher in HAE-1 (58.26 mgTE/g). Finally, the enzyme inhibitory effects of M. oleifera leaf extracts were investigated against five enzymes, namely acetylcholinesterase (AChE), butyrylcholinesterase (BChE), tyrosinase, α-amylase and α-glucosidase. All of the tested extracts exhibited inhibitory effects on AChE and BChE with a higher activity for HAE-3 and HAE-1, whilst HAE-1 showed the higher impact on tyrosinase, glucosidase and amylase activities. Taken together, these findings suggest that M. oleifera leaf extracts are a good source of bioactive polyphenols with a potential use in food and pharma industries.

Innovative perspectives on Pulicaria dysenterica extracts: phyto-pharmaceutical properties, chemical characterization and multivariate analysis.

In this study, we aimed to evaluate the influence of different extraction procedures [decoction, homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE), infusion, maceration, Soxhlet and ultrasound-assisted extraction (UAE)] on the chemical profiling and biological properties of methanol and water extracts of Pulicaria dysenterica (L.) Bernh. The chemical profiles of the extracts were evaluated by high-performance liquid chromatography coupled to electrospray ionization and time-of-flight mass spectrometry (HPLC-ESI-TOF-MS). The antioxidant properties and enzymes (lipase, α-amylase, α-glucosidase, tyrosinase and cholinesterases) inhibitory potential of the extracts were evaluated. The chemical profiles were dependent on the type of extraction methods as well as on the type of solvent. The methanolic extracts showed higher levels of total phenolic, flavonoid, and phenolic acid content, while the highest total flavonol content was observed in the HAE-water extract. Forty different compounds were identified from P. dysenterica. In relation to the potential in vitro anti-diabetic effects, the highest activity against the studied key enzymes was observed for the macerated extract (α-amylase: 0.58 ± 0.03 and α- glucosidase: 1.65 ± 0.03 mmol ACAE g-1 ). The HAE-methanol extract was the most potent inhibitor of cholisterases, whereas the highest activities against tyrosinase were observed for UAE-methanol extract, followed by macerated and Soxhlet. The inhibitory activity of the studied extracts against lipase were in the order: soxhlet > macerated> HAE-methanol > UAE-methanol. This study has established scientific baseline data on the therapeutic properties of P. dysentrica, thereby advocating the need for further investigations in an endeavour to develop novel pharmaceuticals from this plant. © 2019 Society of Chemical Industry.

Optimization of Bioactive Substances in the Wastes of Some Selective Mediterranean Crops

Production of added products from industrial byproducts is a challenge for the current natural product industry and the extraction field more generally. Therefore, the aim of this study is to valorize the selected Mediterranean crops that can be applied as antioxidants, natural chelating agents, or even as biosolvents or biofuels after special treatment. In this study, the wastes of popular Mediterranean plants were extracted via homogenizer-assisted extraction (HAE) by applying response surface methodology (RSM) to examine the effects of process parameters on the total biophenolic contents (TBCs) of their residues. Box–Behnken design model equations calculated for each system were found significant (p &lt; 0.0001) with an adequate value of determination coefficient (R2). Olive leaf had the highest TBC content (58.62 mg-GAE/g-DW with 0.1 g sample, 42.5% ethanol at 6522.2 rpm for 2 min), followed by mandarin peel (27.79 mg-GAE/g-DW with 0.1 g sample, 34.24% ethanol at 8772 rpm for 1.99 min), grapefruit peel (21.12 mg-GAE/g-DW with 0.1 g sample, 42.33% ethanol at 5000 rpm for 1.125 min) and lemon peel (16.89 mg-GAE/g-DW with 0.1 g sample, 33.62% ethanol at 5007 rpm for 1.282 min). The antioxidant activities of the extracts were measured by several in vitro studies. The most prominent biophenols of the wastes were quantified by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Fourier-transform infrared-attenuated total reflectance (FTIR-ATR) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) techniques were also used for characterization.