Homework Process Research Articles

Homework quality and student achievement: the mediating role of motivation and emotions

ABSTRACT This study examined the direction and strength of relationships between homework quality (homework quality, feedback quality, autonomy support), homework motivation (expectancy and value), negative homework emotions, homework behaviour (homework time, homework completion) and academic achievement. Research data were collected from 628 secondary school students. The study tested two theoretical models. According to the findings, students’ motivation to do homework increases in parallel with an increase in teacher effort in selecting homework topics and providing feedback. Similarly, practices that provide autonomy in the homework process are also associated with increased motivation. The increase in homework quality leads to a decrease in negative emotions associated with homework. In parallel with the increase in homework quality, there is also an increase in homework completion behaviour. The relationship between homework quality and homework behaviour and academic achievement is mediated by homework motivation, but not by negative homework emotions. Expectancy and value are positively related to both homework completion and academic achievement. Expectancy and value are positively related to each other and negatively related to negative homework emotions.

Parent’s Involvement in Homework: The Effects of Parental Reactions to Pupils’ Emotions on Academic Performance

In recent years, the Ministry of Education of the People’s Republic of China has implemented a "double reduction" policy to reduce the burdens of pupils from homework. However, the pupils still have to face great pressure from homework unavoidably due to the increasingly fierce competition and parents’ anxiety about children’s education. For parents, accompanying their children’s homework is not only an obligation but also a challenge, which has attracted more and more social attention. Generally, it is anticipated that there are several advantages if the parents can accompany their children when they are doing their homework. First, it can help form a good family learning atmosphere and imperceptibly affect children's learning attitude. Second, parents can provide targeted guidance according to the needs of children, correct their homework mistakes in time, and improve the completion degree and quality of homework, thus possibly improving the academic performance of the pupils. However, practical problems also exist when parents accompany their children to do their homework, including poor accompanying quality, negligence of children's negative emotions, over-strong purpose, and lack of in-depth emotional communication. In particular, parents' emotional responses can indirectly affect children's academic performance by influencing their emotional regulation ability. In this work, we suggest that the parents respond to the children's negative emotions in a supportive manner during the process of homework. That is, the parents can try to reduce the utilitarian nature of accompanying homework and strengthen the emotional communication. In such a way, they can regard the accompanying homework as a participation in the growth of a period of life to effectively alleviate the anxiety brought by the accompanying.

An In-Depth Investigation of Parents' Experiences about the Developmental and Diagnosis Process of Children with Specific Learning

This study examines the developmental processes, diagnosis processes, and needs of children with specific learning disabilities based on their parents' experiences. The research was conducted with a qualitative research methodology. The study group in the research was formed by the typical sampling method. The study group comprises the parents of 12 students with specific learning disabilities educated in mainstream classrooms. The researchers developed a semi-structured interview form in the context of literature. Content analysis of the transcribed voice recordings was made. As a result, four main themes emerged “Developmental Process, Social Relations, Diagnosis Process, and Strengths and Weaknesses.” The parents have difficulties in their children's self-care skills, motor development, social development, cognitive development, and language development compared to their peers in preschool. The parents noticed their children's development needs during the homework process and pointed out the low level of knowledge of the teachers in both preschool and school periods. It was stated that the children had developmental needs in all developmental areas, especially language development in the preschool period. Also, parents expressed that their children have difficulties with often drawing attention to the difficulties experienced by their children in social relations.

The Effect of the Homework Process on Academic Procrastination Behavior in Higher Education

This study aims to examine the effect of homework process on academic procrastination behavior in higher education. In this direction, the opinions of 300 pre-service teachers selected by convenience sampling method were consulted and the opinions of 287 students were included in the study. The research data were collected with the Homework Process in Higher Education Scale and Academic Procrastination Behavior Scale. The collected data were subjected to correlation analysis on the basis of both total score and sub-factors. In addition, simple linear regression analysis was applied to examine the effect of homework process on academic procrastination behavior in higher education. After the correlation analysis, a significant negative correlation was found between the homework process in higher education and academic procrastination behaviors. After the regression analysis, it was revealed that the homework process in higher education had an effect on academic procrastination behavior and explained 10% of the total variance.

Adaptation of Teachers’ Self-Efficacy for Homework Management Scale into Turkish

Homework can be described as the activities assigned be done out of school hours to reinforce learning. Teachers’ self-efficacy skills are highly important in homework, and the teachers are also expected be knowledgeable about homework process in order to maximize the expected benefit. The purpose of this research is to adapt The Teachers’ Self Efficacy for Homework Management scale developed by Alkhasuri et. al into Turkish. In order for the validity studies of the adapted scale the confirmatory factor analysis has been done, of which results show that the adapted scale has acceptable fit and consists of three factors as in the original version. Moreover, factors of the adapted scale are highly correlated. As for the reliability, Cronbach’s alpha technique has been adopted. The results revealed that while the overall scale has excellent reliability, however, the factors have good reliability scores. At the end of the research, it has been concluded that scale can be used in studies to be done with Turkish samples. Lastly, some suggestions have also been made.

An Evaluation of the Mediating Function of Homework

Homework is a common way used by teachers to evaluate their students' learning consequences. However, there is little evaluation of the homework's mediating functions in education. The practical functions of homework in increasing students' learning performance are hardly mentioned. It shows that the value of homework is commonly accepted by educators even though the process of doing homework is time-consuming. However, the practical efficiency of homework for students' learning performance is worthy to be discussed further. This article will focus on the practical function and consequences of homework in increasing students' learning performance. The major methodology used by this article is to explore many academic articles and conclude major thoughts of them as the source of evaluating the mediating function of homework. As a result, homework plays an important role in reaching teachers' goals and enhancing students' academic performance. However, if homework cannot be used efficiently, it will lose its functions. Therefore, it is necessary to research what kinds of factors influence the effectiveness of homework and help teachers to reach their goal of enhancing students' academic performance. The results of this project contribute to supplementing the practical roles of homework in light of the previous knowledge. This will increase the confidentiality and practical roles of homework in reaching teachers' goal of increasing students' learning performance.

A latent profile analysis of homework time, frequency, quality, interest, and favorability: implications for homework effort, completion, and math achievement

The major objectives of our study were (a) to identify student profiles according to five homework characteristics (homework time, frequency, quality, interest, and favorability) and (b) to examine their relationship with three critical variables in the homework process—homework effort, completion, and math achievement. Latent profile analysis (LPA) was used to examine a data set with 3018 8th graders in China. Based on these characteristics, five distinct profiles were identified: Profile 1 (Low), Profile 2 (Moderate Time/High With Others), Profile 3 (Low Frequency/Moderate With Others), Profile 4 (Moderate Time/High Frequency/Low With Others), and Profile 5 (High Time and Frequency/Moderate With Others). Parent education was positively associated with the two healthiest profiles (Profile 2 and Profile 5). Finally, profile membership was a significant predictor of homework effort, completion, and math achievement. Specifically, our study suggests that students can work about 30 min on math homework and achieve the same results, if they work often, with high quality, fueled by interest and favorability (compared with students who spend about 110 min on math homework). Taken together, our study provided novel insights into the combination of homework characteristics that could have significant implications for homework practice and research.

THE USE OF PSYCHOLOGICAL TRUST IN THE TREATMENT OF ANXIETY

This study aims to explain the psychological effects of trust orientation and trust use in anxiety disorders. Content analysis and descriptive analysis were performed in the research. According to the research findings, it has been observed that trust is an important psychological support mechanism for behaviors the situation of people who do not rely on research, the formation process of trust, the emotions, thoughts, and behaviors that prevent the feeling of trust, the untrustworthy features that increase the level of anxiety in people, the submissive prototype of the trustee and the methods that can be used for therapy by relying on the characteristics of the person will be given in treatment. Homework process and finally these indicators were discussed. The study's findings were discussed based on the relevant literature and suggestions were made for future research. In cases where the decision-making stages of the trust, health problems, economic problems, and the trust opinions of the participants are compatible with the definitions of trust in the literature; It has been observed that it is an orientation used in moments of uncertainty, helplessness, or distress. As a result of trust, it has been revealed that people feel more comfortable and peaceful, their psychological resilience increases and they accept the results. Research findings show that trust is an essential psychological support mechanism for believers.

Doing Homework - a Routine or a Fun Activity?

The article discusses the role of homework as one of the important components of assessing student achievement in the process of monitoring the quality of teaching and learning, because it is the quality of homework that provides important information about the individual progress of the student. Emphasis is placed on the importance of homework for the student to develop comprehension of learning materials and problem-solving skills independently.Based on the results of the research, the difficulties that accompany homework are analyzed. The role and responsibility of the teacher is defined to determine and take into account the optimal volume and complexity of homework, which is extremely important for achieving the main goals of learning and upbringing.The author focuses on the questions: What factors influence this process? What individual characteristics can students have? In what environment do they have to do their homework? How much volume and difficulty should homework be given so that the student does not lose interest and belief in their own strengths? Should a parent intervene in the homework process or not? Analysis of the data shows that only a small proportion of students have the opportunity to isolate themselves from family members during their studies. Most do not have a suitable work space to do their homework, study in a common room, with the TV on and talking to family members, or in the kitchen.The author believes that it is advisable to plan and implement interventions to help both students and parents. Finally, some examples of „non-traditional“ homework are suggested, as well as interventions to help parents.

The experiences of classroom teachers on the homework process in teaching mathematics: An interpretative phenomenological analysis

This phenomenological study aimed to explore a group of classroom teachers’ experiences with homework assignment in teaching mathematics. The participants of the study were 27 classroom teachers who were selected using the criterion-based sampling technique. The research data were collected with a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers and subjected to interpretive phenomenological analysis. The results showed that the teachers plan the homework they would assign the evening before the class and use resources available on the internet while planning it. It was also revealed that they assign mathematics homework for various purposes such as ensuring comprehension of the subjects, knowledge retention and use of the learned subjects in daily life. They reported that they check and provide feedback on the assigned homework during the classes that the assigned homework is sometimes done by the family members of the students and that both preparing and checking the homework take an extensive amount of time. As a solution to these problems, they suggested communicating and negotiating with the parents, getting support from school counselors and reducing the number of the themes in the primary mathematics curriculum.

Homework Process in Higher Education Scale (HPHES): A Validity and Reliability Study

The aim of this study was to develop a scale to measure the process of receiving and completing homework from the perspective of university students, and to conduct its validity and reliability analyses. Two different sample groups were formed in order to develop the Homework Process in Higher Education Scale (HPHES). Students studying in different faculties in four different universities in the 2019-2020 academic year were included in the sample. The sample consisted of 368 students for Exploratory Factor Analysis (EFA) and 400 students for Confirmatory Factor Analysis (CFA). In the EFA, it was determined that the scale had a five-factor structure with 28 items. This structure was evaluated using CFA. When the fit indices of the resulting model were examined, the following results were obtained: χ²/df = 2.36<4; CFI= 0.91; TL= 0.90; RMSEA= 0.05; SRMR = 0.05. The structure was confirmed using CFA. Cronbach's Alpha reliability coefficient results calculated for the scale were verified with composite reliability coefficients. The convergent validity was tested by calculating average variance extracted (AVE) of each factor. The results of validity and reliability study of the HPHES showed that it was a valid and reliable measurement tool with five factors and 28 items. The subject of homework in higher education can be examined in terms of different variables using the HPHES.

THE EFFECT OF FLIPPED CLASSROOM PRACTICES ON STUDENTS’ ACADEMIC ACHIEVEMENT AND RESPONSIBILITY LEVELS IN SOCIAL STUDIES COURSE

One of the main objectives of the Social Studies course is to raise individuals with a high level of responsibility. In this direction, many responsibilities are given to the students with the flipped classroom practices known as the replacement of the homework process at home with the theoretical knowledge process in the classroom and increase their academic success. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of flipped classroom practices on students’ academic achievement and responsibility levels in 5th-grade Social Studies course. The research was carried out according to the embedded experimental design which is one of the mixed-method designs. The study group consists of 5th-grade students studying in the 2018-2019 academic year in two different classes designated as experimental and control groups of a public secondary school in the middle socioeconomic level and Social Studies teacher of these classes. The data were obtained with the Student Responsibility Scale, academic achievement test and semi-structured interviews. As a result of the research, it was found that flipped classroom practices significantly increased the academic achievement and responsibility levels of the students in the experimental group. Teachers and students emphasized that e-learning videos had a significant effect on the increase in achievement and responsibility level. It is suggested that the flipped classroom practice can be used to imrove students’ responsibility and academic achievement levels.

The Role of Prior Achievement as an Antecedent to Student Homework Engagement.

The benefits of homework on student learning and academic achievement, to a large extent, depend on the degree of student engagement. Motivational engagement (my intention or why I do the homework), cognitive engagement (how I get involved in homework), and behavioral engagement (how much homework I do, how much time I devote to it, how I manage that time) are key aspects that condition the quality of the process of doing homework, learning, and academic achievement. Prior academic achievement is one of the variables that seems to be positively related to student engagement (both due its motivational component and to the training to do homework). The main purpose of this work was to study in detail this relationship in students of the last stage of Primary Education (N = 516). The results showed that (i) as achievement levels rise, the use of a shallow focus to doing homework decreases (and the use of a deep approach increases); (ii) there is also a progressive increase in the amount of homework done and in the management of the time dedicated to homework. On another hand, as in previous research, (iii) no relationship was observed between the levels of prior achievement and the amount of time spent doing homework.

Observational Assessment of Engagement Strategies to Promote Parent Homework Planning in Community-Based Child Mental Health Treatment: A Pilot Study.

Therapy homework includes tasks given to clients to complete outside of session to facilitate new knowledge/skills or to advance treatment goals. Homework completion, an important element of parent engagement in child mental health (MH) treatment, has been associated with improved child outcomes. The current pilot study assessed the design/assign phase of the therapy homework process to examine a) the extent to which therapists implemented engagement strategies with parents and b) whether therapist deployment of engagement strategies in early treatment predicted subsequent parent participation in homework planning. We included an ethnically-diverse sample of 10 therapists and 11 parent/child dyads receiving community-based MH services who participated in a pilot intervention study. Two observational coding systems were developed to code treatment session recordings for the extent to which a) therapists implemented engagement strategies with parents and b) parents contributed to therapy homework planning. Findings revealed low extensiveness of therapist implementation of engagement strategies with parents. As hypothesized, therapist use of engagement strategies (Collaboration, Empowerment, and Psychoeducation) in early treatment significantly predicted subsequent parent homework planning (sharing perspective on homework planning). However, therapist use of Alliance was unrelated to parent homework planning. These preliminary results suggest that therapist implementation of engagement strategies in early treatment may promote parent participation in homework planning, which is an important precursor to homework completion. This pilot study suggests potential future directions for both research on and training for community-based therapists in implementing successful strategies to promote parent homework planning in child MH treatment.

What Keeps Chinese Students Motivated in Doing Math Homework? An Empirical Investigation

Background As many students face the enduring challenge of maintaining their motivation to complete homework assignments, there is a critical need to pay close attention to homework motivation management (i.e., students’ efforts to sustain or enhance their motivation in order to complete homework assignments that might be boring or difficult). Yet, in spite of research showing that homework motivation has a powerful influence on homework performance and academic achievement, there have been few attempts to systematically investigate models of factors that influence homework motivation management. Purpose The current investigation examines empirical models of motivation management for Chinese students in the context of math homework, with models informed by key motivation theories, including self-regulation of motivation, expectancy-value, and volitional control. Research Design The study reported here used cross sectional survey data. Participants The participants were 1,799 high school students from 46 classes in China. Results Results from multilevel analyses indicated that, at the class level, motivation management was positively associated with homework interest, but was negatively associated with teacher feedback. At the student level, motivation management was positively related to managing emotion, managing time, students’ interest in homework, cognitive reappraisal, expectancy belief, and time on sports. Meanwhile, motivation management was negatively associated with value belief and time on TV. Conclusion The current investigation found that some results were in line with key motivation theories and related findings with U.S. students (e.g., managing time, and homework interest at the student level). In addition, it suggests that other results may be influenced by cultural and societal differences (e.g., gender, value belief, and teacher feedback). Consequently, it would be informative to pursue this line of research in cross-cultural settings. With respect to promoting student motivation in the homework process, it would be beneficial to pay more close attention to the role of homework interest, expectancy belief, and student initiatives (e.g., managing time, managing emotion, and cognitive reappraisal).

Academic Goals, Student Homework Engagement, and Academic Achievement in Elementary School.

There seems to be a general consensus in the literature that doing homework is beneficial for students. Thus, the current challenge is to examine the process of doing homework to find which variables may help students to complete the homework assigned. To address this goal, a path analysis model was fit. The model hypothesized that the way students engage in homework is explained by the type of academic goals set, and it explains the amount of time spend on homework, the homework time management, and the amount of homework done. Lastly, the amount of homework done is positively related to academic achievement. The model was fit using a sample of 535 Spanish students from the last three courses of elementary school (aged 9 to 13). Findings show that: (a) academic achievement was positively associated with the amount of homework completed, (b) the amount of homework completed was related to the homework time management, (c) homework time management was associated with the approach to homework, (d) and the approach to homework, like the rest of the variables of the model (except for the time spent on homework), was related to the student's academic motivation (i.e., academic goals).

Investigating factors that influence students' help seeking in math homework: A multilevel analysis

The current investigation examined empirical models of help seeking in math homework. Individual- and class-level predictors of help seeking were analyzed in a survey of 796 8th graders from 46 classes. Multilevel results indicated that help seeking was positively associated with mastery orientation and homework interest at the individual and class level. At the individual level, help seeking was positively related to family help availability, homework interest, peer participation, performance orientation, monitoring motivation, value belief, and family help frequency. Our results suggest that mastery orientation exerts a powerful influence on students' help seeking in math homework. Our results further suggest that teachers can play a vital role in promoting help seeking, by placing greater emphasis on mastery goals, by making homework more interesting, by helping students learn to maintain homework motivation, and by encouraging families to make themselves available in the homework process.

The effects of teachers' homework follow-up practices on students' EFL performance: a randomized-group design.

This study analyzed the effects of five types of homework follow-up practices (i.e., checking homework completion; answering questions about homework; checking homework orally; checking homework on the board; and collecting and grading homework) used in class by 26 teachers of English as a Foreign Language (EFL) using a randomized-group design. Once a week, for 6 weeks, the EFL teachers used a particular type of homework follow-up practice they had previously been assigned to. At the end of the 6 weeks students completed an EFL exam as an outcome measure. The results showed that three types of homework follow-up practices (i.e., checking homework orally; checking homework on the board; and collecting and grading homework) had a positive impact on students' performance, thus highlighting the role of EFL teachers in the homework process. The effect of EFL teachers' homework follow-up practices on students' performance was affected by students' prior knowledge, but not by the number of homework follow-up sessions.

Does homework design matter? The role of homework's purpose in student mathematics achievement

This study used a randomized pretest–posttest clustered design to examine the effect of 3 homework purposes (i.e., practice, preparation, and extension) on 6th graders' mathematics achievement and how this relationship was modulated by the amount of completed homework. A total of 27 mathematics teachers and their 638 students participated in this study. Once a week for six weeks, the teachers assigned tasks that had a specific type of homework purpose according to their treatment condition. At the end of the six weeks, the students completed a non-standardized mathematics achievement test. The results of multilevel modeling showed that after controlling for student characteristics and class-level variables, extension homework positively impacted students' mathematics achievement, while practice and preparation homework did not. These findings were not related to the amount of homework that was completed by the students. The findings highlighted the importance of the teacher's role in the first phase of the homework process (i.e., designing homework with a specific purpose) and provide important data for teachers and school administrators to reflect upon when conducting actual homework practices.

Parental homework involvement improves test scores? A review of the literature

This review specifically focuses on the correlations between various parent strategies and student achievements in compulsory education. Therefore, Hoover‐Dempsey's framework on parental involvement in homework will be updated with more recent findings from the international scientific literature. When parents facilitate, structure or emotionally support the homework process and, as such, are not actively involved in assisting in homework tasks, then the literature indicates indecisive or negative results. However, when parents are directly involved in assisting their children during homework tasks, then positive correlations were found throughout the literature, in particular when parents engage in meta‐strategies or support the child's understanding of homework. While policy is primarily focused on providing instruments for parents to facilitate or structure the homework process, the current review suggests that parents need to be better informed on specific strategies that accommodate the student's need when assisting in homework tasks in order to improve achievements.